"Keeping the enemy at bay": The extermination of wild carnivora in the Cape Colony, 1889-1910

Environmental History

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 333-356

  Van Sittert, Lance ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARNIVORE; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; MAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS; PEST CONTROL;

CAPE PROVINCE; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0032439359     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3985183     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. The title quote is found in Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, evidence of C. Currey (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1896), 30. For an overview of revisionist rural scholarship, see H. Bradford, "Highways, Byways, and Cul-de-Sacs: The Transition to Agrarian Capitalism in Revisionist South African History," Radical History Review 46/7 (1990): 59-88.
2. The title quote is found in Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, evidence of C. Currey (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1896), 30. For an overview of revisionist rural scholarship, see H. Bradford, "Highways, Byways, and Cul-de-Sacs: The Transition to Agrarian Capitalism in Revisionist South African History," Radical History Review 46/7 (1990): 59-88.
3. For pastoralism prior to 1840, see S. D. Neumark, Economic Influences of the South African Frontier, 1652-1836 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1957); and R. Ross, "The Cape of Good Hope and the World Economy, 1652-1835," in The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1840, ed. R. Elphick and H. Giliomee (Cape Town: Longman, 1979), 243-82. For the peasantry, see C. Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry (London: Heinemann, 1979); W. Beinart, The Political Economy of Pondoland, 1860-1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); and W. Beinart and C. Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape, 1890-1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
4. For pastoralism prior to 1840, see S. D. Neumark, Economic Influences of the South African Frontier, 1652-1836 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1957); and R. Ross, "The Cape of Good Hope and the World Economy, 1652-1835," in The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1840, ed. R. Elphick and H. Giliomee (Cape Town: Longman, 1979), 243-82. For the peasantry, see C. Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry (London: Heinemann, 1979); W. Beinart, The Political Economy of Pondoland, 1860-1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); and W. Beinart and C. Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape, 1890-1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
5. For pastoralism prior to 1840, see S. D. Neumark, Economic Influences of the South African Frontier, 1652-1836 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1957); and R. Ross, "The Cape of Good Hope and the World Economy, 1652-1835," in The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1840, ed. R. Elphick and H. Giliomee (Cape Town: Longman, 1979), 243-82. For the peasantry, see C. Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry (London: Heinemann, 1979); W. Beinart, The Political Economy of Pondoland, 1860-1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); and W. Beinart and C. Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape, 1890-1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
6. For pastoralism prior to 1840, see S. D. Neumark, Economic Influences of the South African Frontier, 1652-1836 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1957); and R. Ross, "The Cape of Good Hope and the World Economy, 1652-1835," in The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1840, ed. R. Elphick and H. Giliomee (Cape Town: Longman, 1979), 243-82. For the peasantry, see C. Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry (London: Heinemann, 1979); W. Beinart, The Political Economy of Pondoland, 1860-1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); and W. Beinart and C. Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape, 1890-1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
7. For pastoralism prior to 1840, see S. D. Neumark, Economic Influences of the South African Frontier, 1652-1836 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1957); and R. Ross, "The Cape of Good Hope and the World Economy, 1652-1835," in The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1840, ed. R. Elphick and H. Giliomee (Cape Town: Longman, 1979), 243-82. For the peasantry, see C. Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry (London: Heinemann, 1979); W. Beinart, The Political Economy of Pondoland, 1860-1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); and W. Beinart and C. Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape, 1890-1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
8. A rare exception is S. Dubow, Land, Labour, and Merchant Capital: The Experience of the Graaff Reinet District in the Pre-industrial Rural Economy of the Cape, 1852-1872 (Cape Town: Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, 1982). The Afrikaner nationalist work is H. B. Thom's Die Geskiedenis van die Skaapboerdery in Suid Africa (Amsterdam: N. V. Swets & Reitlinger, 1936).
9. A rare exception is S. Dubow, Land, Labour, and Merchant Capital: The Experience of the Graaff Reinet District in the Pre-industrial Rural Economy of the Cape, 1852-1872 (Cape Town: Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town, 1982). The Afrikaner nationalist work is H. B. Thom's Die Geskiedenis van die Skaapboerdery in Suid Africa (Amsterdam: N. V. Swets & Reitlinger, 1936).
