Manifestations of Scleroderma pulmonary disease

Clinics in Chest Medicine

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 713-731

  Minai, O A ^a   Dweik, R A ^a   Arroliga, A C ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY DETECTION; ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; LUNG CALCIFICATION; LUNG CARCINOMA; LUNG CYST; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; LUNG HEMORRHAGE; LUNG LAVAGE; PLEURA DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; SCLERODERMA; SMALL AIRWAY DISEASE; SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY;

EID: 0032438143     PISSN: 02725231     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-5231(05)70112-X     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. M. Abu-Shakra F. Guillemin P. Lee Cancer in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 36 1993 460 464
2. P.K. Adhikari F.A. Bianchi S.F. Boushy Pulmonary function in scleroderma: Its relation to changes in chest roentgenogram and in the skin of the thorax American Review of Respiratory Disease 86 1962 823 831
3. A. Akesson A. Scheja A. Lundin Improved pulmonary function in systemic sclerosis after treatment with cyclophosphamide Arthritis Rheum 37 1994 729 735
4. M.A. Alpert T.A. Pressly V. Mukerji Short and long term hemodynamic effects of captopril in patients with pulmonary hypertension and selected connective tissue disease Chest 102 1992 1407 1412
5. M.R. Al-Sabbagh V.D. Steen B.C. Zee Pulmonary arterial histology and morphometry in systemic sclerosis: A case controlled autopsy study J Rheumatol 16 1989 1038 1042
6. R.D. Altman T.A. Medsger Jr D.A. Bloch Predictors of survival in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) Arthritis Rheum 34 1991 403 413
7. A.C. Arroliga D.N. Podell R.A. Matthay Pulmonary manifestations of scleroderma Journal of Thoracic Imaging 7 1992 30 45
8. L.R. Bagg D.T.D. Hughes Serial pulmonary function tests in progressive systemic sclerosis Thorax 34 1979 224 228
9. M. Baron D. Feiglin R. Hyland 67-gallium lung scan in progressive systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 26 1983 969 974
10. M. Baron G. Skrinskas R. Hyland Effects of prostaglandin E1 and other vasodilator agents in pulmonary hypertension of scleroderma British Heart Journal 48 1982 304 305
11. R.W. Battle M.A. Davitt S.M. Cooper Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in limited and diffuse scleroderma Chest 110 1996 1515 1519
12. J. Behr C. Vogelmeier T. Beinert Bronchoalveolar lavage for evaluation and management of scleroderma disease of the lung Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154 1996 400 406
13. A. Bergemann M. Tikly Cystic lung disease in systemic sclerosis: A case report with high resolution computed tomography findings Rev Rhum (Engl Ed) 63 1996 213 215
14. R.D. Bjerke D.P. Tashkin P.J. Clements Small airways in progressive systemic sclerosis Am J Med 66 1979 201 209
15. B. Blom-Bulow B. Jonson K. Brauer Lung function in progressive systemic sclerosis is dominated by poorly compliant lungs and stiff airways European Journal of Respiratory Disease 66 1985 1 8
16. M.B. Bolster R.M. Silver Lung disease in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): Bailliere's Clinical Rheumatology 7 1993 79 97
17. J.A. Boyd S.I. Patrick R.J. Reeves Roentgen changes observed in generalized scleroderma: Report of 63 cases Arch Intern Med 94 1954 248 258
18. S.N. Breit D. Cairns A. Szentirmay The presence of Sjögrens syndrome is a major determinant of the pattern of interstitial lung disease in scleroderma and other connective tissue disease J Rheumatol 16 1989 1043 1049
19. S.N. Breit S.C. Thornton R. Penny Lung involvement in scleroderma Clin Dermatol 12 1994 243 252
20. A.J. Bridges K.-C. Hsu A.A. Dias-Arias Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and scleroderma J Rheumatol 19 1992 1136 1140
