Reproductive ecology of Uapaca kirkiana (Euphorbiaceae) in Malawi, southern Africa

Journal of Tropical Ecology

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 743-760

  Ngulube, Mzoma R ^a   Hall, John B ^b   Maghembe, J A ^c  

^a FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAWI   (Malawi)

^b BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE ICRAF   (Kenya)

Author keywords

Anthesis; Conspecific neighbours; Dioecious; Fruit production; Inflorescence; Phenology; Reproductive biology; Sex ratio; Uapaca

Indexed keywords

POLLINATION; REPRODUCTION; SEX RATIO;

MALAWI;

ALCIDODES; ALCIDODES DENTICULATUS; ANIMALIA; APIS MELLIFERA; APOIDEA; CHELOMENES; CHELOMENES LUNATA; COLEOPTERA; DOTHERA; DOTHERA BENNIGSENI; EUPHORBIA; EUPHORBIACEAE; HEXAPODA; INSECTA; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; MITRACAMENTA; UAPACA; UAPACA KIRKIANA;

EID: 0032413124     PISSN: 02664674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0266467498000546     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. ACKERLY, D. D., RANKIN-DE-MERONA, J. M. & RODRIGUES, W. A. 1990. Tree densities and sex ratios in breeding populations of dioecious Central Amazonian Myristicaceae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6:239-248.
2. ARMSTRONG, J. E., IRVINE, A. K. 1989a. Flowering, sex ratios, pollen ovule ratios, fruit set, and reproductive effort of a dioecious tree, Myristica insipida (Myristicaceae), in two different rain forest communities. American Journal of Botany 76:74-85.
3. ARMSTRONG, J. E. & IRVINE, A. K. 1989b. Floral biology of Myristica insipida (Myristicaceae), a distinct beetle pollination syndrome. American Journal of Botany 76:86-94.
4. BAILLON, H. E. 1858. Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacèes: 595-596. Paris: Librairie de Victor Masson, place de l'École-de-Mèdecine 83: 217-224.
5. BAKER, H. G. 1976. Mistake pollination as a reproductive system, with special reference to the Caricaceae. Pp. 161-170 in Burley, J. & Styles, B. T. (eds). Tropical trees: variation, breeding and conservation. Academic Press, London.
6. BAKER, H. G. 1986. Breeding systems of plants in relation to west African ecology. Pp. 35-45 in Lawson, G. W. (ed.). Plant ecology in West Africa. J. Wiley & Sons, New York.
7. BAKER, H. G., BAWA, K. S., FRANKIE, G. W. & OPLER, P. A. 1983. Reproductive biology of plants in tropical forests. Pp. 182-218 in Golley, F. B. & Lieth, H. L. (eds). Ecosystems of the world: tropical forest ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
8. BAWA, K. S. 1974. Breeding systems of tree species of a lowland tropical community. Evolution 28:85-92.
9. BAWA, K. S. 1980. Mimicry of male by female flowers and intrasexual competition for pollinators in Jacaratia dolichaula (D. Smith) Woodson (Caricaceae). Evolution 34:467-474.
10. BAWA, K. S. & OPLER, P. A. 1975. Dioecism in tropical trees. Evolution 29:167-179.
11. BAWA, K. S. & OPLER, P. A. 1976. Spatial relationships between staminate and pistillate plants of dioecious tropical forest trees. Evolution 31:64-68.
12. BAWA, K. S. & OPLER, P. A. 1977. Spatial relationships between staminate and pistillate plants of dioecious tropical forest trees. Evolution 31: 64-68.
13. BAWA, K. S., BULLOCK, S. H., PERRY, D. R., COVILLE, R. E. & GRAYUM, M. H. 1985. Reproductive biology of tropical lowland rain forest trees. II: Pollination systems. American Journal of Botany 72: 346-356.
14. BAYER, R. J. & STEBBINS, G. L. 1983. Distribution of sexual and apomictic populations of Antennaria parlinii. Evolution 37:555-561.
15. BEACH, J. H. 1981. Pollinator foraging and the evolution of dioecy. American Naturalist 118:572-577.
16. BIERZYCHUK, P. & ECKHART, V. 1988. Spatial segregation of the sexes of diecious plants. American Naturalist 132:34-43.
17. BULLOCK, S. H. 1982. Population structure and reproduction in the neotropic dioecious tree Composoneura sprucei. Oecologia 55:238-242.
18. COX, P. A. 1985. Islands of dioecism: insights of reproductive ecology of Pandanus tectorius in Polynesia. Pp. 359-372 in White, J. (ed.). Studies on plant demography: a festschrift for John L. Harper. Academic Press, London.
19. DAFNI, A. 1992. Pollination ecology, a practical approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 250 pp.
20. DE WILDEMAN, É. 1936. Contributions á l'étude des espèces du genre Uapaca Baill. (Euphorbiacées). Bruxelles: Marcel Hayez, Imprimeur de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, 112, Rue de Louvain, 112.
21. DRUMMOND, R. B. 1981. The common trees of the central watershed woodlands of Zimbabwe. Department of Natural Resources, Harare. 256 pp.
22. DUVIGNEAUD, P. 1949. Les Uapaca Baill. des forest claires du Congo meridional. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal Colonial Belge, 20:863-892.
23. FAO: FOOD AND AGRICUTURE ORGANISATION. 1983. Food and fruit-bearing forest species. I. Examples from eastern Africa. FAO Forestry Paper 44/1:1-172.
24. FEIL, J. P. 1992. Reproductive ecology of dioecious Siparuna (Monimiaceae) in Ecuador - a case of gall midge pollination. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 110:171-203.
25. GOLDSMITH, B. & CARTER, D. T. 1981. The indigenous timbers of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Bulletin of Forestry Research 9. Variprint, Harare. 406 pp.