10. An exception is R. Mutwira, "A Question of Condoning Game Slaughter: Southern Rhodesian Wildlife Policy, 1890-1953," Journal of Southern African Studies 15 (1989): 25-262. For the United States, see T. R. Dunlap, "Values For Varmints: Predator Control and Environmental Ideas, 1920-1939," Pacific Historical Review 52 (1983): 141-61; T. R. Dunlap, "American Wildlife Policy and Environmental Ideology: Poisoning Coyotes, 1939-1972," Pacific Historical Review 55 (1986): 345-69; and D. Worster, Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 258-90.
11. An exception is R. Mutwira, "A Question of Condoning Game Slaughter: Southern Rhodesian Wildlife Policy, 1890-1953," Journal of Southern African Studies 15 (1989): 25-262. For the United States, see T. R. Dunlap, "Values For Varmints: Predator Control and Environmental Ideas, 1920-1939," Pacific Historical Review 52 (1983): 141-61; T. R. Dunlap, "American Wildlife Policy and Environmental Ideology: Poisoning Coyotes, 1939-1972," Pacific Historical Review 55 (1986): 345-69; and D. Worster, Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 258-90.
12. An exception is R. Mutwira, "A Question of Condoning Game Slaughter: Southern Rhodesian Wildlife Policy, 1890-1953," Journal of Southern African Studies 15 (1989): 25-262. For the United States, see T. R. Dunlap, "Values For Varmints: Predator Control and Environmental Ideas, 1920-1939," Pacific Historical Review 52 (1983): 141-61; T. R. Dunlap, "American Wildlife Policy and Environmental Ideology: Poisoning Coyotes, 1939-1972," Pacific Historical Review 55 (1986): 345-69; and D. Worster, Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 258-90.
13. An exception is R. Mutwira, "A Question of Condoning Game Slaughter: Southern Rhodesian Wildlife Policy, 1890-1953," Journal of Southern African Studies 15 (1989): 25-262. For the United States, see T. R. Dunlap, "Values For Varmints: Predator Control and Environmental Ideas, 1920-1939," Pacific Historical Review 52 (1983): 141-61; T. R. Dunlap, "American Wildlife Policy and Environmental Ideology: Poisoning Coyotes, 1939-1972," Pacific Historical Review 55 (1986): 345-69; and D. Worster, Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 258-90.
14. W. Beinart, "The Night of the Jackal: Sheep, Pastures, and Predators in South Africa, 1900-1930" (paper presented at African History Seminar, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 11 March 1993). This paper was published as "La Nuit du Chacal: Moutons, Paturages, et Predateurs en Afrique du Sud 1900 a 1930," Revue Français d'Histoire d'Outre-mer 80 (1993): 105-29, and more recently in Past & Present 158 (1998): 172-206. The latest version corrects some of the gross errors of the earlier works, but surprisingly makes no mention of the 1993 French publication.
15. W. Beinart, "The Night of the Jackal: Sheep, Pastures, and Predators in South Africa, 1900-1930" (paper presented at African History Seminar, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 11 March 1993). This paper was published as "La Nuit du Chacal: Moutons, Paturages, et Predateurs en Afrique du Sud 1900 a 1930," Revue Français d'Histoire d'Outre-mer 80 (1993): 105-29, and more recently in Past & Present 158 (1998): 172-206. The latest version corrects some of the gross errors of the earlier works, but surprisingly makes no mention of the 1993 French publication.
16. W. Beinart, "The Night of the Jackal: Sheep, Pastures, and Predators in South Africa, 1900-1930" (paper presented at African History Seminar, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 11 March 1993). This paper was published as "La Nuit du Chacal: Moutons, Paturages, et Predateurs en Afrique du Sud 1900 a 1930," Revue Français d'Histoire d'Outre-mer 80 (1993): 105-29, and more recently in Past & Present 158 (1998): 172-206. The latest version corrects some of the gross errors of the earlier works, but surprisingly makes no mention of the 1993 French publication.
17. See C. J. Skead, Historical Mammal Incidence in the Cape Province, vol. 1, The Western and Northern Cape , and vol. 2, The Eastern Cape, Including the Ciskei, Transkei, and East Griqualand (Cape Town: Dept. of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Provincial Administration of the Cape of Good Hope, 1980, 1987).
