Shoulder dystocia

Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 459-463

  Gherman, Robert B ^a   Goodwin, T Murphy ^b  

^a NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER PORTSMOUTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIRTH INJURY; DYSTOCIA; HUMAN; MACROSOMIA; PATIENT POSITIONING; PELVIS SURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK MANAGEMENT; VAGINAL DELIVERY;

DELIVERY, OBSTETRIC; DYSTOCIA; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTORS; SHOULDER;

EID: 0032441473     PISSN: 1040872X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001703-199812000-00005     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. Benedetti TJ. Added complications of shoulder dystocia. Contemp Obstet Gynecol 1989; 33:150-161.
2. Spong CY, Beall M, Rodrigues M, Ross MG. An objective definition of shoulder dystocia: prolonged head-to-body delivery intervals and/or the use of ancillary obstetric manevuers. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86:433-436.
3. Hopwood HG. Shoulder dystocia: 15 years' experience in a community hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144:162-164.
4. Hall SP. The nurse's role in the identification of risks and treatment of • shoulder dystocia. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1997; 26:25-32. Evaluation and management of shoulder dystocia with special attention to the nurse's role are presented.
5. Blickstein I, Ben-Arie A, Hagay ZJ. Antepartum risks of shoulder dystocia • and brachial plexus injury for infants weighing 4200 g or more. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1998; 45:77-80. Evaluation of a cohort of 236 vaginally delivered neonates weighing ≥ 4200 g revealed an 11% rate of shoulder dystocia and 1.3% incidence of brachial plexus injury.
6. Berard J, Dufour P, Vinatier D, Subtil D, Vanderstichele S, Monnier JC, • Puech F. Fetal macrosomia: risk factors and outcome. A study of the outcome concerning 100 cases > 4500 g. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 77:51-59. Among 87 patients undergoing trial of labor with macrosomic fetuses, shoulder dystocia occurred 14 times (22%).
7. Casey BM, Lucas MJ, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ. Pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes compared with the general obstetric population. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90:869-873.
8. Bofill JA, Rust OA, Devidas M, Roberts WE, Morrison JC, Martin JN. •• Shoulder dystocia and operative vaginal delivery. J Mat Fet Med 1997; 6:220-224. Multiple logistic regression of factors involved in the development of shoulder dystocia in association with operative vaginal delivery revealed significant associations between use of the vacuum, time for delivery, and birth weight.
9. Kolderup LB, Laros RK, Musci TJ. Incidence of persistent birth injury in • macrosomic infants: association with mode of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177:37-41. The overall incidence of persistent birth injury in macrosomic infants is less than 1%.
10. Gherman RB. Persistent brachial plexus injury: the outcome of concern • among patients with suspected fetal macrosomia [letter]. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:195. Persistent brachial plexus injury and risk of fetal asphyxia are the main outcomes of concern in conjunction with shoulder dystocia.
11. Gonen O, Rosen DJD, Dolfin Z, Tepper R, Marknov S, Fejgin MD. Induction of labor versus expectant management in macrosomia: a randomized study. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89:913-917.
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13. Chauhan SP, Hendrix NW, Magann EF, Morrison JC, Kenney SP, DeVoe • LD. Limitations of clinical and sonographic estimates of birth weight: experience with 1034 parturients. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91:72-77. Sonographic estimation of fetal weight at term is no more accurate than clinical prediction.
14. Sherman DJ, Arieli S, Tovbin J, Siegel G, Caspi E, Bukovsky I. A • comparison of clinical and ultrasonographic estimation of fetal weight. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91:212-217. Clinical estimation of birth weight in early labor is as accurate as routine ultrasonic estimation obtained in the preceding week.
15. Rouse DJ, Owen J, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP. The effectiveness and costs of elective cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by ultrasound. JAMA 1996; 276:1480-1486.
16. Conway DL, Langer O. Elective delivery of infants with macrosomia in • diabetic women: reduced shoulder dystocia versus increased cesarean deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:922-925. An ultrasonographically determined estimated fetal weight threshold ≥ 4250 g as an indication for elective cesarean delivery in diabetic women reduced the rate of shoulder dystocia.
