Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: An epidemiological approach to carcinogenesis

Cancer Surveys

Volumn 33, Issue , 1998, Pages 125-155

  Jeannel, D ^a   Bouvier, G ^b   Hubert, A ^c  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

^b SANOFI   (France)

^c CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ASCORBIC ACID; FORMALDEHYDE; NITROSAMINE;

CARCINOGENESIS; DIETARY INTAKE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; ETHNIC GROUP; FOLLOW UP; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GEOGRAPHY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HLA SYSTEM; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; INCIDENCE; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; NASOPHARYNX CARCINOMA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TOBACCO; VIRUS REACTIVATION;

EID: 0032430255     PISSN: 02612429     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Albeck H, Nielsen N, Hansen H et al (1992) Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal and salivary gland carcinoma in Greenland. Arctic Medical Research 51 189-195
2. Armstrong RW, Kannan Kutty M, Dharmalingam SK and Ponnudurai JR (1979). Incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysia, 1968-1977. British Journal of Cancer 40 557-567
3. Armstrong RW, Armstrong MJ, Yu MC and Henderson BE (1983) Salted fish and inhalants as risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysian Chinese. Cancer Research 43 2967-2970
4. Armstrong RW, Imbrey PB, Lye MS, Armstrong MJ, Yu MC and Sani S (1998) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysian Chinese: salted fish and other dietary exposures. International Journal of Cancer 77 228-235
5. Bartsch H and Montesano R (1984) Relevance of nitrosamines to human cancer. Carcinogenesis 5 1381-1384
6. Bartsch H, Ohshima H, Pignatelli B and Calmels S (1989) Human exposure to endogenous N-nitroso compounds: quantitative estimates in subjects at high risk for cancer of the oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach and urinary bladder. Cancer Surveys 8 335-362
7. Blair A, Sacacci R, Stewart PA et al (1990) Epidemiologic evidence on the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and cancer. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 16 381-393
8. Bølviken B, Flaten TP and Zheng CJ (1997) Relations between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and magnesium and other alkaline earth elements in soils in China. Medical Hypothesis 48 21-25
9. Bouchardy C, Parkin DM and Khlat M (1994) Cancer mortality among Chinese and South-East Asian migrants in France. International Journal of Cancer 58 638-643
10. Bouchardy C, Parkin DM, Wanner P and Khlat M (1996) Cancer mortality among north African migrants in France. International Journal of Epidemiology 25 5-13
11. Bouvier G, Hergenhahn M, Polack A, Bornkamm GW and Bartsch H (1993) Validation of two test systems for detecting tumor promoters and EBV inducers: comparative responses of several agents in DR-CAT Raji cells and in human granulocytes. Carcinogenesis 14 1573-1578
12. Bouvier G, Hergenhahn M, Polack A, Bornkamm GW, de Thé G and Bartsch H (1995) The efficient Epstein-Barr virus inducer from the North African spice Harissa is a lignin-containing macromolecular complex. Carcinogenesis 16 1879-1885
13. Brugière J, Sancho-Garnier H, Point D and Schwaab G (1978) Epidemiology of malignant tumors of the nasopharynx in France: retrospective and prospective studies, In: de Thé G and Ito Y (eds). Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control, pp 199-212 (IARC Scientific Publications No 20), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
14. Buell P (1973) Race and place of birth in etiology of nasopharyngeal cancer: a study based on California death certificates. International Journal of Cancer 11 268-272
15. Buell P (1974) The effect of migration on the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer among Chinese. Cancer Research 43 1189-1191
16. Burke AP, Yen TSB, Shekitla KM and Sobin LH (1990) Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the stomach with Epstein-Barr virus demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction. Modern Pathology 3 377-380
17. Burt RD, Vaughan TL, McKnight B et al (1996) Associations between human leukocyte antigen type and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Caucasians in the United States. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 5 879-887