18. See C. J. Skead, Historical Mammal Incidence in the Cape Province, vol. 1, The Western and Northern Cape , and vol. 2, The Eastern Cape, Including the Ciskei, Transkei, and East Griqualand (Cape Town: Dept. of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Provincial Administration of the Cape of Good Hope, 1980, 1987).
19. See C. J. Skead, Historical Mammal Incidence in the Cape Province, vol. 1, The Western and Northern Cape , and vol. 2, The Eastern Cape, Including the Ciskei, Transkei, and East Griqualand (Cape Town: Dept. of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Provincial Administration of the Cape of Good Hope, 1980, 1987).
20. For average wool export prices from 1835 to 1895, see Thom, Die Geskiedenis, 201, fig. 6.
21. For the concept of "ungulate irruption," see E. G. K. Melville, A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 47-55. For a summary of twentieth-century scientific debates on the degradation of pastures in the Cape, see W. Beinart, "Soil Erosion, Animals, and Pasture Over the Longer Term: Environmental Destruction in Southern Africa," in The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment, ed. M. Leach and R. Mearns (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1996), 54-72. On the problems of definition in an essentially "transitional" region, see V. L. Rennie, "The Eastern Province as a Geographical Region," South African Geographical Journal 37 (1945): 1-27.
22. For the concept of "ungulate irruption," see E. G. K. Melville, A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 47-55. For a summary of twentieth-century scientific debates on the degradation of pastures in the Cape, see W. Beinart, "Soil Erosion, Animals, and Pasture Over the Longer Term: Environmental Destruction in Southern Africa," in The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment, ed. M. Leach and R. Mearns (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1996), 54-72. On the problems of definition in an essentially "transitional" region, see V. L. Rennie, "The Eastern Province as a Geographical Region," South African Geographical Journal 37 (1945): 1-27.
23. For the concept of "ungulate irruption," see E. G. K. Melville, A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 47-55. For a summary of twentieth-century scientific debates on the degradation of pastures in the Cape, see W. Beinart, "Soil Erosion, Animals, and Pasture Over the Longer Term: Environmental Destruction in Southern Africa," in The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment, ed. M. Leach and R. Mearns (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1996), 54-72. On the problems of definition in an essentially "transitional" region, see V. L. Rennie, "The Eastern Province as a Geographical Region," South African Geographical Journal 37 (1945): 1-27.
24. J. Shaw, quoted in Beinart, "Soil Erosion," 58.
25. Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope [hereafter AJCGH] 25 (1 November 1904): 561.
26. G. M. Theal, Records of the Cape Colony, vol. 10 (London: Clowes, 1902), 139.
27. Thom, Die Geskiedenis, 82; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Fences Bill, 1872, A10-72, evidence of P. Watermeyer (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1872), 35-36; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Dividing Fences, 1880, A15-80, evidence of T. Moodie (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1880), 12.
28. Thom, Die Geskiedenis, 82; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Fences Bill, 1872, A10-72, evidence of P. Watermeyer (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1872), 35-36; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Dividing Fences, 1880, A15-80, evidence of T. Moodie (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1880), 12.
29. Thom, Die Geskiedenis, 82; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Fences Bill, 1872, A10-72, evidence of P. Watermeyer (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1872), 35-36; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Dividing Fences, 1880, A15-80, evidence of T. Moodie (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1880), 12.
30. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Fencing and Enclosing Lands, 1889, A10-89, evidence of J. Frost (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1889), 18; Cape of Good Hope, House of Assembly Debates, 1895 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1895), 355.
31. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Fencing and Enclosing Lands, 1889, A10-89, evidence of J. Frost (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1889), 18; Cape of Good Hope, House of Assembly Debates, 1895 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1895), 355.
32. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of W. J. Warren (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1899), 48.
33. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, evidence of S. B. Hobson, 40.
34. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, iv.
35. Ibid., and evidence of witnesses; AJCGH 16 (15 February 1900): 237; AJCGH 14 (16 March 1899): 437; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 378.
