Japan's aid policy since the cold war: Rhetoric and reality

Asian Survey

Volumn 38, Issue 11, 1998, Pages 1051-1066

  Hook, Steven W ^a   Zhang, Guang ^a  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AID POLICY; DEVELOPMENT AID; FINANCIAL CRISIS;

JAPAN;

EID: 0032434062     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2645685     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. For an elaboration of regime theory to development assistance, see David Halloran Lumsdaine, Moral Vision in International Politics: The Foreign Aid Regime, 1949-1989 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993); and Robert E. Wood, From Marshall Plan to Debt Crisis: Foreign Aid and Development Choices in the World Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
2. For an elaboration of regime theory to development assistance, see David Halloran Lumsdaine, Moral Vision in International Politics: The Foreign Aid Regime, 1949-1989 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993); and Robert E. Wood, From Marshall Plan to Debt Crisis: Foreign Aid and Development Choices in the World Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
3. See Fujisaki Tomoko, "Japan as Top Donor: The Challenge of Implementing Software Aid Policy," Pacific Affairs 69:4 (Winter 1996), pp. 519-39; Ming Wan, "Spending Strategies in World Politics: How Japan Has Used Its Economic Power in the Past Decade," International Studies Quarterly 39:1 (March 1995), pp. 85-108;
4. See Fujisaki Tomoko, "Japan as Top Donor: The Challenge of Implementing Software Aid Policy," Pacific Affairs 69:4 (Winter 1996), pp. 519-39; Ming Wan, "Spending Strategies in World Politics: How Japan Has Used Its Economic Power in the Past Decade," International Studies Quarterly 39:1 (March 1995), pp. 85-108;
5. Bruce Koppel, "Beyond Self-Interest: The Motives for Japanese Foreign Aid," Harvard International Review 18:1 (Winter 1995); and Alan Rix, Japan's Foreign Aid Challenge: Policy Reform and Aid Leadership (New York: Routledge, 1994).
6. Bruce Koppel, "Beyond Self-Interest: The Motives for Japanese Foreign Aid," Harvard International Review 18:1 (Winter 1995); and Alan Rix, Japan's Foreign Aid Challenge: Policy Reform and Aid Leadership (New York: Routledge, 1994).
7. Alan Rix, Japan's Economic Aid: Policy-Making and Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980), p. 268. See also Robert M. Orr, Jr., The Emergence of Japan's Foreign Aid Power (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).
8. Alan Rix, Japan's Economic Aid: Policy-Making and Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980), p. 268. See also Robert M. Orr, Jr., The Emergence of Japan's Foreign Aid Power (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).
9. Kusano Atsushi, ODA itcho-nisen-oku yen no yukue [Where did 1.2 trillion yen in ODA go?] (Tokyo: Tokyo Keizai Shinbosha, 1993), p. 70.
10. Quoted in Steven W. Hook, National Interest and Foreign Aid (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995), p. 80.
11. World Bank, The East Asian Economic Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). Much of this research project was funded by the Japanese government.
12. For a summary of these arguments, see Dennis T. Yasutomo, The New Multilateralism in Japan's Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), pp. 22-26, 144.
13. See Olav Stokke, ed., Aid and Political Conditionally (London: Frank Cass/EADI, 1995).
14. Government of Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan's ODA 1992 (Tokyo: Association for Promotion of International Cooperation, 1992).
15. Ibid., pp. 193-94.
16. Aaron Wildavsky, Budgeting: A Comparative Theory of Budgeting, 2nd rev. ed. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1986), p. 7.
17. See Gregory A. Raymond, "Evaluation: A Neglected Task for the Comparative Study of Foreign Policy," in New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy, ed. Charles Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987), pp. 96-110.
18. All of these summary data are derived from the OECD's annual reports entitled Development Cooperation (Paris: OECD, 1987, 1991, and 1996).
19. See Margee Ensign, Doing Good or Doing Well: Japan's Foreign Aid Program (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
20. These data were drawn from several sources. For Japanese ODA flows, annual editions of the OECD's Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries (Paris: OECD,1988-90 and 1995-97) were utilized. The United Nations Development Program's annual Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press,1987-89 and 1994-96) was used to test for social-welfare factors, including life expectancy, literacy, and per capita income. For democratic development, data were drawn from Freedom House's annual survey, Freedom in the World (New York: Freedom House,1987-89 and 1994-96). Military-spending data came from the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's (USACDA) annual reports entitled World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (Washington, D.C.: USACDA,1987-89 and 1994-96). Finally, the IMF's Direction of Trade Statistics (Washington, D.C.: IMF,1987-89 and 1994-96) provided the source of Japanese trade data while private-investment data were derived from Japanese Ministry of Finance's Statistics of Japanese Finance (Tokyo: Okurasho Insatsucho,1987-89 and 1994-96). Three-year averages were calculated for these variables.