18. Charrière M, Poirier S, Calmels S et al (1991) Microflora of the nasopharynx in Caucasian and Maghrebian subjects with and without nasopharyngeal carcinoma, In: O'Niell IK et al (eds). Relevance to Human Cancer of N-Nitroso Compounds, Tobacco Smoke and Mycotoxins, pp 158-161 (IARC Scientific Publications No 105), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
19. Chen CL, Hsu MM and Hsu HC (1996) Differential expression of EBER1 in nontumor nasopharyngeal biopsies and nontumor component of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Intervirology 39 230-235
20. Chen CS, Pignatelli B, Malaveille C et al (1991) Levels of direct-acting mutagens, total N-nitroso compounds in nitrosated fermented fish products consumed in a high-risk area for gastric cancer in southern China. Mutation Research 265 211-221
21. Chen DL and Huang TB (1997) A case-control study of risk factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Letters 117 17-22
22. Cochet C, Martel-Renoir D, Grunewald V et al (1993) Expression of the Epstein-Barr early gene, BZLF1, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor cells. Virology 197 358-365
23. Coleman MP, Estève J, Damiecki P, Arslan A and Renard H (eds) (1993) Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality (IARC Scientific Publications No 121), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
24. Demers PA, Bofetta P, Koveginas M et al (1995) Pooled reanalysis of cancer mortality among five cohorts of workers in wood-related industries. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 21 179-180
25. Deng H, Zeng Y, Lei Y et al (1995) Serological survey of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in 21 cities of South China. Chinese Medical Journal 108 300-303
26. Desgranges C, Wolf H, de Thé G et al (1975) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. X. Presence of Epstein-Barr genomes in separated epithelial cells of tumors in patients from Singapore, Tunisia and Kenya. International Journal of Cancer 16 7-15
27. Desgranges C, Li JY and de Thé, G (1977) EBV specific secretory IgA in saliva of NPC patients. Presence of secretory piece in epithelial malignant cells. International Journal of Cancer 20 881-886
28. de Thé G (1982) Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus and associated diseases, In: Roizman B (ed). The Herpes Viruses, 1A, p 25, Plenum Press, New York
29. de Vathaire F, Herait P, Lipinski M, Sancho-Garnier H, de Thé G and Tursz T (1987) HLA-A, -B and -DR antigens in North African patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, In: Levine PH, Ablashi DV, Nonoyama M, Pearson GR and Glaser R (eds). Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Diseases, pp 71-72, The Humana Press, New York
30. Droms KA and Malkinson AM (1991) Phorbol ester induced tumor promotion by downregulation of protein kinase C. Molecular Carcinogenesis 4 1-2
31. Druckrey H, Preussmann R, Ivabkovic S and Schmöhl D (1967) Organotrope carcinogene Wirkungen bei 65 verschiedenen N-Nitroso-Verbindubgen an BD-Ratten. Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung 69 103-201
32. Epstein MA, Achong BA and Barr YM (1964) Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. Lancet i 702-703
33. Flores AD, Dickson RI, Riding K et al (1986) Cancer of the nasopharynx in British Columbia. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 9 282-291
34. Fong LYY, Ho JHC and Huang DP (1979) Preserved foods as possible cancer hazards: WA rats fed with salted fish have mutagenic urine. International Journal of Cancer 23 542-546
35. Fong YY and Chan WC (1973) Dimethylnitrosamine in Chinese marine salt fish. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 11 841-845
36. Fong YY and Chen WC (1977) Nitrate, nitrite, dimethylnitrosamine and N-nitrosopyrrolidine in some Chinese food products. Food and Cosmetic Toxicology 15 143-145
37. Fong YY and Walsh EO (1971) Carcinogenic nitrosamines in Cantonese salt-dried fish. Lancet ii 1032
38. Geser A, Charnay N, Day NE, Ho HC and de Thé G (1978) Environmental factors in the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report of a case-control study in Hong Kong, In: de Thé G and Ito Y (eds). Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control, pp 213 (IARC Scientific Publications No 20), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
