Dakawa development centre: an African National Congress settlement in Tanzania, 1982-1992

African Affairs

Volumn 97, Issue 389, 1998, Pages 497-521

  Morrow, Seán ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; POLITICAL CHANGE; POLITICAL CONFLICT;

TANZANIA;

EID: 0032440523     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007968     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. See, for instance, Francis Meli, South Africa Belongs to Us (James Currey, London, 1989); Heidi Holland, The Struggle, a History of the African National Congress (George Braziller, New York, 1990). A locus classicus of partisan historiography in the immediate aftermath of political change is David Martin and Phyllis Johnson's ZANU-oriented The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga War (Zimbabwe Publishing House, Harare, 1981).
2. See, for instance, Francis Meli, South Africa Belongs to Us (James Currey, London, 1989); Heidi Holland, The Struggle, a History of the African National Congress (George Braziller, New York, 1990). A locus classicus of partisan historiography in the immediate aftermath of political change is David Martin and Phyllis Johnson's ZANU-oriented The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga War (Zimbabwe Publishing House, Harare, 1981).
3. See, for instance, Francis Meli, South Africa Belongs to Us (James Currey, London, 1989); Heidi Holland, The Struggle, a History of the African National Congress (George Braziller, New York, 1990). A locus classicus of partisan historiography in the immediate aftermath of political change is David Martin and Phyllis Johnson's ZANU-oriented The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga War (Zimbabwe Publishing House, Harare, 1981).
4. Stephen Ellis and Tsepo Sechaba, Comrades Against Apartheid: the ANC and the South African Communist Party in exile (James Currey, London, 1992); Stephen Ellis, 'The ANC in Exile', African Affairs, 90 (1991), pp. 439-47, and 'Mbokodo: Security in ANC Camps, 1961-1990', African Affairs, 93 (1994), pp. 279-98.
5. Stephen Ellis and Tsepo Sechaba, Comrades Against Apartheid: the ANC and the South African Communist Party in exile (James Currey, London, 1992); Stephen Ellis, 'The ANC in Exile', African Affairs, 90 (1991), pp. 439-47, and 'Mbokodo: Security in ANC Camps, 1961-1990', African Affairs, 93 (1994), pp. 279-98.
6. Stephen Ellis and Tsepo Sechaba, Comrades Against Apartheid: the ANC and the South African Communist Party in exile (James Currey, London, 1992); Stephen Ellis, 'The ANC in Exile', African Affairs, 90 (1991), pp. 439-47, and 'Mbokodo: Security in ANC Camps, 1961-1990', African Affairs, 93 (1994), pp. 279-98.
7. In the minutes of the twenty-two meetings of the Dakawa Art Project Management Committee between May 1992 and March 1993, there is not one reference to Tanzania, though several people who had been in Tanzania were generally present. Minute-book in Dakawa Arts Project offices, Grahamstown.
8. Interview Seán Morrow/Nozipho Mpahlwa, Grahamstown, 18 March 1998 (henceforth interview SM/NM). Ms Mpahlwa, a leading figure in Grahamstown ANC Women's League, was on the committee, and later chair, of Dakawa's governing body.
9. Interview Seán Morrow/Spenser and Claudia Hodgson, Pretoria, 31 August 1997 (henceforth interview SM/S and CH). An excellent summary of these difficulties is to be found in DAK/19/113, Norway: Workshop on Dakawa, 1989, 'MFA/NPA/ANC workshop -"ANC Development Centre, Dakawa" ', 27th and 28th April 1989.
10. DAK/49/345, Liaison Meetings Mazimbu/Dakawa, and Miscellaneous, 'Report of the Commission set up to look into the Activities of both the Admin [sic] and the Central Membership in Dakawa', May 1982.
11. Interview SM/S and CH, 31 August 1997.
12. DAK/16/87, Dakawa, Seminars, 1982 and 1984, 'Seminar on the Development of Dakawa, held from 28th July to 1st August, 1982 at Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College, Morogoro, Tanzania'.
13. DAK/16/87, Dakawa, Seminars, 1982 and 1984, 'Seminar on the Development of Dakawa, held from 28th July to 1st August, 1982 at Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College, Morogoro, Tanzania'.