21. D. Briggs C. Stephens R. Vaughan A molecular and serologic analysis of the major histocompatibility complex and complement component C4 in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 36 1993 943 954
22. J.B. Cailes C. O'Connor P. Pantelidis Neutrophil activation in fibrosing alveolitis: A comparison of lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and systemic sclerosis Eur Respir J 9 1996 992 999
23. J.B. Cailes R.M. du Bois D.M. Hansell Density gradient of the lung parenchyma on computed tomographic scanning in patients with pulmonary hypertension and systemic sclerosis Acad Radiol 3 1996 724 730
24. D. Cairns L. Shelley W. Burke The differing patterns of interstitial lung involvement in connective tissue diseases J Rheumatol 19 1992 1089 1095
25. J.A. Casas P.A. Saway I. Villareal 5-Fluorouracil in the treatment of scleroderma: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled international collaborative study Ann Rheum Dis 49 1990 926 928
26. M. Catterall N.R. Rowell Respiratory function in progressive systemic sclerosis Thorax 18 1963 10 15
27. P. Chanez J.-Y. Lacoste B. Guillot Mast cells' contribution to the fibrosing alveolitis of the scleroderma lung American Review of Respiratory Disease 147 1993 1497 1502
28. A.M. Chausow T. Kane D. Levinson Reversible hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency in scleroderma caused by respiratory muscle weakness American Review of Respiratory Disease 130 1984 142 144
29. P.J. Clements D.E. Furst D.S. Campion Muscle disease in progressive systemic sclerosis: Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations Arthritis Rheum 21 1978 62 71
30. C.R. Colp J. Riker M.H. Williams Jr Serial changes in scleroderma and idiopathic interstitial lung disease Arch Intern Med 132 1973 506 515
31. J.A.D. Cooper Jr R.A. Matthay Drug induced pulmonary disease Dis Mon 33 1987 61 120
32. B. Corrin D. Butcher B.J. McAnulty Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-β1 in the lungs of patients with systemic sclerosis, cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and other lung disorders Histopathology 24 1994 145 150
33. D. Cox E. Conant L. Earle Sarcoidosis in systemic sclerosis: Report of 7 cases J Rheumatol 22 1995 881 885
34. B. Crestani N. Seta M.D. Bandt Interleukin 6 secretion by monocytes and alveolar macrophages in systemic sclerosis with lung involvement Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149 1994 1260 1265
35. W.A. D'Angelo J.F. Fries A.T. Masi Pathologic observations in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) Am J Med 46 1969 428 440
36. L.S. deClerck J. Dequecker L. Francx D-Penicillamine therapy and interstitial lung disease in scleroderma Arthritis Rheum 30 1987 643 650
37. J. de la Mata M.A. Gomez-Sanchez M. Aranzana Long term iloprost infusion therapy for severe pulmonary hypertension in patients with connective tissue diseases Arthritis Rheum 37 1994 1528 1533
38. K. Devenyi L. Czirjak High resolution computed tomography for the evaluation of lung involvement in 101 patients with scleroderma Clinical Rheum 14 1995 633 640
39. T. Dick P. Bartz-Bazzanella E. Genth Lack of association between antihistone antibodies and pulmonary fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis [Letter] Arthritis Rheum 38 1995 1024
40. Z. Dujic D. Eterovic J. Tocilj Increase of pulmonary diffusing capacity in systemic sclerosis Br J Rheumatol 33 1994 437 441
41. S.C. Duncan R.R. Winkelman Cancer and scleroderma Arch Dermatol 115 1979 950 955
42. J.D. Edelson R.H. Hyland M. Ramsden Lung inflammation in scleroderma: Clinical, radiographic, physiologic, and cytopathological features J Rheumatol 12 1985 957 963
43. J. Elias S. Jimenez B. Freundlich Recombinant gamma, alpha and beta interferon regulation of human lung fibroblast proliferation American Review of Respiratory Disease 135 1987 62 66
44. G. Emmanuel D. Saroja K. Gopinathan Environmental factors and the diffusing capacity of the lung in progressive systemic sclerosis Chest 69 1976 304 307