39. Glaser R, Nonoyama M, Szymanowski RT and Graham W (1980) Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma positive for Epstein-Barr virus DNA in North America. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 64 1317-1319
40. Grulich AE, Swerdlow AJ, Head J and Marmot MG (1992) Cancer mortality in African and Caribbean migrants to England and Wales. British Journal of Cancer 66 905-911
41. Grulich AE, McCredie M and Coates M (1995) Cancer incidence in Asian migrants to New South Wales, Australia. British Journal of Cancer 71 400-408
42. Grunewald V, Bonnet M, Bartin S et al (1998) Amino-acid change in the Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA protein in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas from Europe and North Africa. International Journal of Cancer 75 497-503
43. Gulley ML, Burton MP, Allred DC et al (1998) Epstein-Barr virus infection is associated with p53 accumulation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Human Pathology 29 252-259
44. Gutierrez MI, Raj A, Spangler G et al (1997) Sequence variations in EBNA-1 may dictate restriction of tissue distribution of Epstein-Barr virus in normal cells. Journal of General Virology 78 1663-1670
45. Henderson S, Rowe M, Gregory C et al (1991) Induction of bcl-2 expression by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 protects infected B cells from programmed cell death. Cell 65 1107-1115
46. Henle G and Henle W (1976) Epstein-Barr virus-specific IgA serum antibodies as an outstanding feature of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer 17 1-7
47. Henle W, Henle G, Ho H-C et al (1970) Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, other head and neck neoplasms, and control groups. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 44 225-231
48. Henle W, Ho HC, Henle G and Kwan HV (1973) Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Comparison of active cases with long-term survivors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 51 361-369
49. Hidayatalla A, Malik MOA, El Hadai AE, Osman AA and Hutt MSR (1983) Studies on nasopharyngeal carcinoma in die Sudan. I. Epidemiology and aetiology. European Journal of Cancer 6 705-710
50. Hildesheim A and Levine PH (1993) Etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review. Epidemiologic Reviews 15 466-484
51. Hildesheim A, West S, DeVeyra E et al (1992) Herbal medicine use, Epstein-Barr, and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Research 52 3048-3051
52. Hildesheim A, Anderson LM, Chen CJ et al (1997) CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 89 1207-1212
53. Hirayama T and Ito Y (1981) A new view of the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Preventive Medicine 10 614
54. Ho HC (1967) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Hong-Kong, In: Muir CS and Shanmugaratnam KS (eds). Cancer of the Nasopharynx, 1, pp 43-46 (UICC Monograph Series), Munksgaard, Copenhagen
55. Ho JHC (1971) Genetic and environmental factors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, In: Nakahara W (ed). Recent Advances in Tumor Virology and Immunology, pp 275-295, University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland
56. Ho JHC (1972) Current knowledge of the epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review, In: Briggs P, de Thé G and Payne LN (eds). Oncogenesis and Herpes Viruses, pp 357-366 (IARC Scientific Publications No 20), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
57. Ho JHC (1978) Stage classification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review, In: de Thé G and Ito Y (eds). Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control, pp 22-113 (IARC Scientific Publications No 20), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
58. Horner D, Lewis M and Farrell PJ (1995) Novel hypotheses for the roles of EBNA-1 and BHRF1 in EBV-related cancers. Intervirology 38 195-205
59. Huang DP, Ho JHC, Gough TA and Webb KS (1977) Volatile nitrosamines in some traditional Chinese food products. Journal of Food Safety 1 1-6
60. Huang DP, Ho JHC, Saw D and Teoh TB (1978) Carcinoma of the nasal and paranasal regions in rats fed with cantonese salted marine fish, In: De Thé G et al (eds). Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Etiology and Control, pp 315-328 (IARC Scientific Publications No 20), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