14. DAK/16/91, Dakawa, Seminars, 1982 and 1984, 'Second Seminar on Dakawa Development Centre, 17-19 November 1984' [recte 1983]; DAK/12/56, 1984 Development Plan (3 vols.), '1984 Development Plan (NORPLAN)', vols. 1-3.
15. DAK/16/91, Dakawa, Seminars, 1982 and 1984, 'Second Seminar on Dakawa Development Centre, 17-19 November 1984' [recte 1983]; DAK/12/56, 1984 Development Plan (3 vols.), '1984 Development Plan (NORPLAN)', vols. 1-3.
16. DAK/9/41, Dakawa: Miscellaneous, '3rd Dakawa Seminar. Final Paper Projects', April 1989.
17. Interview SM/S and CH, Pretoria, 31 August 1997; Interview Brown Maaba/Mrs Emily Dennis, Johannesburg, 23.6.1997. For a summary of building progress to late 1988, see DAK/10/53, Miscellaneous Papers, 'Dakawa Development Centre, Report to NEDUC', [n.d.: late 1988].
18. Mayibuye Archives, Cape Town, ANC/55/3, Department of Education (1989-1991) 'Revised 1984 Development Plan for Dakawa', Final Draft Report, vols. 1-3, August 1990; DAK/34/265, Dakawa Census, 'Dakawa Census Computed by the Department of Manpower Development, Dakawa', 11 April 1990.
19. Mayibuye Archives, Cape Town, ANC/55/3, Department of Education (1989-1991) 'Revised 1984 Development Plan for Dakawa', Final Draft Report, vols. 1-3, August 1990; DAK/34/265, Dakawa Census, 'Dakawa Census Computed by the Department of Manpower Development, Dakawa', 11 April 1990.
20. DAK/49/453, Correspondence, Dakawa - Lusaka, 'Report on Personnel Survey Mazimbu/Dakawa', Hintsa Tshume, Lusaka, August 1984.
21. Interview Brown Maaba/Mary Thuse (Ngozi), Johannesburg, 19 June 1997.
22. DAK/18/110, General: Papers and Documents, 'The History, Social Problems and Future Prospects: African National Congress of South Africa Dakawa Development Settlement'. Paper presented by M. W. Njobe to ANC in-house seminar, Lusaka, 27-30 July 1988.
23. Interview Brown Maaba/Simon Mohale, Soweto, 2 September 1997 (henceforth interview BM/SM); Interview SM/S and CH, Pretoria, 31 August 1997; Interview Brown Maaba/Kilion Masipa, Pretoria, 7 April 1998; DAK/53/490, DCD Own Evaluation, 'Minutes of Special Directorate Meeting held on 17 August 1984'.
24. See, for instance, DAK/47/303, Training Centre, Dakawa, Marius Schoon to ANC Secretary for Education, 16 July 1986 [Mazimbu].
25. Interview Seán Morrow/Andrew Mohammed, Johannesburg, 1 December 1997 (henceforth interview SM/AM).
26. Interview Brown Maaba/Dr Wintshi Njobe, Bisho, 29 August 1996.
27. Interview BM/SM, 2 September 1997.
28. DAK/9/41, Dakawa, Miscellaneous, 'A.N.C. Development Centre -Dakawa: Monthly Report to the Directorate Meeting', J. Morake, 4 November 1985.
29. DAK/9/46, Development Centre Correspondence, file 2, 'Report', 10 January 1987.
30. DAK/13/63, VTC Background Documents, 'Dakawa Development Centre, Appendix 9' [1983].
31. DAK/29/225, ANC Development: Education Sectors - Reports, 'Report of the A.N.C. (SA) Development Centre Educational Sectors for the 3rd Education Council Meeting of the A.N.C. (SA) held on 28 August 1986-2 September 1986', 18 August 1986.
32. DAK/18/110, Dakawa Development Centre, 'The Guidelines for the Dakawa Rehabilitation Centre' n.d.
33. DAK/32/239, Correspondence, Director, Memorandum from T. Maseko, Chief Administrator, to the Co-ordinator, Development Centre, 24 February 1986, Mazimbu.
34. See, for example, interview SM/AM, 1 December 1997. The phrase 'dumping ground' was widely used, for instance by Oliver Tambo, the ANC President, even if this was to contest the definition: see DAK/49/453, Correspondence, Dakawa - Lusaka, 'Report on Personnel Survey Mazimbu/Dakawa', Hintsa Tshume, Lusaka, August 1984. There are distressing accounts of the experiences and reactions of returned unqualified students, in, for instance, DAK/19/117, Statements by Returned Students - Confidential, 1982-83, and DAK/28/219, Self-written Declarations by Returned Students, 1985- 6.
