Probation, race, and the war on drugs: An empirical analysis of drug and non-drug felony probation outcomes

Journal of Drug Issues

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 985-1004

  Johnson, W Wesley ^a   Jones, Mark ^b  

^a SAM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; CRIME; CRIMINOLOGY; DRUG ABUSE; ETHNIC GROUP; OFFENDER; POLICY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PROBATION; RACE DIFFERENCE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

EID: 0032429766     PISSN: 00220426     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/002204269802800409     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Becker, H. S. 1963 Outsiders. New York: Free Press.
2. Bernstein, I. N., W. R. Kelly, and P. A. Doyle 1977 "Societal Reaction to Deviants: The Case of Criminal Defendants." American Sociological Review 42:743-755.
3. Braithwaite, J. and P. Pettit 1990 Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
4. Byrne, J. M. and A. Pattavina 1992 "The Effectiveness Issue: Assessing What Works in the Adult Community Corrections System." In J. Bryne, A Lurigio, and J. Petersilia, eds., pp. 281-303. Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publishers.
5. Bureau of Justice Statistics 1990 "Probation and Parole 1989." Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.
6. Burke, P. and A. Turk 1975 "Factors Affecting Post Arrest Dispositions: A Model for Analysis." Social Problems 22:313-332.
7. Byrne, J. M. and M. Brewster 1993 "Choosing the Future of American Corrections: Punishment or Reform?" Federal Probation 57 (4):3-9.
8. Byrne, J. M., A. J. Lurigio, and J. Petersilia, eds. 1992 Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publishers.
9. Byrne, J. M. and A. Pattavina 1992 "The Effectiveness Issue: Assessing What Works m the Adult Community Corrections System." In J. Bryne, A Lurigio, and J. Petersilia, eds., pp. 281-303. Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publishers.
10. Caulkins, J. P., C. P. Rydell, W. L. Schwabe, and J. Chiesa 1997 Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences: Throwing Away the Key or the Taxpayers Money? Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
11. Cohen, S. 1973 "Protest, Unrest and Delinquency: Convergences in Labels and Behavior." International Journal of Criminology and Penology 1:117-128.
12. Chambliss, W. 1994 "Policing the Ghetto Underclass: The Politics of Law and Law Enforcement." Social Problems 412:177-194.
13. Chambliss, W. and E. Sbarbaro 1993 "Creating Moral Panic, Legitimizing Repression and Institutionalizing Racism through Law." Socio-Legal Bulletin 4-12.
14. Chiricos, T. and W. D. Bales 1991 "Unemployment and Punishment: An Empirical Assessment." Criminology 294:701-724.
15. Chiricos, T. and C. Crawford 1995 "Race and Imprisonment: A Contextual Assessment of the Evidence." In Darnell F. Hawkins, ed., Ethnicity, Race and Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place, 281-309. Albany: State University of New York Press.
16. Curtis, C., D. Hoctor, and S. Pennell 1994 "Intensive Supervision for Drug-Involved Probationers." In Charles B. Fields, ed. Innovative Trends and Specialized Strategies in Community-Based Corrections, 87-122. New York: Garland Publishing.
17. Duster, T. 1995 "The New Crisis of Legitimacy in Controls, Prisons, and Legal Structures." The American Sociologist Spring:20-29.
18. Ellsworth, T., ed. 1992 Contemporary Community Corrections. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
19. Fields, C. B. 1989 "The Effects of Intensive Treatment on Reducing the Criminal Recidivism of Addicted Offenders." Federal Probation 53(4):51-56.
20. Flanagan, T. J. and D. R. Longmire, eds. 1996 Americans View Crime and Justice: A National Public Opinion Survey. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage.
21. Geerken, M. R. and H. D. Hayes 1993 "Probation and Parole: Public Risk and the Future of Incarceration Alternatives." Criminology 31:549-564.
22. Goode, E. 1993 Drugs in American Society. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
23. Hawkins, D., ed. 1994 Ethnicity, Race, and Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
24. Huang, S. 1996 "The War on Drugs and Displacement of Prison Admissions." Doctoral Dissertation, Sam Houston State University.
25. Irwin, J. and J. Austin 1994 It's About Time: America's Imprisonment Binge. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
26. Jensen, E. L. and J. Gerber, eds. 1998 The New War on Drugs: Symbolic Politics and Criminal Justice Policy. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co.
27. Jolin, A. and B. Stipak 1992 "Drug Treatment and Electronically Monitored Home Confinement: An Evaluation of a Community-Based Sentencing Option." Crime and Delinquency 38:158-170.
28. Kappeler, V. E., M. Blumberg and G. W. Potter 1996 The Mythology of Crime and Criminal Justice. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
29. Keleman, I. 1994 "Recidivism and Community Corrections: A Meta-AnalySis." Master's Thesis, Sam Houston State University.