26. HANS, A. S. 1981. Uapaca kirkiana Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae). Zambia National Council for Scientific Research, Tree Improvement Research Centre, Technical Report. 48 pp.
27. HANS, A. S. & MWAMBA, C. K. 1982. Spatial relationships between male and female trees of Uapaca kirkiana Muell. Arg. Tree Improvement Research Centre, National Council for Scientific Research, Kitwe, Zambia. Research Paper. 13 pp.
28. HARDCASTLE, P. D. 1978. Preliminary silvicultural classification of Malawi. Forestry Research Record No 57. Government Press, Zomba. 194 pp.
29. HOUSE, S. M. 1992. Population density and fruit set in three dioecious tree species in Australian tropical rain forest. Journal of Ecology 80:57-69.
30. HUTCHINSON, J. & DALZIEL, J. M. 1958. Flora of West Tropical Africa. (Volume 1). Crown Agents, London. 828 pp.
31. IGLESIAS, M. C. & BELL G. 1989. The small-scale spatial distribution of male and female plants. Oecologia 80:229-235.
32. KEARNS, C. A. & INOUYE, D. W. 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press, Colorado. 583 pp.
33. MAGHEMBE, J. A., KWESIGA, F., NGULUBE, M., PRINS, H. & MALAYA, F. M. 1994. Domestication potential of indigenous fruit trees of the miombo woodlands of southern Africa. Pp. 220-229 in Leaky, R. R. B. & Newman, B. (eds). Tropical trees: potential for domestication and rebuilding of forest resources. HMSO, London.
34. MALAISSE, F. P. 1974. Phenology of the Zambezian woodland area with emphasis on the miombo ecosystem. Pp. 269-286 in Lieth, H. (ed.). Phenology and seasonally modelling. Springer-Verlag (Berlin).
35. MALAISSE, F. P. & PARENT, G. 1985. Edible wild vegetable products in the Zambezian woodland area: a nutritional and ecological approach. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 18:43-82.
36. MELAMPY, M. N. & HOWE, H. F. 1977. Sex-ratio in the tropical tree Triplaris americana (Polygonaceae). Evolution 31:867-872.
37. MWAMBA, C. K. 1989. An outlook on the role of indigenous fruit trees in agroforestry. Paper presented at the first agroforestry workshop, 16-19 April, 1989, Lusaka, Zambia. 14 pp.
38. NGULUBE, M. R., HALL, J. B. & MAGHEMBE, J. A. 1995. Ecology of a miombo fruit tree: Uapaca kirkiana (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Forest Ecology and Management 77:107-117
39. NGULUBE, M. R., HALL, J. B. & MAGHEMBE J. A. 1996. A review of the silviculture and resource potential of a miombo fruit tree: Uapaca kirkiana (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Tropical Forest Science 8:395-411.
40. OPLER, P. A. & BAWA, K. S. 1978. Sex ratios in tropical trees. Evolution 32: 812-821.
41. PALGRAVE, K. C. 1981. Trees of southern Africa. (2nd Edition) Struik, Cape Town. 959 pp.
42. PIELOU, E. C. 1977. Segregation and symmetry in two-species as studied by nearest-neighbour relationships. Journal of Ecology 60:113-131.
43. PRIMACK, R. B. 1985. Longevity of individual flowers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16:15-37.
44. RADCLIFFE-SMITH, A. 1988. Euphorbiaceae (part 2): Uapaca. Flora of Tropical East Africa Pp. 566-571 in Polhill, R. M. (ed.). Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield.
45. RADCLIFFE-SMITH, A. 1993. Notes on African Euphorbiaceae XXIX: Uapaca. Kew Bulletin 48:611-618.
46. RICHARDS, A. J. 1986. Plant breeding systems. George Allen & Unwin, London. 529 pp.
47. RICHARDS, A. J. 1990. Studies in Garcinia, dioecious tropical forest trees: agamospermy. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 103:233-250.
48. SAKA, J. D.K. & MSONTHI, J. D. 1994. Nutritional value of sixteen edible wild fruits growing in Malawi. Forest Ecology and Management 64:245-248.
49. SEDGELY, M. & GRIFFIN, A. R. 1989. Sexual reproduction of tree crops. Academic Press, London. 378 pp.
50. SEYANI, J. H. 1991. Uapaca kirkiana: under-utilised multipurpose tree species in Malawi worth some development. Paper presented at the international workshop on the biodiversity of traditional and under-utilised crops, 12-15 June 1991, Valletta, Malta. 10 pp.
51. SOKAL, R. R. & ROHLF, F. J. 1995. Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. (2nd Edition). Freeman & Company, New York. 859 pp.
52. STORRS, J. H. 1979. Know your trees: some of the common trees found in Zambia. Zambia Forestry Department, Ndola. 380 pp.
53. STEPHENSON, A. G. 1981. Flower and fruit abortions, proximate causes and ultimate functions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12:253-280.
54. SUTHERLAND, S. 1986. Floral sex ratios, fruit-set, and resource allocation in plants. Ecology 67:991-1001.
55. SYKES, W. R. 1969. Broussonia papyrifera: an unusual case of sex reversion. Journal of the Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture 1:63-67.
56. WEBSTER, G. L. 1994. Synopsis of the genera and suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81:33-144.
57. WHEELWRIGHT, N. T. & BRUNEAU, A. 1992. Population sex ratios and spatial distribution of Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae) trees in a tropical forest. Journal of Ecology 80:425-432.
58. WHITE, F. 1983. The vegetation of Africa. UNESCO. Natural Resources Research 20, 356 pp.
59. WILLSON, M. F. 1983. Plant reproductive ecology. J. Wiley & Sons, London. 346 pp.