45. Y. Enson H.M. Thomas III C.H. Bosken Pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease: Relation of vascular resistance to abnormal lung structure Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 88 1975 248 255
46. G.R. Eppler T.C. McCloud E.A. Gaensler Normal chest roentgenograms in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease N Engl J Med 298 1978 934 939
47. C. Ferri L. Bernini S. Bombardieri Long term griseofulvin treatment for progressive systemic sclerosis Scand J Rheumatol 15 1986 356 362
48. W.P. Follansbee E.I. Curtiss T.A. Medsger Jr Myocardial function and perfusion in the CREST syndrome variant of progressive systemic sclerosis Am J Med 77 1984 489 496
49. D.E. Furst J.A. Davis P.J. Clements Abnormalities of pulmonary vascular dynamics and inflammation in early progressive systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 24 1981 1403 1408
50. D.E. Furst P.J. Clements S. Hills Immunosuppression with chlorambucil versus placebo for scleroderma. Results of a three year, parallel, randomized, double-blind study Arthritis Rheum 32 1989 584 593
51. S.J. Garber A.U. Wells R.M. Du Bois Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes in the fibrosing alveolitis of systemic sclerosis Br J Radiol 65 1992 983 986
52. S. Getzowa Cystic and compact pulmonary sclerosis in progressive scleroderma Arch Pathol (Chicago) 40 1945 99 106
53. S. Godfrey R. Bluestone B.E. Higgs Lung function and the response to exercise in systemic sclerosis Thorax 24 1969 427 435
54. N.B. Greene A.M. Solinger R.P. Baughman Patients with collagen vascular disease and dyspnea. The value of gallium scanning and bronchoalveolar lavage in predicting response to steroid therapy and clinical outcome Chest 91 1987 698 703
55. G.I. Greenwald D.P. Tashkin H. Gong Longitudinal changes in lung function and respiratory symptoms in progressive systemic sclerosis Am J Med 83 1987 83 92
56. M.T. Griffin J.D. Robb J.R. Martin Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with progressive systemic sclerosis Thorax 45 1990 903 904
57. H. Groen D.S. Postma C.G.M. Kallenberg Interstitial lung disease and myositis in a patient with simultaneously occurring sarcoidosis and scleroderma Chest 104 1993 1298 1300
58. L. Guillevin Z. Amoura P. Merviel Treatment of progressive systemic sclerosis by plasma exchange: Long term results in 40 patients International Journal of Artificial Organ 13 1990 125 128
59. M. Guttadauria H. Ellman G. Emmanuel Pulmonary function in scleroderma Arthritis Rheum 20 1977 1071 1079
60. D.M. Hansell I.H. Kerr The role of high resolution computed tomography in the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease Thorax 46 1991 77 84
61. N.K. Harrison A.R. Myers B. Corrin Structural features of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis American Review of Respiratory Disease 144 1991 706 713
62. N.K. Harrison A.R. Glanville B. Strickland Pulmonary involvement in systemic sclerosis: The detection of early changes by thin section CT scan, bronchoalveolar lavage and TC-DTPA clearance Respir Med 83 1989 403 414
63. N.K. Harrison R.J. McAnulty P.L. Haslam Evidence for protein oedema, neutrophil influx and enhanced collagen production in lungs of patients with systemic sclerosis Thorax 45 1990 606 610
64. N.K. Harrison A.D. Cambrey A.R. Myers Insulin-like growth factor-1 is partially responsible for fibroblast proliferation induced by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with systemic sclerosis Clinical Science 86 1994 141 148
65. D.T.D. Hughes F. Lee Lung function in patients with systemic sclerosis Thorax 18 1963 16 20
66. G.D. Iliffe N.M. Pettigrew Hypoventilatory respiratory failure in generalized scleroderma British Medical Journal 286 1983 337 338
67. C.G.M. Kallenberg H.M. Janssen J.D. Elema The steroid responsive interstitial pulmonary disease in systemic sclerosis Chest 86 1984 489 492
68. G.C. Kane J. Varga E.F. Conant Lung involvement in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): Relation to classification based on extent of skin involvement or autoantibody status Respir Med 90 1996 223 230