30. Kelling, G. and J. Q. Wilson 1992 "Broken Windows: The Police and NeighborhoodSafety." The Atlantic Monthly 249: 29-38.
31. Nurco, D. N., T. W. Kinlock, and T. E. Hanlon 1991 "The Drugs-Crime Connection." In James A. Inciardi, ed. Handbook of Drug Control in the United States, 71-90. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
32. Kleck, G. 1981 "Racial Discrimination in Criminal Sentencing: A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence with Additional Evidence on the Death Penalty." American Sociological Review 46:783-805.
33. Lockwood, D., A. Pottieger and J. Inciardi 1995 "Crack Use by Crack Users, and Ethnicity." In D.F. Hawkins, ed. Ethnicity, Race, and Crime, pp. 212-234. Albany, NY:State University of New York Press.
34. LaFree, G. 1982 "Users, Dealers, and Criminal Justice in Texas District Courts." Journal of Drug Issues 12:211-222.
35. Mackey-Kallis, S. and D. Hahn 1994 "Who's to Blame for America's Drug Problem?: The Search for Scapegoats in the 'War on Drugs'." Communication Quarterly 42:1-20.
36. Maguire, K. and A. L. Pastore, eds. 1994 Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1993. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.
37. Mauer, M. 1991 Americans Behind Bars, Washington, D.C.: Sentencing Project.
38. McDonald, D. C. and K. E. Carlson 1992 Bureau of Justice Special Report: Federal Sentencing in Transition, 1986-1990. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
39. Morgan, K. D. 1994 "Factors Associated with Probation Outcome." Journal of Criminal Justice 22:341-353.
40. Morgan, K. O., S. Morgan, N. Quitno, eds. 1996 Crime State Rankings 1996. Lawrence, KS: Morgan Quitno Press.
41. Morris, N. and M. Tonry 1990 Between Prison and Probation: Intermediate Punishments in a Rational Sentencing System. New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Petersilia, J. and S. Turner 1990 "Comparing Intensive and Regular Supervision for High-Risk Probationers: Early Results from an Experiment in California." Crime and Delinquency 36:87-111.
43. Petersilia, J., S. Turner, J. Kahan, and J. Peterson 1985 Granting Felons Probation: Public Risks and Alternatives. Santa Monica, CA.: The Rand Corporation.
44. Petersilia, J., S. Turner and E. Piper-Deschenes 1992 "The Costs and Effects of Intensive Supervision for Drug Offenders." Federal Probation 564:12-17.
45. Peterson, R. D. and J. Hagan 1984 "Changing Conceptions of Race: Towards an Account of Anomalous Findings of Sentencing Research." American Sociological Review 49:56-70.
46. Pfhul, E. H. and S. Henry 1993 The Deviance Process. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
47. Pontell, H. 1984 A Capacity to Punish: The Ecology of Crime and Punishment. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
48. "Recidivism of Felons on Probation, 1986-1989" 1992 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
49. Silver, I., ed. 1974 The Crime Control Establishment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
50. Smothers, R. 1995 "Wave of Prison Uprisings Provoke Debate on Crack." The New York Times October 24, p. A18.
51. Tonry, M. 1995 Malign Neglect: Race, Crime and Punishment in America, New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Unnever, J. D. and L. A. Hembroff 1993 "The Prediction of Racial/Ethnic Disparities: An Expectation States Approach." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 25(1):53-82.
53. Vito, G. F. 1994 "Drug Abuse Treatment and Community Corrections: Findings from the Kentucky Substance Abuse Program." In C. B. Fields, ed. Innovative Trends and Specialized Strategies in Community-Based Corrections, pp. 123-136. New York: Garland Publishing.
54. Vito, G. F. 1986 "Felony Probation and Recidivism: Replication and Response." Federal Probation 50(4):17-25.
55. Vito, G.F., D. G. Wilson and T. J. Keil 1990 "Drug Testing, Treatment, and Revocation: A Review of Program Findings." Federal Probation 54(3):37-43.
56. Whitehead, J. T. 1991 The Effectiveness of Felony Probation: Results from an Eastern State. Justice Quarterly 8:525-543.
57. Walker, S. 1994 Sense and NonSense About Crime and Drugs: A Policy Guide. Third Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
58. Walker, S., C. Spohn, and M. DeLone 1996 The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America. Blemont, CA: Wadsworth.
59. Watts, R. K. and D. Glaser 1992 "Electronic monitoring of drug offenders in California." In J. Bryne, A. Lurigio, and J. Petersilia, eds., Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions, 68-84. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publishers.
60. Webb, G. L. and M. P. Brown 1998 "United States Drug Laws and Institutionalized Discrimination." In E. Jensen and J. Gerber, eds., pp. 45-58. The New War on Drugs: Symbolic Politics and Criminal Justice Policy. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co.
61. Wilbanks, W. 1987 The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
62. Wish, E. D. 1990 "U.S. drug policy in the 1990s: Insights from the new data from arrestees." International Journal of the Addictions 25:377-409.