36. Ibid., and evidence of witnesses; AJCGH 16 (15 February 1900): 237; AJCGH 14 (16 March 1899): 437; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 378.
37. Ibid., and evidence of witnesses; AJCGH 16 (15 February 1900): 237; AJCGH 14 (16 March 1899): 437; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 378.
38. Ibid., and evidence of witnesses; AJCGH 16 (15 February 1900): 237; AJCGH 14 (16 March 1899): 437; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 378.
39. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Fencing and Enclosing Lands, 1889, A10-89, evidence of J. Frost, 10; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, iv.
40. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Fencing and Enclosing Lands, 1889, A10-89, evidence of J. Frost, 10; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, iv.
41. See, for example, AJCGH 16 (15 February 1900): 236-38; and Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1904), 1-3.
42. See, for example, AJCGH 16 (15 February 1900): 236-38; and Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1904), 1-3.
43. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Fencing and Enclosing Lands, 1889, A10-89, evidence of J. Frost, 17-18; Cape of Good Hope, Divisional Councils Act (No. 40/1889), Statutes, 1889-1893 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1893), 140; AJCGH 1 (22 August 1889): 220.
44. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Fencing and Enclosing Lands, 1889, A10-89, evidence of J. Frost, 17-18; Cape of Good Hope, Divisional Councils Act (No. 40/1889), Statutes, 1889-1893 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1893), 140; AJCGH 1 (22 August 1889): 220.
45. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Fencing and Enclosing Lands, 1889, A10-89, evidence of J. Frost, 17-18; Cape of Good Hope, Divisional Councils Act (No. 40/1889), Statutes, 1889-1893 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1893), 140; AJCGH 1 (22 August 1889): 220.
46. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, evidence of C. Currey, 29. See also Secretary for Agriculture to the General Secretary WAPCs, 14 May 1895, AGR 76 F246, Cape Archives Depot, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa [hereafter CA]; AJCGH 13 (21 July 1898): 81.
47. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, evidence of C. Currey, 29. See also Secretary for Agriculture to the General Secretary WAPCs, 14 May 1895, AGR 76 F246, Cape Archives Depot, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa [hereafter CA]; AJCGH 13 (21 July 1898): 81.
48. See, for example, J. M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 34-42; W. L. Sclater, The Mammals of South Africa, 2 vols. (London: R. H. Porter, 1900/1901); and F. W. Fitzsimons, The Natural History of South Africa: Mammals, 4 vols. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1919).
49. See, for example, J. M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 34-42; W. L. Sclater, The Mammals of South Africa, 2 vols. (London: R. H. Porter, 1900/1901); and F. W. Fitzsimons, The Natural History of South Africa: Mammals, 4 vols. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1919).
50. See, for example, J. M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 34-42; W. L. Sclater, The Mammals of South Africa, 2 vols. (London: R. H. Porter, 1900/1901); and F. W. Fitzsimons, The Natural History of South Africa: Mammals, 4 vols. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1919).
51. AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 569; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of I. J. van Zyl, 79.
52. AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 569; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of I. J. van Zyl, 79.
53. AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 507, 569-72.
54. Ibid., 570.
55. AJCGH 8 (30 May 1895): 283; AJCGH 9 (20 August 1896): 439; AJCGH 15 (31 August 1899): 351; AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 570.
56. AJCGH 8 (30 May 1895): 283; AJCGH 9 (20 August 1896): 439; AJCGH 15 (31 August 1899): 351; AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 570.
57. AJCGH 8 (30 May 1895): 283; AJCGH 9 (20 August 1896): 439; AJCGH 15 (31 August 1899): 351; AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 570.
58. AJCGH 8 (30 May 1895): 283; AJCGH 9 (20 August 1896): 439; AJCGH 15 (31 August 1899): 351; AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 570.
59. AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 569.
60. See, for example, HA 546 290, CA.
61. AJCGH 24 (1 May 1904): 625.
62. Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1891 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1891), 315; Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1904 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1904), 361-64.
63. Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1891 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1891), 315; Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1904 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1904), 361-64.
64. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of W. J. Warren, 43; AJCGH 15 (31 August 1899): 353; AJCGH 15 (12 October 1899): 554.
65. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of W. J. Warren, 43; AJCGH 15 (31 August 1899): 353; AJCGH 15 (12 October 1899): 554.
66. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of W. J. Warren, 43; AJCGH 15 (31 August 1899): 353; AJCGH 15 (12 October 1899): 554.
67. AJCGH 7 (3 May 1894): 202; AJCGH 32 (May 1908): 649.
68. AJCGH 7 (3 May 1894): 202; AJCGH 32 (May 1908): 649.
69. See, for example, P. Fitzpatrick, Jock of the Bushveld (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1907); MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature, 32; AJCGH 9 (17 September 1896): 489; Cape of Good Hope, House of Assembly Debates, 1903 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1903), 149; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 62.
70. See, for example, P. Fitzpatrick, Jock of the Bushveld (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1907); MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature, 32; AJCGH 9 (17 September 1896): 489; Cape of Good Hope, House of Assembly Debates, 1903 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1903), 149; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 62.
71. See, for example, P. Fitzpatrick, Jock of the Bushveld (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1907); MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature, 32; AJCGH 9 (17 September 1896): 489; Cape of Good Hope, House of Assembly Debates, 1903 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1903), 149; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 62.
72. See, for example, P. Fitzpatrick, Jock of the Bushveld (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1907); MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature, 32; AJCGH 9 (17 September 1896): 489; Cape of Good Hope, House of Assembly Debates, 1903 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1903), 149; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 62.
73. See, for example, P. Fitzpatrick, Jock of the Bushveld (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1907); MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature, 32; AJCGH 9 (17 September 1896): 489; Cape of Good Hope, House of Assembly Debates, 1903 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1903), 149; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 62.
74. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Parker, 54.
75. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of P. Weyer, 11; AJCGH 32 (June 1908): 776; AJCGH 36 (March 1910): 370; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Parker, 54.
76. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of P. Weyer, 11; AJCGH 32 (June 1908): 776; AJCGH 36 (March 1910): 370; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Parker, 54.
77. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of P. Weyer, 11; AJCGH 32 (June 1908): 776; AJCGH 36 (March 1910): 370; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Parker, 54.
78. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of P. Weyer, 11; AJCGH 32 (June 1908): 776; AJCGH 36 (March 1910): 370; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Parker, 54.
79. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, evidence of D. P. van den Heever, 2; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of A. B. Vanes, 6, and evidence of J. van Eeden, 33; Civil Commissioner Kenhardt to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 July 1899, HA 546 290, CA.
80. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, evidence of D. P. van den Heever, 2; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of A. B. Vanes, 6, and evidence of J. van Eeden, 33; Civil Commissioner Kenhardt to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 July 1899, HA 546 290, CA.
81. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, evidence of D. P. van den Heever, 2; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of A. B. Vanes, 6, and evidence of J. van Eeden, 33; Civil Commissioner Kenhardt to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 July 1899, HA 546 290, CA.
82. Civil Commissioner Kenhardt to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 July 1899, HA 546 290, CA; J. G. Alston to Civil Commissioner Carnarvon, 30 September 1894, AGR 76 F246, CA; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of J. H. Schoeman, 26.
83. Civil Commissioner Kenhardt to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 July 1899, HA 546 290, CA; J. G. Alston to Civil Commissioner Carnarvon, 30 September 1894, AGR 76 F246, CA; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of J. H. Schoeman, 26.
84. Civil Commissioner Kenhardt to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 July 1899, HA 546 290, CA; J. G. Alston to Civil Commissioner Carnarvon, 30 September 1894, AGR 76 F246, CA; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of J. H. Schoeman, 26.
85. AJCGH 25 (1 September 1904): 351; AJCGH 31 (November 1907): 597.
86. AJCGH 25 (1 September 1904): 351; AJCGH 31 (November 1907): 597.
87. Racing Calender and Agricultural Journal, 20 September 1894.
88. Civil Commissioner Gordonia to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 8 April 1904, HA 546 290, CA; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of C. W. H. Schroder, 22; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of De Wet, 35.
89. Civil Commissioner Gordonia to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 8 April 1904, HA 546 290, CA; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of C. W. H. Schroder, 22; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of De Wet, 35.
