Changes in tropospheric composition and air quality

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

Volumn 46, Issue 1-3, 1998, Pages 83-95

  Tang, X ^a   Madronich, S ^b   Wallington, T ^c   Calamari, D ^d  

^a PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^c FORD WERKE GMBH   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Air quality; Hydrochlorofluorocarbons; Hydrofluorocarbons; Hydroxyl radicals; Ozone; Tropospheric composition; Ultraviolet B radiation

Indexed keywords

CHLOROFLUOROHYDROCARBON; HYDROCARBON; HYDROXYL RADICAL; NITROGEN OXIDE; OZONE; SULFUR; TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID;

AIR QUALITY; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; OZONE LAYER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TROPOSPHERE;

AIR; AIR POLLUTANTS; ATMOSPHERE; HUMANS; TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS;

EID: 0032426428     PISSN: 10111344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1011-1344(98)00187-0     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. [1] B.J. Finlayson-Pitts, J.N. Pitts, Jr., Atmospheric Chemistry, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1986.
2. [2] T.E. Graedel, P.J. Crutzen, Atmospheric Change, Freeman and Co., New York, 1993.
3. 2 during the MLOPEX II field campaign, J. Geophys. Res. 101 (1996) 14631-14641.
4. [4] WMO (World Meteorological Organization), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994, in: D.L. Albritton, R.T. Watson, P.J. Aucamp (Eds.), Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project - Report No. 37, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1994.
5. [5] WMO (World Meteorological Organization), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998, in: D.L. Albritton, P.J. Aucamp, G. Megie, R.T. Watson (Eds.), Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1998 in press.
6. [6] S. Madronich, C. Granier, Tropospheric chemistry changes due to increases in UV-B radiation, in: H.R. Biggs, M.E.B. Joyner (eds.), Stratospheric Ozone Depletion/UV-B Radiation in the Biosphere, NATO ASI Series, vol. 118, Springer, Berlin, 1994, pp. 3-10.
7. [7] M.C. Krol, M. van Weele, Implications of variations in photodissociation rates for global tropospheric chemistry, Atmospheric Environment 31 (1997) 1257-1273.
8. [8] J. Ma, Effects of clouds, stratospheric ozone depletion and tropospheric pollution on the chemical budget of ozone in the troposphere through changes in photolysis rates, TNO Institute of Environmental Sciences Report R 96/406, The Netherlands, 1996.
9. [9] S. Madronich, R.L. McKenzie, L.O. Björn, M.M. Caldwell, Changes in ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface, Ambio 24 (1995) 143-152.
10. [10] S. Madronich, R.L. McKenzie, L.O. Björn, M.M. Caldwell, Changes in ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 46 (1998) 5-19.
11. [11] C. Granier, K. Shine, J. Hansen, S. Lal, F. Stordal, Climate effects of ozone and halocarbon changes, in: D.L. Albritton, P.J. Aucamp, G. Megie, R.T. Watson (Eds.), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1998, in press.
12. [12] J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.E. Jonson, W.C. Wang, I.S.A. Isaksen, Responses in tropospheric chemistry to changes in UV fluxes, temperatures and water vapor densities, in: W.C. Wang, I.S.A. Isaksen (Eds.), Atmospheric Ozone as a Climate Gas, NATO ASI Series, vol. I32, Springer, Berlin, 1995, pp. 145-163.
13. [13] R.G. Zepp, T.V. Callaghan, D.J. Erikson, Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on biogeochemical cycles, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 46 (1998) 69-82.
14. [14] S.C. Liu, M. Tranier, Response of the tropospheric ozone and odd hydrogen radicals to column ozone change, J. Atmos. Chem. 6 (1988) 221-233.
15. [15] F.A.A. De Leeuw, H.J. Van Rheineck Leyssius, Sensitivity of oxidant concentrations on changes in UV radiation and temperature, Atmospheric Environment 25A (1991) 1025-1032.
16. [16] M.W. Gery, R.D. Edmond, G.Z. Whitten, Tropospheric ultraviolet radiation, US Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/ 3-87/097, Washington, DC, 1987.
17. [17] A.M. Thompson, M.A. Huntley, R.W. Stewart, Perturbations to tropospheric oxidants, J. Geophys. Res. 95 (1990) 9829-9944.
