Thinking the unthinkable about our cities: thirty years later

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 57-74

  Biles, Roger ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHNIC CONFLICT; RACISM; URBAN SOCIETY;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0032437359     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009614429802500103     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. All information on the race riots of the 1960s has been taken from The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York, 1968), especially Chaps. 1 and 2.
2. Ibid., 1, 574-76.
3. Charles M. Haar to Roger Biles, January 16, 1997, letter in the possession of the author.
4. Charles M. Haar, "Thinking the Unthinkable About Our Cities: A Scenario in Four Parts," October 18, 1967, White House Central File, Joseph Califano Office Files, Box 77, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.
5. The Rumford Housing Act had been repealed by Proposition 14, a 1964 amendment to the California constitution. In 1967, by a 5-4 vote, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the California Supreme Court's decision that Proposition 14 amounted to racial discrimination by the state and thereby violated the 14th Amendment.
6. The Coleman report, which was issued in 1966 by the U.S. Office of Education, questioned whether increased spending for education necessarily improved student performance on standardized tests and urged attention to such environmental influences as family involvement, classmates' attitudes, and the neighborhood ethos. In that regard, the report suggested that desegregation might also provide beneficial results.
7. Earlier in 1967, as a judge in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Wright held de facto segregation in Washington, D.C. schools to be unconstitutional.
8. The proposed Civil Rights Act of 1966, which Congress failed to pass, guaranteed freedom from discrimination on the basis of race to all renters and buyers in all neighborhoods. The Civil Rights Act of 1968, which Lyndon Johnson signed into law on April 11, 1968, contained the same safeguards.
9. During the Great Depression, in an effort to keep needy immigrants off the state's relief rolls, the California legislature passed a law making it a crime to assist an indigent to move to the state. In 1941, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously found the state law unconstitutional. In a separate opinion, Justice Robert H. Jackson argued that the law violated the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
10. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, "Suburbanization and Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas," American Journal of Sociology 94 (November, 1988), 605; "Trends in the Residential Segregation of Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians: 1970-1980," American Sociological Review 52 (December, 1987), 823; William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York, 1996), 14.
11. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, "Suburbanization and Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas," American Journal of Sociology 94 (November, 1988), 605; "Trends in the Residential Segregation of Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians: 1970-1980," American Sociological Review 52 (December, 1987), 823; William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York, 1996), 14.
12. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, "Suburbanization and Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas," American Journal of Sociology 94 (November, 1988), 605; "Trends in the Residential Segregation of Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians: 1970-1980," American Sociological Review 52 (December, 1987), 823; William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York, 1996), 14.
13. Loic J. D. Wacquant and William Julius Wilson, "The Cost of Racial and Class Exclusion in the Inner City," in The Ghetto Underclass: Social Science Perspectives, ed. William Julius Wilson (Newbury Park, 1993), 26-7. Wilson's fullest explication of the development of the underclass can be found in his The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago, 1987). Also see his earlier The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (Chicago, 1978).
14. Loic J. D. Wacquant and William Julius Wilson, "The Cost of Racial and Class Exclusion in the Inner City," in The Ghetto Underclass: Social Science Perspectives, ed. William Julius Wilson (Newbury Park, 1993), 26-7. Wilson's fullest explication of the development of the underclass can be found in his The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago, 1987). Also see his earlier The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (Chicago, 1978).
15. Loic J. D. Wacquant and William Julius Wilson, "The Cost of Racial and Class Exclusion in the Inner City," in The Ghetto Underclass: Social Science Perspectives, ed. William Julius Wilson (Newbury Park, 1993), 26-7. Wilson's fullest explication of the development of the underclass can be found in his The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago, 1987). Also see his earlier The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (Chicago, 1978).
16. See Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged.
17. Wilson, When Work Disappears, 49; Jennifer L. Hochschild, "Equal Opportunity and the Estranged Poor" in The Ghetto Underclass, 163.
18. Wilson, When Work Disappears, 49; Jennifer L. Hochschild, "Equal Opportunity and the Estranged Poor" in The Ghetto Underclass, 163.
19. Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, 1969); Roger Biles, "Black Mayors: A Historical Assessment," Journal of Negro History 77 (Summer, 1992), 116. The first use of "hollow prize" in this context is credited to H. Paul Friesema, "Black Control of Central Cities: The Hollow Prize," Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35 (March, 1969).
20. Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, 1969); Roger Biles, "Black Mayors: A Historical Assessment," Journal of Negro History 77 (Summer, 1992), 116. The first use of "hollow prize" in this context is credited to H. Paul Friesema, "Black Control of Central Cities: The Hollow Prize," Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35 (March, 1969).
21. Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, 1969); Roger Biles, "Black Mayors: A Historical Assessment," Journal of Negro History 77 (Summer, 1992), 116. The first use of "hollow prize" in this context is credited to H. Paul Friesema, "Black Control of Central Cities: The Hollow Prize," Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35 (March, 1969).
22. Wilson, When Work Disappears, xx. Also see Michael B. Katz, ed., The "Underclass" Debate: Views From History (Princeton, 1993).
23. Wilson, When Work Disappears, xx. Also see Michael B. Katz, ed., The "Underclass" Debate: Views From History (Princeton, 1993).