Credit for discoveries: Citation data as a basis for history of science analysis

Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 609-620

  Lindahl, B I B ^a   Elzinga, Aant ^b   Welljams Dorof, Alfred ^c  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^c The Scientist   (United States)

Author keywords

AIDS; Citation analysis; History of science; Nobel Prize; Scientific discovery

Indexed keywords

ACHIEVEMENT; ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ARTICLE; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS CHARACTERIZATION; VIRUS INFECTION;

HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HIV-1; HUMANS; PUBLISHING; RESEARCH; SCIENCE;

EID: 0032423313     PISSN: 13867415     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1009944903620     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Kuhn TS. Historical structure of scientific discovery. Science 1962; 136: 760-764.
2. Ibid; Kuhn TS. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1962.
3. Ibid; Kuhn TS. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1962.
4. Merton RK. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Edited and with an introduction by Norman W. Storer. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1973: 371.
5. Kuhn TS. The Structure: 53-55.
6. Ibid: 55 ; cf. Kuhn TS. Historical: 762.
7. Ibid: 55 ; cf. Kuhn TS. Historical: 762.
8. Kuhn TS. The Structure: 52-53.
9. For a discussion of the increasing percentage of shared prizes, see Zuckerman H. The proliferation of prizes: Nobel compliments and Nobel surrogates in the reward system of science. Theor Med 1992; 13(2): 217-231 and Lindahl BIB. Science has partly outgrown Nobel's vision of the prizes. The Scientist 1995 (November 13); 9: 12.
10. For a discussion of the increasing percentage of shared prizes, see Zuckerman H. The proliferation of prizes: Nobel compliments and Nobel surrogates in the reward system of science. Theor Med 1992; 13(2): 217-231 and Lindahl BIB. Science has partly outgrown Nobel's vision of the prizes. The Scientist 1995 (November 13); 9: 12.
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13. Of interest is also the reluctance on the part of the Nobel Committee for Physics in 1921 to include theoretical achievements in the notion of discovery. This was obviously due to the prevailing ideals of science. Early on in physics an instrumental experimentalist ideal of science dominated, so that "discovery" meant something tangible. Consequently, Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for 1921, not for the relativity theories, but for his work on the photoelectric effect. (See Elzinga A. Einstein in the land of Nobel: An episode in the interplay of science, politics, epistemology and popular culture. In: Gavroglu K, Stachel J, Wartofsky MW, eds. Physics, Philosophy and the Scientific Community. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995: 73-103.) Although the official motivation was broadly formulated - "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" (Nobel Foundation. Nobel Foundation Directory 1995-1996. Stockholm: Nobel Foundation, 1995.) - in a covering letter accompanying the diploma Einstein's relativity and gravitation theories were explicitly disavowed. Later, in 1922/23, a shift in the composition of the membership of the Nobel Committee brought in a more theoretically inclined ideal of science, leading to a broader interpretation of Nobel's notion of discovery. See Elzinga A. Einstein.
14. Of interest is also the reluctance on the part of the Nobel Committee for Physics in 1921 to include theoretical achievements in the notion of discovery. This was obviously due to the prevailing ideals of science. Early on in physics an instrumental experimentalist ideal of science dominated, so that "discovery" meant something tangible. Consequently, Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for 1921, not for the relativity theories, but for his work on the photoelectric effect. (See Elzinga A. Einstein in the land of Nobel: An episode in the interplay of science, politics, epistemology and popular culture. In: Gavroglu K, Stachel J, Wartofsky MW, eds. Physics, Philosophy and the Scientific Community. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995: 73-103.) Although the official motivation was broadly formulated - "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" (Nobel Foundation. Nobel Foundation Directory 1995-1996. Stockholm: Nobel Foundation, 1995.) - in a covering letter accompanying the diploma Einstein's relativity and gravitation theories were explicitly disavowed. Later, in 1922/23, a shift in the composition of the membership of the Nobel Committee brought in a more theoretically inclined ideal of science, leading to a broader interpretation of Nobel's notion of discovery. See Elzinga A. Einstein.
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57. Ibid. Norman C. AIDS virology; Norman C. Patent dispute; Norman C. AIDS priority.
58. Barré-Sinoussi F et al. Isolation.
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