90. Civil Commissioner Gordonia to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 8 April 1904, HA 546 290, CA; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of C. W. H. Schroder, 22; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of De Wet, 35.
91. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, evidence of P. S. Bellingan, 36; Civil Commissioner Albany to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 October 1895, AGR 76 F246, CA.
92. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on Wild Carnivora, 1896, A10-96, evidence of P. S. Bellingan, 36; Civil Commissioner Albany to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 October 1895, AGR 76 F246, CA.
93. See, for example, Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of C. W. H. Schroder, 16-17; Civil Commissioner Gordonia to the Secretary for the Law Department (regarding the case of "Scotty Smith"), 5 October 1899, HA 546 290, CA; Civil Commissioner Albany to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 October 1895, AGR 76 F246, CA; AJCGH 9 (20 August 1896): 439; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 17.
94. See, for example, Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of C. W. H. Schroder, 16-17; Civil Commissioner Gordonia to the Secretary for the Law Department (regarding the case of "Scotty Smith"), 5 October 1899, HA 546 290, CA; Civil Commissioner Albany to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 October 1895, AGR 76 F246, CA; AJCGH 9 (20 August 1896): 439; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 17.
95. See, for example, Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of C. W. H. Schroder, 16-17; Civil Commissioner Gordonia to the Secretary for the Law Department (regarding the case of "Scotty Smith"), 5 October 1899, HA 546 290, CA; Civil Commissioner Albany to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 October 1895, AGR 76 F246, CA; AJCGH 9 (20 August 1896): 439; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 17.
96. See, for example, Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of C. W. H. Schroder, 16-17; Civil Commissioner Gordonia to the Secretary for the Law Department (regarding the case of "Scotty Smith"), 5 October 1899, HA 546 290, CA; Civil Commissioner Albany to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 October 1895, AGR 76 F246, CA; AJCGH 9 (20 August 1896): 439; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 17.
97. See, for example, Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1899, A9-99, evidence of C. W. H. Schroder, 16-17; Civil Commissioner Gordonia to the Secretary for the Law Department (regarding the case of "Scotty Smith"), 5 October 1899, HA 546 290, CA; Civil Commissioner Albany to the Under Secretary for Agriculture, 12 October 1895, AGR 76 F246, CA; AJCGH 9 (20 August 1896): 439; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 17.
98. Cape of Good Hope, Fencing Act (No. 30/1883), Statutes, 1879-1883 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1883), 779-87, and Fencing Law Amendment Act (No. 15/1891), Statutes, 1889-1893 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1893), 248-53; Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1891 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1891), 313; Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1904 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1904), 359-60.
99. Cape of Good Hope, Fencing Act (No. 30/1883), Statutes, 1879-1883 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1883), 779-87, and Fencing Law Amendment Act (No. 15/1891), Statutes, 1889-1893 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1893), 248-53; Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1891 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1891), 313; Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1904 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1904), 359-60.
100. Cape of Good Hope, Fencing Act (No. 30/1883), Statutes, 1879-1883 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1883), 779-87, and Fencing Law Amendment Act (No. 15/1891), Statutes, 1889-1893 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1893), 248-53; Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1891 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1891), 313; Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1904 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1904), 359-60.
101. Cape of Good Hope, Fencing Act (No. 30/1883), Statutes, 1879-1883 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1883), 779-87, and Fencing Law Amendment Act (No. 15/1891), Statutes, 1889-1893 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1893), 248-53; Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1891 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1891), 313; Cape of Good Hope, Statistical Register, 1904 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1904), 359-60.
102. For the origins and spread of barbed wire on the Great Plains, see W. P. Webb, The Great Plains (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1931), 295-319, and J. M. McFadden, "Monopoly in Barbed Wire: The Formation of the American Steel and Wire Company," Business History Review 52 (1978): 465-89; AJCGH 9 (23 July 1896): 388.
103. For the origins and spread of barbed wire on the Great Plains, see W. P. Webb, The Great Plains (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1931), 295-319, and J. M. McFadden, "Monopoly in Barbed Wire: The Formation of the American Steel and Wire Company," Business History Review 52 (1978): 465-89; AJCGH 9 (23 July 1896): 388.