61. Huang DP, Ho JHC, Webb KS, Wood BJ and Gough TA (1981) Volatile nitrosamines in salt-preserved fish before and after cooking. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 19 197-171
62. Huang XL, Wang ZJ, Luo FT et al (1982) Epidemiologic investigation of nasopharyngeal cancer in migrants. Chinese Medical Journal 95 737-761
63. Hubert A (1984) Le Pain et l'Olive: Aspects de l'Alimentation en Tunisie, CNRS, Lyon
64. Hubert A (1985) La preuve du pouding, c'est quand on le mange. Sciences Sociales et Santé 34 169-183
65. Hubert A (1990) Applying anthropology to the epidemiology of cancer. Anthropology Today 6 7-11
66. Hubert A, Jeannel D, Tuppin P and de Thé G (1993) Anthropology and epidemiology: a pluridisciplinary approach of environmental factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, In: Tursz T, Pagano JS, Ablashi DV, de Thé G, Lenoir G and Pearson GR (eds). EBV and Associated Diseases, INSERM and John Libbey Eurotext, Paris
67. IARC (1993) Some Naturally Occurring Substances. Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, pp 41-82, Vol 56, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Lyon
68. Jeannel D, Hubert A, de Vathaire F et al (1990) Diet, living conditions and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Tunisia: a case-control study. International Journal of Cancer 46 421
69. Jeannel D, Ghnassia M, Hubert et al (1993) Increased risk of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma for French Caucasians born in North Africa (Maghreb). International Journal of Cancer 54 1-4
70. Joab I, Nicolas JC, Schwaab G et al (1991) Detection of anti-Epstein-Barr virus transactivator, ZEBRA, antibody in sera from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer 48 647-649
71. Kai-Tai Y, Peng-Nian W and Ji-Wen J (1987) The role of promotion in the carcinogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, In: Wagner G and Zhang YH (eds). Cancer of the Liver, Esophagus, and Nasopharynx, pp 187, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
72. Kawabata T, Ohshima H, Uibu J, Nakamura M, Matsui M and Hamano M (1979) Occurrence, formation and precursors of N-nitroso compounds in Japanese diet, In: Miller EC et al (eds). Naturally Occurring Carcinogens-mutagens and Modulators of Carcinogenesis, pp 195-209, University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland
73. Lanier AP, Bender TR, Blot WJ, Fraumeni J and Hurlbert WB (1976) Cancer incidence in Alaska natives. International Journal of Cancer 18 409
74. Lanier A, Bender T, Talbot M et al (1980) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Alaskan Eskimos, Indians and Aleuts: a review of cases and study of Epstein-Barr virus, HLA and environmental risk factors. Cancer 46 2100-2106
75. Li PK, Poon AS, Tsao SY et al (1995) No association between HLA-DQ and -DR genotypes with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Southern Chinese. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 81 42-45
76. Liavaag PG, Cheung RK, Kerrebijn JD, Freeman JL, Irish JC and Dosch HM (1998) The physiological reservoir of Epstein-Barr virus does not map to upper aerodigestive tissues. Laryngoscope 108 42-46
77. Lin CT, Lin CR, Tan GK, Chen W, Dee AN and Chan WY (1997) The mechanism of Epstein Barr infection in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. American Journal of Pathology 150 1745-1756
78. Lin TM, Chen KP, Lin CC et al (1973) Retrospective study on nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 51 1403-1408
79. Lu SJ, Day NE, Degos L et al (1990) Linkage of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility locus to the HLA region. Nature 346 470-471
80. Magee PN, Montesano R and Preussmann R (1976) N-Nitroso compounds and related carcinogens, In: Searle CE (ed). Chemical Carcinogens, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, (ACS Monograph 173) pp 491-625
81. Melbye M, Cote TR, West D, Kessler L and Biggar RJ (1996) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an EBV-associated tumor not significantly influenced by HIV-induced immunosuppression. British Journal of Cancer 73 995-997
82. Mizuno F, Koizumi S, Osato T, Kokwaro JO and Ito Y (1983) Chinese and African Euphorbiaceae plant extracts: markedly enhancing effect on Epstein-Barr virus induced transformation. Cancer Letters 19 199-205