69. J.H. Kim J.V. Follett J.R. Rice Endobronchial telangiectasias and hemoptysis in scleroderma Am J Med 84 1988 173 174
70. B. Kinsella E.A. Smith K.S. Miller Spontaneous production of fibronectin by alveolar macrophages in patients with scleroderma Arthritis Rheum 32 1989 577 583
71. R.J. Kipnis J. Craft J.A. Hardin The analysis of antinuclear autoantibodies of scleroderma by radioimmunoprecipitation assays Arthritis Rheum 33 1990 1431 1437
72. Y. Kosaka M. Akizuki S. Yoshida Large cystic lesions of the upper lobes of the lungs in two patients with CREST syndrome Arthritis Rheum 27 1984 935 938
73. C. Kostopoulos A. Rassidakis P.P. Sfikakis Small airway dysfunction in systemic sclerosis. A controlled study Chest 102 1992 875 881
74. E.L. Kramer C.R. Divgi Pulmonary application of nuclear medicine Clin Chest Med 12 1991 55 75
75. P. Langevitz D. Buskila D.D. Gladman HLA alleles in systemic sclerosis: Association with pulmonary hypertension and outcome Br J Rheumatol 31 1992 609 613
76. P. Lee Clinical aspects of systemic and localized sclerosis Curr Opin Rheumatol 5 1993 785 791
77. E.C. LeRoy The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis Clin Exp Rheumatol 7/S3 1989 135 137
78. E.C. LeRoy Pulmonary hypertension: The bete noire of the diffuse connective tissue diseases Am J Med 90 1991 539 540
79. E.C. LeRoy C. Black R. Fleischmajer Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): Classification, subsets and pathogenesis J Rheumatol 15 1988 202 205
80. C. Lombardi C. Spedini Systemic sclerosis, small airway dysfunction and bronchial hyper-reactivity [letter] Chest 107 1994 1922 1923
81. R.M. Lomeo R.J. Cornella S.I. Schabel Progressive systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma presenting as pulmonary interstitial fibrosis Am J Med 87 1989 525 527
82. A. Ludwicka M. Trojanowska E.A. Smith Growth and characterization of fibroblasts obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage of scleroderma patients J Rheumatol 19 1992 1716 1723
83. D. Mahler A. Harver R. Rosiello Measurement of respiratory sensation in interstitial lung disease Chest 96 1989 767 771
84. H.R. Maricq M.C. Weinrich J.E. Keil Prevalence of scleroderma spectrum disorder in the general population of South Carolina Arthritis Rheum 32 1989 998 1006
85. E. Martinez-Cordero Antinuclear antibodies associated with pulmonary involvement in systemic sclerosis Chest 96 1989 960 961
86. L. Martin J.D. Pauls J.P. Ryan Identification of a subset of patients with severe pulmonary and vascular disease by the presence of autoantibodies to centromere and histone Ann Rheum Dis 52 1993 780 784
87. E.L. Matteson M.I. Shbeeb T.G. McCarthy Pilot study of antithymocyte globulin in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 39 1996 1132 1137
88. T.A. Medsger Jr A.T. Masi Epidemiology of progressive systemic sclerosis Clin Rheum Dis 5 1979 15 25
89. D.S. McCarthy F.D. Baragar S. Dhingra The lung in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): A review and new information Semin Arthritis Rheum 17 1988 271 283
90. K.S. Miller E.A. Smith M. Kinsella Lung disease associated with progressive systemic sclerosis American Review of Respiratory Disease 141 1990 301 306
91. J.M. Morgan M. Griffiths R.M. duBois Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in systemic sclerosis and primary pulmonary hypertension Chest 99 1991 551 556
92. N.L. Müller R.R. Miller Computed tomography of chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease, part I American Review of Respiratory Disease 142 1990 1206 1215
93. E.D. Newman T.M. Harrington A. Amoroso Hemoptysis secondary to respiratory tract telangiectasias in CREST syndrome J Rheumatol 15 1988 1874 1876
94. S.C. Ng W.C. Tan Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax in systemic sclerosis: Report of two cases J Rheumatol 17 1990 689 691
