Howling by coyotes (Canis latrans): Variation among social classes, seasons, and pack sizes

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 76, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 1037-1043

  Gese, Eric M ^a,b   Ruff, Robert L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GROUP SIZE; INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION; SEASONALITY; SOCIAL STRUCTURE; VOCALIZATION;

UNITED STATES; WYOMING; YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK;

CANIS LATRANS;

EID: 0032437030     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/z98-038     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Balser, D.S. 1965. Tranquilizer tabs for capturing wild carnivores. J. Wildl. Manage. 29: 438-442.
2. Bekoff, M., and Wells, M.C. 1986. Social ecology and behavior of coyotes. Adv. Study Behav. 16: 251-338.
3. Bender, D.J., Bayne, E.M., and Brigham, R.M. 1996. Lunar condition influences coyote (Canis latrans) howling. Am. Midl. Nat. 136: 413-417.
4. Bowen, W.D. 1978. Social organization of the coyote in relation to prey size. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
5. Bowen, W.D., and Cowan, I.M. 1980. Scent marking in coyotes. Can. J. Zool. 58: 473-480.
6. Camenzind, F.J. 1978. Behavioral ecology of coyotes on the National Elk Refuge, Jackson, Wyoming. In Coyotes: biology, behavior, and management. Edited by M. Bekoff. Academic Press, New York. pp. 267-294.
7. Comely, J.E. 1979. Anesthesia of coyotes with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine. J. Wildl. Manage. 43: 577-579.
8. Dirks, R.A., and Martner, B.E. 1982. The climate of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. U.S. Natl. Park Serv. Occas. Pap. No. 6.
9. East, M.L., and Hofer, H. 1991a. Loud calling in a female-dominated mammalian society: I. Structure and composition of whooping bouts of spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta. Anim. Behav. 42: 637-649.
10. East, M.L., and Hofer, H. 1991b. Loud calling in a female-dominated mammalian society: II. Behavioural contexts and functions of whooping of spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta. Anim. Behav. 42: 651-669.
11. Fuller, T.K., and Sampson, B.A. 1988. Evaluation of a simulated howling survey for wolves. J. Wildl. Manage. 52: 60-63.
12. Gese, E.M., and Ruff, R.L. 1997. Scent-marking by coyotes, Canis latrans: the influence of social and ecological factors. Anim. Behav. 54: 1155-1166.
13. Gese, E.M., Rongstad, O.J., and Mytton, W.R. 1988. Home range and habitat use of coyotes in southeastern Colorado. J. Wildl. Manage. 52: 640-646.
14. Gese, E.M., Ruff, R.L., and Crabtree, R.L. 1996a. Social and nutritional factors influencing the dispersal of resident coyotes. Anim. Behav. 52: 1025-1043.
15. Gese, E.M., Ruff, R.L., and Crabtree, R.L. 1996b. Foraging ecology of coyotes (Canis latrans): the influence of extrinsic factors and a dominance hierarchy. Can. J. Zool. 74: 769-783.
16. Gese, E.M., Ruff, R.L., and Crabtree, R.L. 1996c. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing coyote predation of small mammals in Yellowstone National Park. Can. J. Zool. 74: 784-797.
17. Gier, H.T. 1975. Ecology and social behavior of the coyote. In The wild canids. Edited by M.S. Fox. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York. pp. 247-262.
18. Harrington, F.H. 1987. Aggressive howling in wolves. Anim. Behav. 35: 7-12.
19. Harrington, F.H., and Mech, L.D. 1978a. Howling at two Minnesota wolf pack summer homesites. Can. J. Zool. 56: 2024-2028.
20. Harrington, F.H., and Mech, L.D. 1978b. Wolf vocalization. In Wolf and man: evolution in parallel. Edited by R.L. Hall and H.S. Sharp. Academic Press, New York. pp. 109-132.
21. Harrington, F.H., and Mech, L.D. 1979. Wolf howling and its role in territory maintenance. Behaviour, 68: 207-249.