83. Muir CS, Waterhouse J, Mack T, Powell J and Whellan S (eds) (1987) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol V (IARC Scientific Publications No 88), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
84. National Cancer Control Office and Nianjing Institute of Geography (1980) Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the People's Republic of China, China Map Press, Shanghai
85. Nguyen MQ, Nguyen CH and Parkin DM (1988) Cancer incidence in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, 1995-1996. International Journal of Cancer 76 472-479
86. Ning JP, Yu MC, Wang QS and Henderson BE (1990) Consumption of salted fish and other risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Tianjin, a low-risk region for NPC in the People's Republic of China. International Journal of Cancer 82 291-296
87. Ohshima H and Bartsch H (1981) Quantitative estimation of endogenous nitrosation in humans by monitoring N-nitrosoproline excreted in the urine. Cancer Research 41 3658-3662
88. Old LJ, Boyse EA, Oettgen HF et al (1966) Precipitating antibody in human serum to an antigen present in cultured Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 56 1699-1704
89. Ooi EE, Ren EC and Chan SH (1997) Associations between microsatellites within the human MHC and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer 74 229-232
90. Parkin DM (ed) (1986) Cancer Occurrence in Developing Countries (IARC Scientific Publications No 75), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
91. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Raymond L and Young J (eds) (1997) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol VII (IARC Scientific Publications No 143), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
92. Pham THA, Parkin DM, Nguyen TH and Nguyen BD (1993) Cancer in the population of Hanoi, Vietnam, 1988-1990. British Journal of Cancer 68 1236-1242
93. Pisani P, Parkin DM, Munoz N and Ferlay J (1997) Cancer and infection: estimates of the attributable fraction in 1990. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 6 387-400
94. Poirier S, Ohshima H, de Thé G, Hubert A, Bourgade MC and Bartsch H (1987) Volatile nitrosamine levels in common foods from Tunisia, South China and Greenland, high risk areas for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer 39 293-296
95. Poirier S, Bouvier G, Malaveille C et al (1989) Volatile nitrosamine levels and genotoxicity of food samples from high-risk areas for nasopharyngeal carcinoma before and after nitrosation. International Journal of Cancer 44 1088-1094
96. Purchase IFH and Paddle GM (1989) Does formaldehyde cause nasopharyngeal cancer in man? Cancer Letters 46 79-85
97. Raab-Traub N, Flynn K, Pearson G et al (1987) The differentiated form of nasopharyngeal carcinoma contains Epstein-Barr virus DNA. International Journal of Cancer 39 25-29
98. Ren EC, Law GC and Chan SH (1995) HLA-A2 allelic microvariants in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer 63 213-215
99. Sasco A (1991) Screening for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, In: Miller AB, Chamberlain J, Day NE, Hakama M and Prorok PC (eds). Cancer Screening. UICC Report, Cambridge University Press
100. Sen NP, Tessier L, Seaman SW and Baddoo PA (1985) Volatile and nonvolatile nitrosamines in fish and the effect of deliberate nitrosation under simulated gastric conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 33 264-268
101. Shanmugaratnam K (1973) Cancer in Singapore: ethnic and dialect group variations in cancer incidence. Singapore Medical Journal 14 69-81
102. Shanmugaratnam K (1982) Nasopharynx, In: Schotenfeld D and Fraumeni JF Jr (eds). Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, pp 536-553, Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
103. Shao YM, Poirier S, Ohshima H et al (1988) Epstein-Barr virus activation in Raji cells by extracts of preserved foods from high risk areas for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 9 1455
104. Shibata D, Tokunaga M, Uemura Y, Sato E, Tanaka S and Weiss LM (1991) Association of Epstein-Barr virus with undifferentiated gastric carcinomas with intense lymphoid infiltration. American Journal of Pathology 139 469-474