95. A.P. Niarchos H.H. Whitman J.E. Goldstein Hemodynamic effects of captopril in pulmonary hypertension of collagen vascular disease Am Heart J 104 1982 834 838
96. K. Nishi S. Myou T. Ooka Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis associated with pan-serositis, disseminated intravascular coagulation and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage Respir Med 88 1994 471 473
97. J.T. O'Brien J.A. Hill C.J. Pepine Sustained benefit of verapamil in pulmonary hypertension with progressive systemic sclerosis Am Heart J 109 1985 380 382
98. J. Ohar C. Polatty A. Robichaud The role of vasodilators in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis: Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension Chest 88 1985 263S 265S
99. T. Ohba J.K. McDonald R.M. Silver Scleroderma BAL fluid contains thrombin, a mediator of human lung fibroblast proliferation via induction of the PDGF alpha receptor Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 10 1994 405 412
100. G.R. Owens G.J. Fino D.L. Herbert Pulmonary function in progressive systemic sclerosis. Comparison of CREST syndrome variant with diffuse scleroderma Chest 84 1983 546 550
101. G.R. Owens I.L. Paradis S. Gryzan Role of inflammation in the lung disease of systemic sclerosis: Comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis J Lab Clin Med 107 1986 253 260
102. G.R. Owens W.P. Follansbee Cardiopulmonary manifestations of systemic sclerosis Chest 91 1987 118 127
103. M. Peters-Golden R.A. Wise P. Schneider Clinical and demographic predictors of loss of pulmonary function in systemic sclerosis Medicine 63 1984 221 231
104. M. Peters-Golden R.A. Wise M.C. Hochberg Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity as a predictor of outcome in systemic sclerosis Am J Med 77 1984 1027 1034
105. M. Peters-Golden R.A. Wise M. Hochberg Incidence of lung cancer in systemic sclerosis J Rheumatol 12 1985 1136 1139
106. R. Pistelli C.L. Maini L. Fusso Pulmonary involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis: A multidisciplinary approach Respiration 51 1987 296 306
107. M. Remy-Jardin F. Giraud J. Remy Importance of ground glass attenuation in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease: Pathologic-CT correlation Radiology 189 1993 693 698
108. S.I. Renard L. Klassen Pathogenesis of airway, alveolar and interstitial lesions G.W. Cannon A. Guy The lung in rheumatic disease 1990 Marcel Dekker New York 3 25
109. B. Ritchie Pulmonary function in scleroderma Thorax 19 1964 28 36
110. G.A. Rossi P.B. Bitterman S.I. Rennard Evidence for chronic inflammation as a component of the interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis American Review of Respiratory Disease 131 1985 612 617
111. N. Rothfield S. Kurtzman D. Vasquez-Abad Association of anti-topoisomerase I with cancer [letter] Arthritis Rheum 35 1992 724
112. A.D. Roumm T.A. Medsger Jr Cancer in systemic sclerosis: An epidemiologic study Arthritis Rheum 27 1984 S19
113. A.D. Roumm T.A. Medsger Jr Cancer and systemic sclerosis. An epidemiologic study Arthritis Rheum 28 1985 1336 1340
114. A. Rozkovec R. Bernstein R.A. Asherson Vascular reactivity and pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 26 1983 1037 1040
115. D.C. Russell A. Maloney A.L. Muir Progressive generalized scleroderma: Respiratory failure from primary chest wall involvement Thorax 36 1981 219 220
116. S.A. Sahn Pathogenesis of pleural effusions and pleural lesions G.W. Cannon G.A. Zimmerman The Lung in Rheumatic Disease 1990 Marcel Dekker New York 45
117. R. Salerni G.P. Rodnan D.F. Leon Pulmonary hypertension in the CREST syndrome variant of progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) Ann Intern Med 86 1977 394 399
118. E.E. Salvant J.M. Carter E.M. Armstrong CREST syndrome: A variant of progressive systemic sclerosis, associated with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and malignancy South Med J 81 1988 1185 1187