35. DAK/7/32, Dakawa Reports, 1989. Jan van der Laan, 'Report on an Irrigation Mission to the Horticulture Project, Dakawa, Tanzania', November 1989.
36. DAK/43/290, Administration, Monthly Meetings, 'Zonal Annual Report, Development Centre Dakawa' [1989].
37. See, for example, DAK/16/91, Dakawa Reports, Agricultural Development, 1987, 'Second Seminar on Dakawa Development Centre, 17-19 November, 1984' [recte 1983].
38. DAK/18/110, General: Papers and Documents, 'The History, Social Problems and Future Prospects: African National Congress of South Africa Dakawa Development Settlement'. Paper presented by M. W. Njobe to ANC in-house seminar, Lusaka, 27-30 July 1988.
39. DAK/13/63, VTC Background Documents, 'Dakawa Development Centre, Appendix 9'; DAK/9/41, Dakawa: Miscellaneous, 'Report on Seminar - Re: Agricultural Development at Dakawa. Feasibility Study and Detailed Plan for Agricultural Development'; Mayibuye Archives, ANC/55/3, Department of Education (1989-91), 'Revised 1984 Development Plan for Dakawa', vols. 1 and 2, August 1990.
40. DAK/13/63, VTC Background Documents, 'Dakawa Development Centre, Appendix 9'; DAK/9/41, Dakawa: Miscellaneous, 'Report on Seminar - Re: Agricultural Development at Dakawa. Feasibility Study and Detailed Plan for Agricultural Development'; Mayibuye Archives, ANC/55/3, Department of Education (1989-91), 'Revised 1984 Development Plan for Dakawa', vols. 1 and 2, August 1990.
41. Mayibuye Archives, ANC/55/3, Department of Education (1989-91), 'Revised 1984 Development Plan for Dakawa', vols. 1 and 2, August 1990.
42. DAK/29/228 Documents of the Dakawa Seminar, 'The Dakawa Seminar', T. T . Nkobi.
43. DAK/9/41, Dakawa: Miscellaneous, '3rd Dakawa Seminar. Final Paper. Projects, April 1989.
44. DAK/43/292, Minutes from Departments to Administrative Meetings, 'Dakawa Farm Project A.N.C. (S.A.) Monthly Report, August 1990'.
45. DAK/32/246, Departmental Reports, Monthly, Dakawa, 'Day Care Centre, Monthly Report, June 1988'.
46. DAK/58/557, Reports to the Directorate, 'Construction and Planning: Report, 27 July 1988'.
47. DAK/56/520, Dakawa: Seminars, Minutes, etc., Henry Makgothi to Mary Ngozi, 12 December 1983 [Lusaka].
48. Many of the issues are raised, from the perspective of a believer in the combination of practical work and study, by Spenser Hodgson. See interview SM/S and CH, 31 August 1997
49. DAK/29/225, ANC Development: Education Sectors - Reports, 'Report of the A.N.C. (SA) Development Centre Educational Sectors for the 3rd Education Council Meeting of the A.N.C. (SA) held on the 28th August 1986-2 September 1986', 18 August 1986.
50. DAK/9/41, Dakawa, Miscellaneous, 'A.N.C. Development Centre Dakawa: Monthly Report to the Directorate Meeting', J. Morake, 4 November 1985.
51. The same point was made in 1988 by M. W. Njobe. See DAK/18/110, General: Papers and Documents, 'The History, Social Problems and Future Prospects: African National Congress of South Africa Dakawa Development Settlement'. Paper presented by M. W. Njobe to ANC in-house seminar, Lusaka, 27-30 July 1988.
52. DAK/54/500, Lillian Ngoyi Residence Meetings, 'Lilian [sic] Ngoyi' [n.d., but 1985], Gladstone Zenzo, Commissar (Residential).
53. DAK/47/292, Minutes: Departments to Administration, 'Report of the Day Care Centre, April 1990'.
54. Interview SM/S and CH, 31 August 1997.
55. DAK/53/490, DCD Own Evaluation, 'Report on Visit to Kilosa on 11.12.84', M. Tikly; the ANC authorities, where feasible, diligently followed up reports of anti-social or criminal behaviour: see, for instance, letters and reports in DAK/7/35, Correspondence, Dakawa-Mazimbu.