105. Simons MJ, Wee GB, Chan SH et al (1975) Probable identification of an HL-A second locus antigen associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet i 142-143
106. Sriamporn S, Vatanasapt V, Pisani P, Yongchaiyudha S and Rungpitarangsri V (1992) Environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case-control study in Northern Thailand. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 1 345-348
107. Sun Y, Regamyer G, Cheng YJ et al (1992) An infrequent point mutation of the p53 gene in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 89 6516-6520
108. Swerdlow AJ, Marmot MG, Grulich AE and Head J (1995) Cancer mortality in Indian and British ethnic immigrants from the Indian subcontinent to England and Wales. British Journal of Cancer 72 1312-1319
109. Szekely L, Selivanova G, Magnuson K et al (1993) EBNA-5, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen, binds to the retinoblastoma and p53 proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 90 5455-5459
110. Tannenbaum SR, Bishop W, Yu MC and Henderson BE (1985) Attempts to isolate N-nitroso compounds from Chinese-style salted fish. National Cancer Institute Monographs 69 209-211
111. Tomei DL, Noyes I, Blocker D et al (1987) Phorbol-ester and Epstein-Barr virus dependent transformation of normal primary human skin epithelial cells. Nature 329 73-75
112. Vaughan TL, Shapiro JA, Burt RD et al (1996) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a low-risk population: defining risk factors by histological type. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 5 587-593
113. Wang ZJ, Ramcharan S and Love EJ (1989) Cancer mortality of Chinese in Canada. International Journal of Epidemiology 18 17-21
114. Wara WM, Wara YF, Shieh T et al (1975) Elevated IgA in carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Cancer 35 1313-1315
115. Yu MC, Ho JHC, Lai SH and Henderson BE (1986) Cantonese-style salted fish as a cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report of a case-control study in Hong Kong. Cancer Research 46 956
116. Yu MC, Mo CC, Chong WX, Yeh FS and Henderson BE (1988) Preserved foods and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case-control study in Guangxi, China. Cancer Research 48 1954-1959
117. Yu MC, Huang TB and Henderson BE (1989a) Diet and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case-control study in Guangzhou, China. International Journal of Cancer 43 1077
118. Yu MC, Nichols PW, Zou XN, Estes J and Henderson BE (1989b) Induction of malignant nasal cavity tumors in Wistar rats fed with Chinese salted fish. British Journal of Cancer 60 198-201
119. Yu MC, Garabrant DH, Huang TB and Henderson BE (1990) Occupational and other non-dietary risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Guangzhou, China. International Journal of Cancer 45 1033
120. Zeng Y, Zhong JM and Miao XC (1983) Epstein-Barr virus early antigen induction in Raji cells by Chinese medicinal herbs. Intervirology 19 201-204
121. Zeng Y, Ohshima H, Bouvier G et al (1993) Urinary excretion of nitrosamino acids and nitrate by inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Southern China. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2 195-200
122. Zhang Q, Gutsch D and Kenny S (1994) Functional and physical interaction between p53 and BZLF1: implications for Epstein-Barr virus latency. Molecular and Cellular Biology 14 1929-1938
123. Zheng YM, Tuppin P, Hubert A, Jeannel D, Zeng Y and de Thé G (1994) Environmental and dietary risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case-control study in Zangwu County, Guangxi Region, China. British Journal of Cancer 69 508-514
124. Zhu K, Levine RS, Brann EA, Gnepp DR and Baum MK (1995). A population-based case-control study of the relationship between cigarette smoking and nasopharyngeal cancer (United States). Cancer Causes and Control 6 507-12
125. Zou XN, Lu SH and Liu B (1994) Volatile N-nitrosamines and their precursors in Chinese salted fish. A possible etiological factor for NPC in China. International Journal of Cancer 59 155-158
126. Zur Hausen H, Schulte-Holthausen H, Klein G et al (1970) EBV DNA in biopsies of Burkitt tumours and anaplastic carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Nature 228 1056-1058
127. Zur Hausen H, O'Neill FJ, Freese JK and Hecker E (1978) Persisting oncogenic herpes virus induced by tumor promoter TPA. Nature 272 373-375