119. A.P. Sappino I. Masouye J.H. Saurat Smooth muscle differentiation in scleroderma fibroblastic cells Am J Pathol 137 1990 585 591
120. S. Sato H. Ihn K. Kikuchi Antihistone antibodies in systemic sclerosis. Association with pulmonary fibrosis Arthritis Rheum 37 1994 391 394
121. A. Scheja A. Akesson P. Wollmer Early pulmonary disease in systemic sclerosis: A comparison between carbon monoxide transfer factor and static lung compliance Ann Rheum Dis 52 1993 725 729
122. P.D. Schneider R.A. Wise M.C. Hochberg Serial pulmonary function in systemic sclerosis Am J Med 73 1982 385 394
123. H. Schurawitzki R. Stiglbauer W. Graninger Interstitial lung disease in progressive systemic sclerosis: High resolution CT versus radiography Radiology 176 1990 755 759
124. M. Schwaiblmair J. Behr G. Fruhmann Cardiorespiratory response to incremental exercise in patients with systemic sclerosis Chest 110 1996 1520 1525
125. P.P. Sfikakis M.K. Kyriakidis C.G. Vergos Cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in systemic sclerosis and response to nifedipine and captopril Am J Med 90 1991 541 546
126. P.P. Sfikakis M. Kyriakidis C. Vergos Diffusing capacity of the lung and nifedipine in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 33 1990 1634 1639
127. O. Sharma I. Ahmad The CREST syndrome and sarcoidosis. Another example of an overlap syndrome Sarcoidosis 5 1988 71 73
128. J.W. Shuck W.J. Oetgen J.T. Tesar Pulmonary vascular response during Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis Am J Med 78 1985 221 227
129. Y. Sibille J.B. Martinot L.L. Polomski Phagocyte enzymes in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis and collagen vascular disorders Eur Respir J 3 1990 249 256
130. A. Silman S. Jannini D. Symmons An epidemiological study of scleroderma in the West Midlands Br J Rheumatol 27 1988 286 290
131. R.M. Silver Clinical problems (the lungs) Rheum Dis Clin of North Am 22 1996 825 840
132. R.M. Silver J.F. Metcalf E.C. Leroy Interstitial lung disease in scleroderma. Immune complexes in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid Arthritis Rheum 29 1986 525 531
133. R.M. Silver K.S. Miller M.B. Kinsella Evaluation and management of scleroderma lung disease using bronchoalveolar lavage Am J Med 88 1990 470 475
134. R.M. Silver J.H. Warrick M.B. Kinsella Cyclophosphamide and low dose prednisone therapy in patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) with interstitial lung disease J Rheumatol 20 1993 838 844
135. J.W. Smith P.J. Clements J. Levisman Echocardiographic features of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS): Correlation with hemodynamic and post-mortem studies Am J Med 66 1979 28 33
136. A.M. Southcott K.P. Jones D. Li Interleukin-8. Differential expression in lone fibrosing alveolitis and systemic sclerosis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 1995 1604 1612
137. D.M. Spain A.G. Thomas Pulmonary manifestations of scleroderma: An anatomic physiological correlation Ann Intern Med 32 1950 152 161
138. V.D. Steen J.K. Lanz C. Conte Therapy for severe interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 37 1994 1290 1296
139. V.D. Steen G. Graham C. Conte Isolated diffusing capacity reduction in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 35 1992 765 770
140. V.D. Steen D.L. Powell T.A. Medsger Jr Clinical correlations and prognosis based on serum autoantibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 31 1988 196 203
141. V.D. Steen G.L. Ziegler G.P. Rodnan Clinical and laboratory associations of anti-centromere antibody in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 27 1984 125 131
142. V.D. Steen G.R. Owens G.J. Fino Pulmonary involvement in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) Arthritis Rheum 28 1985 759 767
143. V.D. Steen C. Conte G.R. Owens Severe restrictive lung disease in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 37 1994 1283 1289