21. These data were drawn from several sources. For Japanese ODA flows, annual editions of the OECD's Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries (Paris: OECD,1988-90 and 1995-97) were utilized. The United Nations Development Program's annual Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press,1987-89 and 1994-96) was used to test for social-welfare factors, including life expectancy, literacy, and per capita income. For democratic development, data were drawn from Freedom House's annual survey, Freedom in the World (New York: Freedom House,1987-89 and 1994-96). Military-spending data came from the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's (USACDA) annual reports entitled World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (Washington, D.C.: USACDA,1987-89 and 1994-96). Finally, the IMF's Direction of Trade Statistics (Washington, D.C.: IMF,1987-89 and 1994-96) provided the source of Japanese trade data while private-investment data were derived from Japanese Ministry of Finance's Statistics of Japanese Finance (Tokyo: Okurasho Insatsucho,1987-89 and 1994-96). Three-year averages were calculated for these variables.
22. These data were drawn from several sources. For Japanese ODA flows, annual editions of the OECD's Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries (Paris: OECD,1988-90 and 1995-97) were utilized. The United Nations Development Program's annual Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press,1987-89 and 1994-96) was used to test for social-welfare factors, including life expectancy, literacy, and per capita income. For democratic development, data were drawn from Freedom House's annual survey, Freedom in the World (New York: Freedom House,1987-89 and 1994-96). Military-spending data came from the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's (USACDA) annual reports entitled World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (Washington, D.C.: USACDA,1987-89 and 1994-96). Finally, the IMF's Direction of Trade Statistics (Washington, D.C.: IMF,1987-89 and 1994-96) provided the source of Japanese trade data while private-investment data were derived from Japanese Ministry of Finance's Statistics of Japanese Finance (Tokyo: Okurasho Insatsucho,1987-89 and 1994-96). Three-year averages were calculated for these variables.
23. These data were drawn from several sources. For Japanese ODA flows, annual editions of the OECD's Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries (Paris: OECD,1988-90 and 1995-97) were utilized. The United Nations Development Program's annual Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press,1987-89 and 1994-96) was used to test for social-welfare factors, including life expectancy, literacy, and per capita income. For democratic development, data were drawn from Freedom House's annual survey, Freedom in the World (New York: Freedom House,1987-89 and 1994-96). Military-spending data came from the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's (USACDA) annual reports entitled World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (Washington, D.C.: USACDA,1987-89 and 1994-96). Finally, the IMF's Direction of Trade Statistics (Washington, D.C.: IMF,1987-89 and 1994-96) provided the source of Japanese trade data while private-investment data were derived from Japanese Ministry of Finance's Statistics of Japanese Finance (Tokyo: Okurasho Insatsucho,1987-89 and 1994-96). Three-year averages were calculated for these variables.
24. These data were drawn from several sources. For Japanese ODA flows, annual editions of the OECD's Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries (Paris: OECD,1988-90 and 1995-97) were utilized. The United Nations Development Program's annual Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press,1987-89 and 1994-96) was used to test for social-welfare factors, including life expectancy, literacy, and per capita income. For democratic development, data were drawn from Freedom House's annual survey, Freedom in the World (New York: Freedom House,1987-89 and 1994-96). Military-spending data came from the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's (USACDA) annual reports entitled World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (Washington, D.C.: USACDA,1987-89 and 1994-96). Finally, the IMF's Direction of Trade Statistics (Washington, D.C.: IMF,1987-89 and 1994-96) provided the source of Japanese trade data while private-investment data were derived from Japanese Ministry of Finance's Statistics of Japanese Finance (Tokyo: Okurasho Insatsucho,1987-89 and 1994-96). Three-year averages were calculated for these variables.
25. These data were drawn from several sources. For Japanese ODA flows, annual editions of the OECD's Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries (Paris: OECD,1988-90 and 1995-97) were utilized. The United Nations Development Program's annual Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press,1987-89 and 1994-96) was used to test for social-welfare factors, including life expectancy, literacy, and per capita income. For democratic development, data were drawn from Freedom House's annual survey, Freedom in the World (New York: Freedom House,1987-89 and 1994-96). Military-spending data came from the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's (USACDA) annual reports entitled World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (Washington, D.C.: USACDA,1987-89 and 1994-96). Finally, the IMF's Direction of Trade Statistics (Washington, D.C.: IMF,1987-89 and 1994-96) provided the source of Japanese trade data while private-investment data were derived from Japanese Ministry of Finance's Statistics of Japanese Finance (Tokyo: Okurasho Insatsucho,1987-89 and 1994-96). Three-year averages were calculated for these variables.
26. See David Arase, Buying Power (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995).
27. Jim Mann, "Japan's Conciliatory Policy toward Myanmar Is Red Flag for Washington," Los Angeles Times (January 8, 1996).
28. "Uncertainty" included unresolved territorial disputes in the Asia-Pacific region and tensions on the Korean Peninsula. See Takeshi Sato, "Japan, U.S. Unveil Defense Plan," Japan Times Weekly International Edition (June 16-22, 1997), pp. 1, 5.
29. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan's ODA 1992, pp. 51-52.
30. Japanese Council on ODA Reform for the 21st Century, ODA Summary 1997 (Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1997).
31. "Japan's ODA Policy at Historic Crossroads," Daily Yomiuri (March 14, 1998), p. 11.