22. Harrington, F.H., and Mech, L.D. 1982. An analysis of howling response parameters useful for wolf pack censusing. J. Wildl. Manage. 46: 686-693.
23. Harrington, F.H., and Mech, L.D. 1983. Wolf pack spacing: howling as a territory-independent spacing mechanism in a territorial population. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12: 161-168.
24. Hatier, K.G. 1995. Effects of helping behaviors on coyote packs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. M.S. thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman.
25. Houston, D.B. 1982. The northern Yellowstone elk: ecology and management. Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York.
26. Joslin, P.W.B. 1967. Movements and homesites of timber wolves in Algonquin Park. Am. Zool. 7: 279-288.
27. Klinghammer, E., and Laidlaw, L. 1979. Analysis of 23 months of daily howl records in a captive grey wolf pack (Canis lupus). In The behavior and ecology of wolves. Edited by E. Klinghammer. Garland STPM Press, New York. pp. 153-181.
28. Krebs, J.R., and Davies, N.B. 1987. An introduction to behavioural ecology. 2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
29. Laundre, J.W. 1981. Temporal variation in coyote vocalization rates. J. Wildl. Manage. 45: 767-769.
30. Lehner, P.N. 1978. Coyote communication. In Coyotes: biology, behavior, and management. Edited by M. Bekoff. Academic Press, New York. pp. 127-162.
31. Lehner, P.N. 1979. Handbook of ethological methods. Garland STPM Press, New York.
32. Linhart, S.B., and Knowlton, F.F. 1967. Determining age of coyotes by tooth cementum layers. J. Wildl. Manage. 31: 362-365.
33. Machlis, L., Dodd, P.W.D., and Fentress, J.C. 1985. The pooling fallacy: problems arising when individuals contribute more than one observation to the data set. Z. Tierpsychol. 68: 201-214.
34. Martin, P., and Bateson, P. 1993. Measuring behavior: an introductory guide. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, London.
35. McCarley, H. 1975. Long-distance vocalizations of coyotes (Canis latrans). J. Mammal. 56: 847-856.
36. Mech, L.D. 1970. The wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered species. Natural History Press, Garden City, N.Y.
37. Morrison, M.L., Marcot, B.G., and Mannan, R.W. 1992. Wildlife-habitat relationships. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
38. Rabb, G.B., Woolpy, J.H., and Ginsberg, B.E. 1967. Social relationships in a group of captive wolves. Am. Zool. 7: 305-311.
39. Rothman, R.J., and Mech, L.D. 1979. Scent-marking in lone wolves and newly formed pairs. Anim. Behav. 27: 750-760.
40. Schenkel, R. 1947. Expression studies of wolves. Behaviour, 1: 81-129.
41. Schenkel, R. 1967. Submission: its features and function in the wolf and dog. Am. Zool. 7: 319-329.
42. Sokal, R.R., and Rohlf, F.J. 1981. Biometry. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York.
43. Steel, R.G.D., and Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
44. Theberge, J.B., and Falls, J.B. 1967. Howling as a means of communication in timber wolves. Am. Zool. 7: 331-338.
45. Tooze, Z.T., Harrington, F.H., and Fentress, J.C. 1990. Individually distinct vocalizations in timber wolves, Canis lupus. Anim. Behav. 40: 723-730.
46. Walsh, P.B., and Inglis, J.M. 1989. Seasonal and diel rate of spontaneous vocalization in coyotes in south Texas. J. Mammal. 70: 169-171.
47. Wells, M.C., and Bekoff, M. 1981. An observational study of scent-marking in coyotes, Canis latrans. Anim. Behav. 29: 332-350.
48. Wilkinson, L., Hill, M., Welna, J.P., and Birkenbeuel, G.K. 1992. SYSTAT for Windows: statistics, version 5 ed. SYSTAT, Inc., Evanston, Ill.
49. Zimen, E. 1976. On the regulation of pack size in wolves. Z. Tierpsychol. 40: 300-341.