56. DAK/18/110, General: Papers and Documents, 'The History, Social Problems and Future Prospects: African National Congress of South Africa Dakawa Development Settlement'. Paper presented by M. W. Njobe to ANC in-house seminar, Lusaka, 27-30 July 1988; DAK/53/496, Dakawa: Miscellaneous, 'The Dakawa Zonal Political Committee Report to the R.P.C., 10.12.1988'.
57. DAK/18/110, General: Papers and Documents, 'The History, Social Problems and Future Prospects: African National Congress of South Africa Dakawa Development Settlement'. Paper presented by M. W. Njobe to ANC in-house seminar, Lusaka, 27-30 July 1988; DAK/53/496, Dakawa: Miscellaneous, 'The Dakawa Zonal Political Committee Report to the R.P.C., 10.12.1988'.
58. DAK/431/291, Minutes Dakawa-Mazimbu, 'Development Centre, Dakawa, Minutes: Administrative Meeting held on 11.4.1988'.
59. See, for example, DAK/40/282, Vocational Training Subjects. This file, covering the period 1979-80, is full of material relating to vocational education, and draws, inter alia, on the experience and theories of Patrick van Rensburg's Foundation for Education with Production, in Botswana.
60. DAK/13/64, Management, Dakawa (Miscellaneous), 'Draft Terms of Reference, Dakawa Vocational Training Centre-Education Scheme', 13 November 1986; DAK/6/25, General, Marius Schoon (Education Coordinator) to Chair, National Scholarship Committee, 24 March 1987; DAK/29/225, ANC Development: Education Sectors, Reports, 'Report of the A.N.C. (SA) Development Centre Educational Sectors for the 3rd Education Council Meeting of the A.N.C. (SA) held on 28 August 1986-2 September 1986', 18 August 1986.
61. DAK/13/64, Management, Dakawa (Miscellaneous), 'Draft Terms of Reference, Dakawa Vocational Training Centre-Education Scheme', 13 November 1986; DAK/6/25, General, Marius Schoon (Education Coordinator) to Chair, National Scholarship Committee, 24 March 1987; DAK/29/225, ANC Development: Education Sectors, Reports, 'Report of the A.N.C. (SA) Development Centre Educational Sectors for the 3rd Education Council Meeting of the A.N.C. (SA) held on 28 August 1986-2 September 1986', 18 August 1986.
62. DAK/23/163, Miscellaneous, 'Ministry of Labour, Culture and Social Welfare, Nations Vocational Training Director, Evaluation of ANC Vocational Training Centre, Dakawa. Morogoro - Tanzania', M. H. Manyanga, Director, National Vocational Training Directorate, Dar es Salaam; ibid., 'ANC Vocational Training Centre (VTC) Dakawa, Morogoro, Tanzania: Report of a Survey Mission 15-24.10.1990: Proposals for Finnida Support', Julaka Poakkonen and Timo Vuolio, 19 December 1990.
63. Interview BM/SM, 2 September 1997.
64. Mayibuye Archives, Cape Town, ANC/55/2, Department of Education (1989-1991), January 1990-April 1991, B. Watson, M. De Groot, M. Cummins, 'Report of Education Task Force of N.C.C.R.: Investigation of Current Provision of Education and Educational Needs at the Projects Established for Exiled South Africans in the Mazimbu and Dakawa Areas of Tanzania as conducted on 30 April, 1 May and 2 May 1991'.
65. DAK/47/304, Miscellaneous Documents, 'Dakawa Garment Factory'.
66. DAK/43/290, Administration, Monthly Meetings, 'Zonal Annual Report, Development Centre Dakawa' [1989].
67. DAK/57/548, Dakawa, Reports, 'Report of the Situation at Dakawa ANC Leather Factory', Marja Huttunen, Instructor.
68. DAK/10/52, Dakawa Regional Reports, Sello Tau (Political Commissar) to Regional Commissar, Mazimbu, 19 May 1982, Dakawa.
69. DAK/16/91, Dakawa, Seminars, 1982 and 1984, 'Second Seminar on Dakawa Development Centre, 17-19 November, 1984' [recte 1983].