144. J. Steigerwald M. Seifer M. Cliff Bone resorption of the ribs and pulmonary function in progressive systemic sclerosis Chest 68 1975 838 840
145. J.C. Steigerwald Colchicine versus placebo in the treatment of progressive systemic sclerosis C.M. Black A.R. Myers Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) 1985 Gower Medical New York 415 417
146. A.M. Stupi V.D. Steen G.R. Owens Pulmonary hypertension in the CREST syndrome variant of systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 29 1986 515 524
147. W.D. Sullivan D.J. Hurst C.E. Harmon A prospective evaluation emphasizing pulmonary involvement in patients with mixed connective tissue disease Medicine 63 1984 92 107
148. J.H. Talbott M. Barrocas Carcinoma of the lung in progressive systemic sclerosis: A tabular review of the literature and a detailed report of the roentgenographic changes in two cases Semin Arthritis Rheum 9 1980 191 216
149. C.A. Thurm F.M. Wigley W.P. Dole Failure of vasodilator infusion to alter pulmonary diffusing capacity in systemic sclerosis Am J Med 90 1991 547 552
150. E. Trell C. Lindstrom Pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis Ann Rheum Dis 30 1971 390 400
151. M. Turner-Warwick M. Lebowitz B. Burrows Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and lung cancer Thorax 35 1980 496 499
152. R.G. Ungerer D.P. Tashkin D. Furst Prevalence and clinical correlates of pulmonary arterial hypertension in progressive systemic sclerosis Am J Med 75 1983 65 74
153. R. Vacheeswaran T. Magoulas G. Efrat Circulating endothelin-1 levels in systemic sclerosis subsets: A marker of fibrosis or vascular dysfunction? J Rheumatol 21 1994 1838 1844
154. A. Von Notthaft Neure arbeiten und anschihten uber sklerodermia Zentralbl Allg Pathol 9 1898 870 960
155. B. Wallaert P. Hatron J.M. Grossbois Subclinical pulmonary involvement in collagen vascular diseases assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage American Review of Respiratory Disease 133 1986 574 580
156. B. Wallaert F. Bart C. Aerts Activated alveolar macrophages in subclinical pulmonary inflammation in collagen vascular diseases Thorax 43 1988 24 30
157. J.H. Warrick M. Bhalla S.I. Schabel High-resolution computed tomography in early scleroderma lung disease J Rheumatol 18 1991 1520 1528
158. R.J. Wechsler R.M. Steiner P.W. Spirn The relationship of thoracic lymphadenopathy to pulmonary interstitial lung disease in diffuse and limited systemic sclerosis: CT findings AJR Am J Roentgenol 167 1996 101 104
159. A.U. Wells M.B. Rubens R.M. duBois Serial CT in fibrosing alveolitis: Prognostic significance of the initial pattern AJR Am J Roentgenol 161 1993 1159 1165
160. A.U. Wells D.M. Hansell B. Corrin High resolution computed tomography as a predictor of lung histology in systemic sclerosis Thorax 47 1992 738 742
161. A.U. Wells D.M. Hansell M.B. Rubens Fibrosing alveolitis in systemic sclerosis: Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in relation to computed tomographic appearance Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150 1994 462 468
162. H.P. Wiedemann R.A. Matthay Pulmonary manifestations of collagen vascular diseases Clin Chest Med 10 1989 677 721
163. F.M. Wigley R.A. Wise J.R. Seibold Intravenous iloprost infusion in patients with Raynaud phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study Ann Intern Med 120 1994 199 206
164. F.A. Wollheim A. Akesson Treatment of systemic sclerosis in 1988 Semin Arthritis Rheum 18 1989 181 188
165. R.H. Young G.J. Mark Pulmonary vascular changes in scleroderma Am J Med 64 1978 998 1004
166. S.A. Yousem The pulmonary pathologic manifestations of the CREST syndrome Hum Pathol 21 1990 467 474
167. J. Zatucini W.N. Campbell C.J.D. Zarafonetis Pulmonary fibrosis and terminal bronchiolar (“alveolar-cell”) carcinoma in scleroderma Cancer 6 1953 1147 1158
168. C.J.D. Zarafonetis L. Dabich E.B. Devol Retrospective studies in scleroderma: Pulmonary findings and effect of potassium p-aminobenzoate on vital capacity Respiration 56 1989 22 33