17. Gherman RB, Goodwin TM, Souter I, Neumann K, Ouzounian JG, Paul •• RH. The McRoberts' maneuver for the alleviation of shoulder dystocia: how successful is it? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176:656-661. The McRoberts' maneuver alone alleviated 42% of 236 shoulder dystocia cases and was associated with trends toward lower incidences of postpartum hemorrhage and brachial plexus injury. The authors recommend its use as the initial technique for disimpaction of the anterior shoulder.
18. Gherman RB, Ouzounian JG, Goodwin TM. Obstetric maneuvers for •• shoulder dystocia and associated fetal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:1126-1130. The rate of brachial plexus palsy associated with shoulder dystocia is approximately 10%. Direct fetal manipulation did not increase the incidence of nerve injury.
19. Gherman RB. Catastrophic shoulder dystocia - what is the etiology? • [letter] Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:417. Failure of the Zavanelli maneuver may be associated with bilateral shoulder dystocia or impaction of the posterior shoulder on the sacral promontory.
20. Escamilla JO. Symphysiotomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:630-• 631. Despite excellent surgical skills, bad results can occur with emergency symphysiotomy.
21. Jennett RJ. Inferences from symphysiotomy experience [letter]. Am J • Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:631. The authors question whether symphysiotomy prevents brachial plexus impairment and allows intact fetal neonatal survival.
22. Petrikovksy B. Emergency symphysiotomy - too little, too late [letter]. Am • J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:631. Most obstetricians will have limited experience with symphysiotomy. Practice may be obtained on cadavers.
23. Goodwin TM, Banks E, Millar LK, Phelan JP. Catastrophic shoulder •• dystocia and emergency symphysiotomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177:463-464. Three cases of shoulder dystocia relieved with symphysiotomy are described. All three infants sustained severe neurologic injury and later died. Maternal morbidity was also significant.
24. Bruner JP, Drummond SB, Meenan AL, Gaskin IM. All-fours maneuver for • reducing shoulder dystocia during labor. J Reprod Med 1998; 43:439-443. No cases of brachial plexus injury or fetal death occurred among 82 consecutive cases of shoulder dystocia managed with the all-fours technique.
25. Welch RA. 'Head and shoulder' maneuver [letter]. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176:1118.
26. Phelan JP, Ouzounian JG, Gherman RB, Korst LK, Goodwin TM Shoulder dystocia and permanent Erb's palsy: the role of fundal pressure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176:S138.
27. Gherman RB, Goodwin TM. Shoulder dystocia. The Female Patient 1998; 23:79-90.
28. Gherman RB, Ouzounian JG, Incerpi MH, Goodwin TM. Symphyseal •• separation and transient femoral neuropathy associated with the McRoberts' maneuver. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:609-610. An overly exaggerated lithotomy position can be associated with adverse maternal outcome.
29. Peleg D, Hasnin J, Shalev E. Fractured clavicle and Erb's palsy unrelated •• to birth trauma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177:1038-1040. The authors reviewed the medical records of 51 neonates with Erb's palsy. Nearly 25% of these had none of the typical risk factors.
30. Ouzounian JG. Permanent Erb's palsy: a lack of a relationship with •• obstetrical risk factors. Am J Perinatol 1998; 4:221-223. Sixty-three cases of documented permanent Erb's palsy from a national registry were analyzed. The majority of the nerve injuries occurred in patients without any identifiable risk factors.
31. Gherman RB, Ouzounian JG, Miller DA, Kwok L, Goodwin TM. •• Spontaneous vaginal delivery: a risk factor for Erb's palsy? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:423-427. The authors compared 17 cases of Erb's palsy without shoulder dystocia and 23 cases associated with shoulder dystocia. Brachial plexus injury occurring without shoulder dystocia appears to be a qualitatively different and more serious injury.
32. Graham EM, Forouzan I, Morgan MA. A retrospective analysis of Erb's palsy cases and their relation to birth weight and trauma at delivery. J Mat Fet Med 1997; 6:1-5.
33. Ouzounian JG, Korst LM, Phelan JP. Permanent Erb palsy: a traction-•• related injury? Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89:1139-1141. Erb's palsy can occur in the absence of shoulder dystocia and in the neonate's posterior arm in the presence of anterior shoulder dystocia.
34. Jennett RJ, Tarby TJ. Brachial plexus palsy: an old problem visited again. II. •• Cases in point. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 176:1354-1356. Cases of brachial plexus impairment are described in which there was no evidence of shoulder dystocia or extreme lateral traction on the fetal head.
35. Gherman RB, Goodwin TM, Ouzounian JG, Miller DA, Paul RH. Brachial •• plexus palsy associated with cesarean section: an in utero injury? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177:1162-1164. Among six cases of Erb's palsy associated with cesarean section, all were persistent at 1 year. Such palsies appear to be of intrauterine origin.