The evolution of the European Union's Tacis programme, 1991-96

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 51-68

  Sodupe, Kepa ^a   Benito, Eduardo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY UPV EHU   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EUROPEAN UNION; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; REFORM PROCESS; TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER; TRADE RELATIONS;

EUROPE; MONGOLIA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0032416193     PISSN: 13523279     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13523279808415390     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. On the package of measures approved by the European Union with respect to the former USSR, see H.-H. Höhmann, C. Meir and H. Timmermann, 'The European Community and the Countries of the CIS: Political and Economic Relations', The Journal of Communist Studies, Vol.9, No.3 (1993); R. Verrue, 'The European Union and the economies in transition: trade and assistance', Most, Vol.5, No.2 (1995); K. Sodupe, 'Las politicas de ayuda de la Union Europea hacia los Nuevos Estados Independientes', Foro Internacional, Vol.36, No.4 (1996).
2. On the package of measures approved by the European Union with respect to the former USSR, see H.-H. Höhmann, C. Meir and H. Timmermann, 'The European Community and the Countries of the CIS: Political and Economic Relations', The Journal of Communist Studies, Vol.9, No.3 (1993); R. Verrue, 'The European Union and the economies in transition: trade and assistance', Most, Vol.5, No.2 (1995); K. Sodupe, 'Las politicas de ayuda de la Union Europea hacia los Nuevos Estados Independientes', Foro Internacional, Vol.36, No.4 (1996).
3. On the package of measures approved by the European Union with respect to the former USSR, see H.-H. Höhmann, C. Meir and H. Timmermann, 'The European Community and the Countries of the CIS: Political and Economic Relations', The Journal of Communist Studies, Vol.9, No.3 (1993); R. Verrue, 'The European Union and the economies in transition: trade and assistance', Most, Vol.5, No.2 (1995); K. Sodupe, 'Las politicas de ayuda de la Union Europea hacia los Nuevos Estados Independientes', Foro Internacional, Vol.36, No.4 (1996).
4. Commission of the European Communities, XXV General Report of the Activity of the European Communities 1991 (Luxembourg: Official Publications Office of the European Communities, 1992), p.282.
5. Reference is made later in this article to the fact that the three Baltic states eventually formed part of the group of countries receiving aid under the Phare programme.
6. Commission of the European Communities, Technical Aid Programme to the Former Republics of the Soviet Union: Annual Report 1991 and 1992, Com (93) 362 final (Luxembourg: Official Publications Office of the European Communities, 1993), p.7.
7. The regulations are, respectively: 'Council Regulation (Euratom, EC) 2053/93', OJ L 187, 29 July 1993, and 'Council Regulation (Euratom, EC) 1279/96', OJ L 165, 4 July 1996.
8. 'Resolution of the European Parliament on the proposal for the regulation regarding assistance to the NIS and Mongolia', OJ C 141, 19 April 1996, p.276.
9. For a discussion on first- and second-generation conditionality, and on the current relevance of the latter, see T. Mkandawire, 'Adjustment, Political Conditionality and Democratisation in Africa', in G.A. Cornia and G.K. Helleiner (eds.), From Adjustment to Development in Africa. Conflict, Controversy, Convergence, Consensus? (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994); O. Stokke, 'Aid and Political Conditionality: Core Issues and State of the Art', in O. Stokke (ed.), Aid and Political Conditionality (London: Frank Cass, 1995); K. Raffer and H.W. Singer, The Foreign Aid Business (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1996).
10. For a discussion on first- and second-generation conditionality, and on the current relevance of the latter, see T. Mkandawire, 'Adjustment, Political Conditionality and Democratisation in Africa', in G.A. Cornia and G.K. Helleiner (eds.), From Adjustment to Development in Africa. Conflict, Controversy, Convergence, Consensus? (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994); O. Stokke, 'Aid and Political Conditionality: Core Issues and State of the Art', in O. Stokke (ed.), Aid and Political Conditionality (London: Frank Cass, 1995); K. Raffer and H.W. Singer, The Foreign Aid Business (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1996).
11. For a discussion on first- and second-generation conditionality, and on the current relevance of the latter, see T. Mkandawire, 'Adjustment, Political Conditionality and Democratisation in Africa', in G.A. Cornia and G.K. Helleiner (eds.), From Adjustment to Development in Africa. Conflict, Controversy, Convergence, Consensus? (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994); O. Stokke, 'Aid and Political Conditionality: Core Issues and State of the Art', in O. Stokke (ed.), Aid and Political Conditionality (London: Frank Cass, 1995); K. Raffer and H.W. Singer, The Foreign Aid Business (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1996).