104. For the origins and spread of barbed wire on the Great Plains, see W. P. Webb, The Great Plains (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1931), 295-319, and J. M. McFadden, "Monopoly in Barbed Wire: The Formation of the American Steel and Wire Company," Business History Review 52 (1978): 465-89; AJCGH 9 (23 July 1896): 388.
105. AJCGH 17 (25 October 1900): 525.
106. AJCGH 24 (1 January 1904): 45; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of C. Lee, 33; AJCGH 24 (1 January 1904): 47.
107. AJCGH 24 (1 January 1904): 45; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of C. Lee, 33; AJCGH 24 (1 January 1904): 47.
108. AJCGH 24 (1 January 1904): 45; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of C. Lee, 33; AJCGH 24 (1 January 1904): 47.
109. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, v, and evidence of A. Warren, 62; AJCGH 25 (1 December 1904): 719; AJCGH 27 (1 September 1905): 369.
110. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, v, and evidence of A. Warren, 62; AJCGH 25 (1 December 1904): 719; AJCGH 27 (1 September 1905): 369.
111. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, v, and evidence of A. Warren, 62; AJCGH 25 (1 December 1904): 719; AJCGH 27 (1 September 1905): 369.
112. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 62; AJCGH 27 (1 September 1905): 283; AJCGH 24 (1 January 1904): 44-45.
113. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 62; AJCGH 27 (1 September 1905): 283; AJCGH 24 (1 January 1904): 44-45.
114. Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 62; AJCGH 27 (1 September 1905): 283; AJCGH 24 (1 January 1904): 44-45.
115. AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 562; Cape of Good Hope, Fencing Law Amendment Act (No. 42/1905), Statutes, 1905 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1905), 4963-64; AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 563; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of C. Lee, 36.
116. AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 562; Cape of Good Hope, Fencing Law Amendment Act (No. 42/1905), Statutes, 1905 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1905), 4963-64; AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 563; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of C. Lee, 36.
117. AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 562; Cape of Good Hope, Fencing Law Amendment Act (No. 42/1905), Statutes, 1905 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1905), 4963-64; AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 563; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of C. Lee, 36.
118. AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 562; Cape of Good Hope, Fencing Law Amendment Act (No. 42/1905), Statutes, 1905 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1905), 4963-64; AJCGH 25 (1 November 1904): 563; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of C. Lee, 36.
119. AJCGH 24 (1 April 1904): 493; AJCGH 31 (October 1907): 473;
120. AJCGH 24 (1 April 1904): 493; AJCGH 31 (October 1907): 473;
121. AJCGH 35 (December 1909): 747;
122. AJCGH 31 (November 1907): 597;
123. AJCGH 33 (July 1908): 4.
124. Cape of Good Hope, Public Loans Act (No. 27/1908), Acts of Parliament, 1908 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1908), 5410-11; Cape of Good Hope, Fencings Loans Act (No. 37/1909), Acts of Parliament, 1909 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1909), 5613-18; Proclamation No. 44, Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette, 8 February 1910; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 63, 69; AJCGH 29 (1 February 1906): 243; AJCGH 31 (December 1907): 630.
125. Cape of Good Hope, Public Loans Act (No. 27/1908), Acts of Parliament, 1908 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1908), 5410-11; Cape of Good Hope, Fencings Loans Act (No. 37/1909), Acts of Parliament, 1909 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1909), 5613-18; Proclamation No. 44, Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette, 8 February 1910; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 63, 69; AJCGH 29 (1 February 1906): 243; AJCGH 31 (December 1907): 630.
126. Cape of Good Hope, Public Loans Act (No. 27/1908), Acts of Parliament, 1908 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1908), 5410-11; Cape of Good Hope, Fencings Loans Act (No. 37/1909), Acts of Parliament, 1909 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1909), 5613-18; Proclamation No. 44, Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette, 8 February 1910; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 63, 69; AJCGH 29 (1 February 1906): 243; AJCGH 31 (December 1907): 630.
127. Cape of Good Hope, Public Loans Act (No. 27/1908), Acts of Parliament, 1908 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1908), 5410-11; Cape of Good Hope, Fencings Loans Act (No. 37/1909), Acts of Parliament, 1909 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1909), 5613-18; Proclamation No. 44, Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette, 8 February 1910; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 63, 69; AJCGH 29 (1 February 1906): 243; AJCGH 31 (December 1907): 630.