18. [18] J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.E. Jonson, I.S.A, Isaksen, Effects of reductions in stratospheric ozone on tropospheric chemistry through changes in photolysis rates, Tellus 46B (1994) 172-192.
19. [19] R.C. Schnell, S.C. Liu, S.J. Oltmans, R.S. Stone, D.J. Huffman, E.G. Dutton, T. Deshler, W.T. Sturges, J.W. Harder, S.d. Sewell, M. Trainer, J.M. Harris, Decrease of summer tropospheric ozone concentrations in Antarctica, Nature 351 (1991) 726-729.
20. [20] P. Taalas, J. Damski, E. Kyro, M. Ginzberg, G. Talamoni, Effect of stratospheric ozone variations on UV radiation and on tropospheric ozone at high latitudes, J. Geophys. Res. 102 (1997) 1533-1539.
21. [21] S. Madronich, C. Granier, Impact of recent total ozone changes on tropospheric ozone photodissociation, hydroxyl radicals, and methane trends, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19 (1992) 465-467.
22. 3 and global OH concentrations, Science 269 (1995) 187-192.
23. [23] R.G. Prinn, D.M. Cunnold, P.G. Simmonds, F.N. Alyea, R. Boldi, A.J. Crawford, P.J. Fraser, D. Gutzler, D.E. Hartley, R.D. Rosen, R. Rasmussen, Global average concentration and trend for hydroxyl radicals deduced from ALE/GAGE trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) data for 1978-1990, J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 2445-2461.
24. [24] M. Krol, P.J. van Leeuwen, J. Lelieveld, Global OH trend inferred from methylchloroform measurements, J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 10697-10711.
25. 4 and CO concentrations, Nature 371 (1994) 595-597.
26. [26] D.M. Etheridge, L.P. Steele, R.J. Francey, R.L. Langenfelds, Atmospheric methane between 1000 A.D. and present: evidence of anthropogenic emissions and climatic variability, J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 15979-15993.
27. [27] R. Zander, P. Demoulin, D. Ehhalt, U. Scmidt, C. Rinsland, Secular increase of the total vertical column abundance of carbon monoxide over central Europe, J. Geophys. Res. 94 (1989) 11021-11028.
28. 4 observed at Cape Point, South Africa, Atmospheric Environment 24A (1990) 585-595.
29. [29] P.C. Novelli, K.A. Masarie, P.M. Lang, Recent changes in atmospheric carbon monoxide, Science 263 (1994) 1580-1587.
30. [30] C. Granier, J.-F. Müller, S. Madronich, G.P. Brasseur, Possible causes for the 1991-1993 decrease in the global tropospheric CO abundance: a three-dimensional study, Atmospheric Environment 30 (1996) 1673-1682.
31. 4 and CO growth rates after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo and their link with changes in tropical tropospheric UV flux, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 (1996) 2761-2764.
32. [32] E.J. Dlugokencky, L.P. Steele, P.M. Lang, K.A. Masarie, The growth rate and distribution of atmospheric methane, J. Geophys. Res. 99 (1994) 17021-17043.
33. 13C decrease and growth rate fluctuations, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 (1997) 857-860.
34. 2 over the past 200 years from a Greenland ice core, Nature 351 (1991) 557-559.
35. 2 concentration at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys, Res. 102 (1997) 19099-19104.
36. 2 and HCHO in polar snow and their relation to atmospheric chemistry, NATO ASI Series, vol. 130, Springer, Berlin, 1995, pp. 249-264.
37. [37] T.J. Wallington, W.F. Schneider, D.R. Worsnop, O.J. Nielsen, J. Sehested, W. DeBruyn, J.A. Shorter, The environmental impact of CFC replacements - HFCs and HCFCs, Environment. Sci. Technol. 28 (1994) 320A-326A.
38. [38] T.J. Wallington, W.F. Schneider, O.J. Nielsen, J. Sehested, D.R. Worsnop, W.J. DeBruyn, J.A. Shorter, Atmospheric chemistry and environmental impact of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, in: A.W. Miziolek, W. Tsang (Eds.), Halon Replacements: Science and Technology, Amer. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 611, 1995, pp. 16-30.
39. [39] R.A. Cox, O. Rattigan, G.D. Hayman, C.J. Howard, O.J. Nielsen, H.W. Sidebottom, R. Zellner, Atmospheric degradation mechanisms - summary of discussions, NASA/NOAA/AFEAS Workshop on HFC/HCFC Atmospheric Chemistry, Boulder, CO, USA, 1995, ch. 2.
40. [40] D.J. Bowden, S.L. Clegg, P. Brimblecombe, The Henry's law constant of trifluoroacetic acid and its partitioning into liquid water in the atmosphere, Chemosphere 32 (1996) 405-420.