70. DAK/52/490, CDC: Own Evaluation, Henry Makgothi to Alfred Nzo, [Lusaka?], 13 May 1995.
71. DAK/17/100, Monthly Reports, Dakawa, 1986-87, 'Commissar's Report', 30 October 1986, Soks Sokupha.
72. DAK/9/41, Dakawa, Miscellaneous 'Commissars Monthly Report', 30 October 1986.
73. DAK/16/91, Dakawa Report, Agricultural Development, 1987, 'Report: Subject Matter - Situation in Dakawa', 18 November 1986, Soks Sokupa, Zonal Commissar, and Jackie Morake, Acting Co-ordinator.
74. DAK/17/100, Monthly Reports, Dakawa, 1986-87, 'The A.N.C. Development Centre, Dakawa: Monthly Report to the Directorate (1.11.1986-30.11.1986)', Jackie Morake (Administrative Co-ordinator).
75. DAK/58/552, Third Dakawa Seminar: Minutes, 'Dakawa Zonal Youth Section Report for the 3rd Dakawa Seminar'.
76. DAK/58/552, Third Dakawa Seminar: Minutes, 'Construction Report, 3rd Dakawa Seminar, 24-26 April 1989', O. Dennis.
77. DAK/58/552, Third Dakawa Seminar: Minutes, 'The Future of Dakawa', Reg September.
78. DAK/9/41, Dakawa: Miscellaneous, '3rd Dakawa Seminar. Final Paper. Projects. Commission III. Commission on Administration Structures', April 1989.
79. DAK/43/290, Administration, Monthly Meetings, 'Zonal Annual Report, Development Centre Dakawa' [1989]. Reverberations from serious internal troubles in Angola reached Dakawa: see DAK/19/114, Chief Representative, ANC, 1988-1990, Chief Rep., Manala E. Manzini to Principal Secretary, Prime Minister's office, 19 January 1990, Dar es Salaam, where he requests the Tanzanian authorities to take responsibility for ten people, ex-mutineers from Angola, who have been expelled from the ANC.
80. DAK/18/110, General: Papers and Documents, 'The History, Social Problems and Future Prospects: African National Congress of South Africa Dakawa Development Settlement'. Paper presented by M. W. Njobe to ANC in-house seminar, Lusaka, 27-30 July 1988.
81. See, for instance, DAK/47/292, 'Health Team Report - January 1990'; DAK/34/252, Students from Abroad - Studies, 'The Report of the Commission of Enquiry on the Dakawa Health Service', Mazimbu, 5 July 1990.
82. See, for instance, DAK/47/292, 'Health Team Report - January 1990'; DAK/34/252, Students from Abroad - Studies, 'The Report of the Commission of Enquiry on the Dakawa Health Service', Mazimbu, 5 July 1990.
83. Mayibuye Archives, Cape Town, ANC/55/2, Department of Education (1989-1991), January 1990-April 1991, B. Watson, M. De Groot, M. Cummins, 'Report of Education Task Force of N.C.C.R: Investigation of Current Provision of Education and Educational Needs at the Projects Established for Exiled South Africans in the Mazimbu and Dakawa Areas of Tanzania as conducted on 30 April, 1 May and 2 May 1991'.
84. DAK/39/280, Dakawa: Miscellaneous Correspondence, Minutes and Meetings, 'South African Extension Unit Monthly Report, 29 November 1986'; DAK/7/32 DAKAWA Reports, 1989, 'Monthly Report Adult Education, 28.2.1989'; DAK/47/292, Dakawa-Mazimbu Minutes, 'Adult Education Division, Monthly Report for April 1990, 8 May 1990'; interview Seán Morrrow, Loyiso Pulumani, Brown Maaba/Mrs Elizabeth Ligate, Dar es Salaam, 7 May 1997.
85. DAK/39/280, Dakawa: Miscellaneous Correspondence, Minutes and Meetings, 'South African Extension Unit Monthly Report, 29 November 1986'; DAK/7/32 DAKAWA Reports, 1989, 'Monthly Report Adult Education, 28.2.1989'; DAK/47/292, Dakawa-Mazimbu Minutes, 'Adult Education Division, Monthly Report for April 1990, 8 May 1990'; interview Seán Morrrow, Loyiso Pulumani, Brown Maaba/Mrs Elizabeth Ligate, Dar es Salaam, 7 May 1997.