128. Cape of Good Hope, Public Loans Act (No. 27/1908), Acts of Parliament, 1908 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1908), 5410-11; Cape of Good Hope, Fencings Loans Act (No. 37/1909), Acts of Parliament, 1909 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1909), 5613-18; Proclamation No. 44, Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette, 8 February 1910; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 63, 69; AJCGH 29 (1 February 1906): 243; AJCGH 31 (December 1907): 630.
129. Cape of Good Hope, Public Loans Act (No. 27/1908), Acts of Parliament, 1908 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1908), 5410-11; Cape of Good Hope, Fencings Loans Act (No. 37/1909), Acts of Parliament, 1909 (Cape Town: Government Printers, 1909), 5613-18; Proclamation No. 44, Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette, 8 February 1910; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of A. Warren, 63, 69; AJCGH 29 (1 February 1906): 243; AJCGH 31 (December 1907): 630.
130. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, 22; AJCGH (31 May 1888): 42; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 376; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 19. For the northern frontier, see N. G. Penn, "The Northern Cape Frontier Zone, 1700-c.1815" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cape Town, 1995), and B. MacLennan, A Proper Degree of Terror (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1986). For the eastern Cape frontier, see C. Crais, The Making of the Colonial Order (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992).
131. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, 22; AJCGH (31 May 1888): 42; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 376; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 19. For the northern frontier, see N. G. Penn, "The Northern Cape Frontier Zone, 1700-c.1815" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cape Town, 1995), and B. MacLennan, A Proper Degree of Terror (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1986). For the eastern Cape frontier, see C. Crais, The Making of the Colonial Order (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992).
132. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, 22; AJCGH (31 May 1888): 42; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 376; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 19. For the northern frontier, see N. G. Penn, "The Northern Cape Frontier Zone, 1700-c.1815" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cape Town, 1995), and B. MacLennan, A Proper Degree of Terror (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1986). For the eastern Cape frontier, see C. Crais, The Making of the Colonial Order (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992).
133. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, 22; AJCGH (31 May 1888): 42; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 376; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 19. For the northern frontier, see N. G. Penn, "The Northern Cape Frontier Zone, 1700-c.1815" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cape Town, 1995), and B. MacLennan, A Proper Degree of Terror (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1986). For the eastern Cape frontier, see C. Crais, The Making of the Colonial Order (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992).
134. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, 22; AJCGH (31 May 1888): 42; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 376; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 19. For the northern frontier, see N. G. Penn, "The Northern Cape Frontier Zone, 1700-c.1815" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cape Town, 1995), and B. MacLennan, A Proper Degree of Terror (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1986). For the eastern Cape frontier, see C. Crais, The Making of the Colonial Order (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992).
135. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, 22; AJCGH (31 May 1888): 42; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 376; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 19. For the northern frontier, see N. G. Penn, "The Northern Cape Frontier Zone, 1700-c.1815" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cape Town, 1995), and B. MacLennan, A Proper Degree of Terror (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1986). For the eastern Cape frontier, see C. Crais, The Making of the Colonial Order (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992).
136. MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, 22; AJCGH (31 May 1888): 42; AJCGH 32 (March 1908): 376; Cape of Good Hope, Report of the Select Committee on the Destruction of Vermin, 1904, A2-1904, evidence of W. Rubidge, 19. For the northern frontier, see N. G. Penn, "The Northern Cape Frontier Zone, 1700-c.1815" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cape Town, 1995), and B. MacLennan, A Proper Degree of Terror (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1986). For the eastern Cape frontier, see C. Crais, The Making of the Colonial Order (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992).
137. For the changing attitude of the local elite, see J. Carruthers, "Creating a National Park," Journal of Southern African Studies 15 (1989): 188-216, and The Kruger National Park: A Social and Political History (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1995).
138. For the changing attitude of the local elite, see J. Carruthers, "Creating a National Park," Journal of Southern African Studies 15 (1989): 188-216, and The Kruger National Park: A Social and Political History (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1995).