41. [41] S. Carr, J.J. Treacy, H.W. Sidebottom, R.K. Connell, C.E. Canosa-Mas, R.P. Wayne, J. Franklin, Kinetics and mechanisms for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with trifluoroacetic acid under atmospheric conditions, Chem. Phys, Lett. 227 (1994) 39-44.
42. 3COOH: kinetics of the reaction with OH radicals, Chem. Phys. Lett. 226 (1994) 171-177.
43. [43] M. Kanakidou, F.J. Dentener, P.J. Crutzen, A global three-dimensional study of the fate of HCFCs and HFC-134a in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res. 100 (1995) 18781-18801.
44. [44] V.L. Orkin, V.G. Khamaganov, Rate constants for reactions of OH radicals with some Br-containing haloalkanes, J. Atmos. Chem. 16 (1993) 169-178.
45. [45] A.C. Brown, C.E. Canosa-Mas, A.D. Parr, J.M.T. Pierce, R.P. Wayne, Tropospheric lifetimes of halogenated anaesthetics, Nature 341 (1989) 635-637.
46. [46] WMO (World Meteorological Organization), Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1989, in: D.L. Albritton, R.T. Watson (Eds.), Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 20, vol. 1, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 1989.
47. [47] IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Climate change 1995: the science of climate change, contribution of Working Group 1 to: J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, K. Maskell (Eds.), Second Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1996.
48. 2, J. Phys. Chem. A102 (1998) 1976-1986.
49. 3), J. Atmos. Chem. 12 (1991) 105-120.
50. [50] E.C. Tuazon, R. Atkinson, Tropospheric transformation products of a series of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorcarbons, J. Atmos. Chem. 17 (1993) 179-199.
51. 2): a proposed replacement chlorofluorocarbon, Atmospheric Environment 28 (1994) 421-437.
52. 3), Int. J. Chem. Kinetics 24 (1992) 1067-1081.
53. [53] R. Zellner, G. Bednarek, A. Hoffmann, J.P. Kohlmann, V. Mörs, H. Saathoff, Rate and mechanism of the atmospheric degradation of 2H-heptafluorpropane (HFC-227), Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 141-146.
54. 3 radical, J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 8882-8889.
55. 3CFHO radicals in the atmospheric chemistry of HFC-134a, J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 18116-18122.
56. 3CFHO, Environment. Sci. Technol. 26 (1992) 1318-1324.
57. 3 (HFC-134a), J. Atmos. Chem. 16 (1993) 301-312.
58. [58] O.V. Rattigan, D.M. Rowley, O. Wild, R.L. Jones, R.A. Cox, Mechanism of atmospheric oxidation of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC 134a), J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 90 (1994) 1819-1829.
59. [59] J.-C. Boutonnet, P. Bingham, D. Calamari, C. de Rooij, J. Franklin, T. Kawano, J.-M. Libre, A. McCulloch, G. Malinverno, J.M. Odom, G.M. Rusch, K. Smythe, I. Sobolev, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 1998, in press.
60. [60] S.A. Montzka, R.C. Myers, J.H. Butler, J.W. Elkins, L.T. Lock, A.D. Clarke, Observations of HFC-134a in the remote troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 (1996) 169-172.
61. 2F), Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 (1996) 1949-1952.
62. [62] E. Erchel, World Water Balance, Elsevier, New York, 1975.
63. [63] J.M. Rodriguez, M.K.W. Ko, N.D. Sze, C.W. Heisey, Two-dimensional assessment of the degradation of HFC 134a: Tropospheric accumulation and deposition of trifluoroacetic acid, in: H.W. side-bottom (Ed.), Proc. STEP-HALOCSIDE/AFEAS Workshop, University College Dublin, Ireland, 1993, pp. 104-112.
64. [64] O. Wild, O.V. Rattigan, R.L. Jones, J.A. Pyle, R.A. Cox, Two-dimensional modeling of some CFC replacement compounds, J. Atmos. Chem. 25 (1996) 167-199.
65. [65] J.M. Rodriguez, M.K.W. Ko, N.D. Sze, C.W. Heisey, T.K. Tromp, N.D. Sze, Modeling dosage projections for trifluoroacetic acid, Workshop on Decomposition of TFA in the Environment, 8-9 Feb., 1994, Washington, DC, available from AFEAS, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.
66. [66] V.R. Kotamarthi, J.M. Rodriguez, M.K.W. Ko, N.D. Sze, M.J. Prather, Production of trifluoroacetic acid from HCFCs and HFCs: a three-dimensional modeling study, J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 5745-5758.
67. [67] T.K. Tromp, M.K.W. Ko, J.M. Rodriguez, N.D. Sze, Potential accumulation of a CFC-replacement degradation product in seasonal wetlands, Nature 376 (1995) 327-330.