86. DAK/39/280, Dakawa: Miscellaneous Correspondence, Minutes and Meetings, 'South African Extension Unit Monthly Report, 29 November 1986'; DAK/7/32 DAKAWA Reports, 1989, 'Monthly Report Adult Education, 28.2.1989'; DAK/47/292, Dakawa-Mazimbu Minutes, 'Adult Education Division, Monthly Report for April 1990, 8 May 1990'; interview Seán Morrrow, Loyiso Pulumani, Brown Maaba/Mrs Elizabeth Ligate, Dar es Salaam, 7 May 1997.
87. DAK/23/158, Sipho Thabethe to Eddie Fundo, 10 April 1986, Dakawa.
88. DAK/33/249, Dakawa Library, files from early 1990s.
89. DAK/5/23, News and Views 1990, Dakawa News and Views 23 November and 7 December 1990.
90. DAK/3/11, H.Q. Dept. of Education and Other Matters, M. Tikly to Secretary for Education, 21 May 1987, [Mazimbu].
91. As, for instance, DAK/13/63, VTC Background Documents, Marius Schoon to Mohammed Tikly, 18 June 1986; Mazimbu; DAK/3/11, H.Q. Dept. of Education and Other Matters, Marius Schoon to Henry Makgothi, 10 July 1987, encl. Marius Schoon 'An appraisal of the document "Vocational Training Centre - general guidelines and school structure" '.
92. DAK/19/113, Norway: Workshop on Dakawa, 1989, 'MFA/NPA/ANC Workshop -"ANC Development Centre, Dakawa" ', 27 and 28 April 1989.
93. DAK/3/14, Staff Recruitment, Doug Adams, VSO Field Officer to Cde. Morodi, Chief ANC Rep., Dar es Salaam, 3 October 1988, Dar es Salaam.
94. DAK/16/91, Seminars, Dakawa, 1982 and 1984, 'Second Seminar on Dakawa Development Centre, 17-19 November 1984' [recte 1983].
95. The 'forthcoming textile workshop' is mentioned in DAK/29/225, ANC Development: Education Sectors - Reports, 'Report of the A.N.C. (SA) Development Centre Educational Sectors for the 3rd Education Council Meeting of the A.N.C. (SA) held on 28 August 1986-2 September 1986', 18 August 1986.
96. DAK/53/496, Dakawa: Miscellaneous Matters, 'Paper presented by the Department of Arts and Culture to the Third Dakawa Seminar, 24-26 April 1989'; Facsimile Anne Giertz to Dakawa Art and Craft Community Centre, Marieborg, Sweden, 13 April 1998.
97. Architect's plans for the complex are in the Liberation Archives at Fort Hare.
98. DAK/53/496, Dakawa: Miscellaneous Matters, 'Paper presented by the Department of Arts and Culture to the Third Dakawa Seminar, 24-26 April 1989'; Facsimile Anne Giertz to Dakawa Art and Craft Community Centre, Marieborg, Sweden, 13 April 1998.
99. DAK/28/216, Dakawa: Various Programmes and Project Reports, 'Textile Printing Workshop Report, 21 February, 1988', [Jackson Dira].
100. DAK/19/121, ANC Development Centre, Dakawa, Construction, 1988-89, 'Policy Statement on ANC Projects', National Executive Committee, 20 April 1990.
101. Mayibuye Archives, Cape Town, ANC/55/3, Department of Education (1989-1991), 'Revised 1984 Development Plan for Dakawa', Final Draft Report, vols. 1-3, August 1990; DAK/2/6, ANC Development Centre, Dakawa, '1990 Annual General Report', January 1991.
102. Mayibuye Archives, Cape Town, ANC/55/3, Department of Education (1989-1991), 'Revised 1984 Development Plan for Dakawa', Final Draft Report, vols. 1-3, August 1990; DAK/2/6, ANC Development Centre, Dakawa, '1990 Annual General Report', January 1991.
103. Interview SM/AM, 1 December 1997; for an example of alleged embezzlement at this time by the EOC Principal, see DAK/60/573, Cases, 'The EOC Principal's Arrest Report', 10 April 1991.
104. Interview SM/NM, 18 March 1998.
105. Cory Library, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 'Report on Feasibility Study on the Relocation of Dakawa Textile Printing, Graphics and Weaving Workshops', [March 1991].