12. 'Regulation of the Council (Euratom, EC) 1279/96', op. cit., Article 3, Section 11.
13. Article 86 of the Partnership and Co-operation Agreement with Russia states: 'With the aim of achieving the objectives of the present Agreement, in particular Headings VI and VII, and in accordance with Articles 87, 88 and 89, Russia shall receive from the Community temporary financial assistance by means of technical assistance in the form of grants to accelerate the economic transformation of Russia': see 'Partnership and Co-operation Agreement between the European Communities and its Member States on the one part, and Russia, on the other', Com (94) 257-final, Brussels, 15-06-1994.
14. Ibid., article 8, sections 2 and 3.
15. On the Coordination Units, see Bulletin of the European Communities (BEC), 1992, No.11, p.84.
16. This kind of operation enables Community funds to be used to buy food and pharmaceutical products in Eastern and Central Europe which are subsequently sent to countries formerly part of the Soviet Union: see K. Sodupe (ed.), Los Acuerdos de Asociación con Europa Central (Leioa: Servicio Editorial UPV/EHU, 1994), p.162.
17. Procedural issues are dealt with at length in the new regulation; one of the annexes establishes a set of principles to follow in such procedures: see 'Regulation of the Council (Euratom, EC) 1279/96', op. cit., Article 7, Annexe III.
18. Ibid., article 3, sections 2 to 4.
19. The European Parliament had already drawn attention to the need for greater emphasis on environmental issues in amendments Nos.2 and 8 to Regulation 2053/93: see 'Report of the European Parliament on the proposal for a regulation concerning the provision of technical assistance Com (92) 475 final', Document A3-0152/93 Part A, May 1993, p.4-5.
20. Although, in the indicative areas defined in the new regulation, nuclear safety is included in the energy area, Tacis deals with this issue separately through this inter-state programme.
21. The Memorandum on the closure of Chernobyl was signed in December 1995 by the government of Ukraine, the EU and the G7. Chernobyl is scheduled to be closed in about the year 2000.
22. Commission of the European Communities, XXVI General Report of the Activity of the European Communities 1992 (Luxembourg: Official Publications Office of the European Communities, 1993), p.277.
23. Commission of the European Communities, XXIX General Report of the Activity of the European Communities 1995 (Luxembourg: Official Publications Office of the European Communities, 1996), p.355.
24. Commission of the European Communities, Tacis Programme: Annual Report 1994 (Luxembourg: Official Publications Office of the European Communities, 1995), p.15.
25. Ibid., p.15.
26. In 1995, macro-level financial loans, worth 200 million ecus and 60 million ecus, respectively, were coordinated for Ukraine and Moldova: see Commission of the European Communities, XXIX General Report of the Activity of the European Communities 1995, op. cit., p.358.
27. Commission of the European Communities, Tacis Programme: Annual Report 1995 (Luxembourg: Official Publications Office of the European Communities, 1996), p.12.
28. This coordination programme moved into a second phase in 1995, housing 40 projects co-financed by the Tacis Programme and member states: see Commission of the European Communities, XXIX General Report of the Activity of the European Communities 1995, op. cit., p.355.
29. 'Resolution of the European Parliament on the evaluation of Western aid to the CIS', Document A3-0214/94, OJ C 128, 22 April 1994, p.452.
30. P. Gowan, 'Los Programas de Ayuda Phare y Tacis de la Unión Europea', Información Comercial Española, No. 738 (1995), p.73.
31. Court of Auditors, Annual Report for 1994, OJ C 303, 14 Nov. 1995, p.213.
32. See, for example, Court of Auditors, Annual Report for 1995, OJ C 340, 12 Nov. 1996, p.253.
33. 'Report of the European Parliament on the proposal for a regulation on the provision of technical assistance COM (92) 475 final', op. cit., Part B, p.3; Court of Auditors, Annual Report for 1993, OJ C 327, 24 Nov. 1994, pp.203-4.
34. 'Report of the European Parliament on the proposal for a regulation on the provision of technical assistance COM (92) 475 final', op. cit., Part B, p.3; Court of Auditors, Annual Report for 1993, OJ C 327, 24 Nov. 1994, pp.203-4.
35. 'EU/Russia nuclear liability pact puts ball in Western industry court', EC Energy Monthly, March 1995, pp.75-6.
36. Court of Auditors, Special Report No. 6, OJ C 171, 5 June 1997.
37. J. Murga Carazo, 'Programa de Asistencia Técnica a la Comunidad de Estados Independientes', Boletin Económico/Información Comercial Española, No.2363 (1993), p.869.
38. Court of Auditors, Annual Report for 1995, pp.248-9.
39. Court of Auditors, Annual Report for 1994, p.214.
40. Court of Auditors, Annual Report for 1995, p.251.
41. In 1994, the aid given by Tacis to the energy centres at Minsk and Moscow was not coordinated with aid granted by the Directorate-General for Energy: see Court of Auditors, Annual Report for 1994, p.216.
42. At the end of 1996, evaluations had only been made of the 1991 and 1992 TACIS Programmes.