68. [68] H. Frank, A. Klein, D. Renschen, Environmental trifluoroacetate, Nature 382 (1996) 34.
69. [69] D. Zehavi, J.N. Seiber, An analytical method for trifluoroacetic acid in water and air samples using headspace gas chromatographic determination of the methyl ester, Anal. Chem. 68 (1996) 3450-3459.
70. [70] A. Grimvall, H. Borén, L. von Sydow, K. Laniewski, Analysis of TFA in samples of rain, snow and ice collected at remote sites, presentation to Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Assessment Study (AFEAS), 1997, US Geological Survey, Information Services, Denver, CO.
71. [71] C.E. Wujcik, D. Zehavi, J.N. Seiber, Trifluoroacetic acid levels in 1994-1996 fog, rain, snow and surface waters from California and Nevada, Chemosphere 36 (1998) 1233-1245.
72. [72] N.R.M. van Dijk, Adsorption of sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA) to three different soils, Solvay-Duphar Report 56635/91/91, 1992.
73. [73] D.G. Richey, C.T. Driscoll, G.E. Likens, Soil retention of trifluoroacetate, Environment. Sci. Technol. 31 (1997) 1723-1727.
74. [74] P.T. Visscher, C.W. Culbertson, R.S. Oremland, Degradation of trifluoroacetate in oxic and anoxic sediments, Nature 69 (1994) 729-731.
75. [75] L.J. Matheson, J.R. Guidetti, P.T. Visscher, J.K. Schaefer, R.S. Oremland, Summary of research results on bacterial degradation of trifluoroacetate (TFA). October 1993-October 1995, USGS Open file Report 96-219, prepared in cooperation with the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Assessment Study (AFEAS), US Geological Survey, Information Services, Denver, CO.
76. [76] M. Emptage, J.A. Tabinowski, J.M. Odom, The effect of fluoroacetates on methanogenesis in samples from selected methanogenic environments, Environment. Sci. Technol. 31 (1997) 732-734.
77. [77] S. Chauhan, C. Criddle, J. Tiedje, Potential for microbial transformation of trifluoroacetic acid, Final Report to Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Assessment Study (AFEAS), SP91-18.11/ BP93-15, 1995, US Geological Survey, Information Services, Denver, CO.
78. [78] G.E. Likens, S.L. Tartowski, T.W. Berger, D.G. Richey, C.T. Driscoll, H.G. Frank, A. Klein, Transport and fate of trifluoroacetate in upland forest and wetland ecosystems, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (N9) (1997) 4499-4503.
79. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy: uptake of trifluoroacetic acid in Lycopersicum esculentum, Plant Physiol. 91 (1989) 1243-1246.
80. [80] R.S. Thompson, K.M. Stewart, E. Gillings, Trifluoroacetic acid: accumulation from aqueous solution by the roots of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Brixham Environmental Laboratory Report BL5042/B, 1994.
81. [81] C.G. van Ginkel, A.G.M. Kroon, Biodegradability of trifluoroacetic acid sodium salt in a modified SCAS test, Report to AKZO Chemicals International, 1992, AKZO Research Laboratories Arnhem Corporate Research, Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Department, Valperweg 76, 6824 BM Arnhem, The Netherlands.
82. [82] T.L. Bott, L.G. Standley, Trifluoroacetate, an atmospheric breakdown product of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants, and freshwater benthic microbial communities: incorporation and effects on acetate metabolism, Environment. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 469-475.
83. [83] E. Nagel, J.M. Odom, The effect of TFA on growth and nitrogen fixation by nitrogen fixing bacteria, DuPont Report submitted to Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Assessment Study (AFEAS), 1997, US Geological Survey, Information Services, Denver, CO.
84. [84] Rhône-Poulenc, Material Safety Data Sheet, v. 6, Dec. 1995.
85. [85] D.V. Smyth, R.S. Thompson, E. Gillings, Sodium trifluoroacetate: toxicity to the duckweed (Lemna gibba), Brixham Environmental Laboratory Report BL4872/B, 1993.
86. [86] D.V. Smyth, R.S. Thompson, E. Gillings, Sodium trifluoroacetate: toxicity to the freshwater diatom Navicula pelliculosa, Brixham Environmental Laboratory Report BL4968/B, 1994.
87. [87] D.V. Smyth, R.S. Thompson, E. Gillings, Sodium trifluoroacetate: toxicity to the marine alga Skeletonema costatum, Brixham Environmental Laboratory Report BL4980/B, 1994.
88. [88] D.V. Smyth, R.S. Thompson, E. Gillings, Sodium trifluoroacetate: toxicity to the blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae, Brixham Environmental Laboratory Report BL4967/B, 1994.
89. [89] T.L. Bott, L.G. Standley, The interaction of trifluoroacetate with microbial communities, Abstract for platform presentation at Ann. Meet. Amer. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, DC, USA, 1995.
90. [90] R.S. Thompson, A.J. Windeatt, Sodium trifluoroacetate: effects on seed germination (ten species, by aqueous exposure), Brixham Environmental Laboratory Report BL5197/B, 1994.
91. [91] D. Emerich, Effects of TFA on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybean, Final Report to Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Assessment Study (AFEAS), SP91-18.24/BP95-32 University of Missouri, 1997, US Geological Survey, Information Services, Denver, CO.
92. [92] A.W. Davison, S. Pearson, Toxicity of TFA to plants, Report to Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Assessment Study (AFEAS), SP91-1823/ BP96-31 University of Newcastle, 1997, US Geological Survey, Information Services, Denver, CO.
93. [93] R.S. Thompson, Sodium trifluoroacetate: toxicity to Plantago major, by aqueous exposure of the roots, Brixham Environmental Laboratory Report BL5474/B, 1995.
94. [94] R.S. Thompson, K.M. Stewart, E. Gillings, Sodium trifluoroacetate: toxicity to wheat (Triticum aestivum) in relation to bioaccumulation (by aqueous exposure of the roots), Brixham Environmental Laboratory Report BL5473/B, 1995.
95. [95] D.A. Blake, H.F. Cascorbi, R.S. Rozman, F.J. Meyer, Animal toxicity of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 15 (1969) 83-91.
96. [96] P.H. Rosenberg, Decrease in reduced glutathione and NADPH and inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity caused by metabolites of fluoroxene and halothane, Ann. Med. Exp. Biol. Fenn. 49 (2) (1971) 84-88.
97. [97] P.H. Rosenberg, T. Wahlstrom, Hepatotoxicity of halothane metabolites in vivo and inhibition of fibroblast growth in vitro, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29 (1) (1971) 9-19.
98. [98] L.S. Kheilo, S.N. Kremneva, Comparative assessment of the toxicity of trifluoroacetic acid and pentafluoropropionic acids, Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 10 (3) (1966) 13-17.
99. [99] F.A. Patty, Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, vol. II, 2nd rev. edn., in: Toxicology, Interscience, New York, 1963, pp. 1801-1803.
100. [100] A. Mathieu, D. DiPadua, J. Mills, B. Kahan, Experimental immunity to a metabolite of halothane and fluroxene, Anaesthesiology 40 (4) (1974) 385-390.
101. [101] J.G. Reves, L.E. McCracken, Hepatic pathology and skin test reactions to triftuoroacetylated autologous protein after repeated halothane anesthesia in the guinea pig, Br. J. Anaesthiol. 48 (5) (1976) 419-424.
102. [102] D.J. Ford, D.E. Coyle, J.F. Harrington, Effects of hypersensitivity to a halothane metabolite on halothane-induced liver damage, Anesthesiology 60 (2) (1984) 141-143.
103. [103] H. Satoh, Y. Fukuda, D.K. Anderson, V.J. Ferrans, J.R. Gillette, L.R. Pohl, Immunological studies on the mechanism of halothane-induced hepatotoxicity: immunohistochemical evidence of trifluoroacetylated hepatocytes, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeutics 233 (3) (1985) 857-862.
104. [104] H. Satoh, B.M. Martin, A.H. Schulick, D.D. Christ, J.G. Kenna, L.R. Pohl, Human anti-endoplasmic reticulum antibodies in sera of patients with halothane-induced hepatitis are directed against a trifluoroacetylated carboxylesterase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 322-326.
105. [105] B.A. Waldron, C.K. Ratra, Response of lymphocytes cultured after halothane anesthesia to halothane and trifluoroacetic acid, Br. J. Anaesthesiol. 44 (1972) 1150-1154.
106. [106] W.W. Just, K. Gorgas, F.U. Hartl, P. Heinemann, M. Salzer, H. Schimassek, Biochemical effects of zonal heterogeneity of peroxisome proliferation induced by perfluorocarboxylic acids in rat liver, Hepatology (Baltimore) 9 (4) (1989) 570-581.
107. [107] D.B. Warheit, Mechanistic studies with HCFC 123, Dupont Company, Haskell Laboratory Report HLR 828-92, 1993.
108. [108] D.A. Blake, M.C. DiBlasi, G.B. Gordon, Absence of mutagenic activity of trifluoroethanol and its metabolites in Salmonella typhimurium, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1 (1981) 415-418.