Structural and functional evolution of the basal ganglia in vertebrates

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 235-285

  Reiner, Anton ^a   Medina, Loreta ^b   Veenman, C Leo ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MURCIA   (Spain)

^c SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Evolution; Intralaminar nucleus; Motor function; Neurotransmitter; Pallidum; Segmental development; Striatum; Substantia nigra; Ventral tier

Indexed keywords

NEUROTRANSMITTER;

BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY; EVOLUTION; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; HISTOCHEMISTRY; MAMMAL; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NIGRONEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; VERTEBRATE;

ANIMALS; BASAL GANGLIA; EVOLUTION; HUMANS; VERTEBRATES;

EID: 0032411131     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00016-2     Document Type: Review

References (508)

1. Ahlberg P.E. Elginerpeton pancheni and the earliest tetrapod clade. Nature. 373:1995;420-425.
2. Ahlberg P.E., Milner A.R. The origin and early diversification of tetrapods. Nature. 368:1994;507-514.
3. Ahlberg P.E., Clack J.A., Luksevics E. Rapid braincase evolution between Panderichthys and the earliest tetrapods. Nature. 381:1996;61-64.
4. Airhart M.J., Shirk J.O., Kriebel R.M. Telencephalic projections to the goldfish hypothalamus: an anterograde degeneration study. Brain Res. Bull. 20:1988;503-514.
5. Akbas O., Verimer T., Onur R., Kayaalp S.O. The effects of yohimbine and neuroleptics on apomorphine-induced pecking behavior in the pigeon. Neuropharmacology. 23:1984;1261-1264.
6. Albin R.L., Young A.B., Penney J.B. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 12:1989;366-375.
7. Albin R.L., Reiner A., Anderson K.D., Penney J.B., Young A.B. Striatal and nigral neuron subpopulations in rigid Huntington's disease: implications for the functional anatomy of chorea and rigidity-akinesia. Annal. Neurol. 27:1990;357-365.
8. Albin R.L., Young A.B., Penney J.B., Handelin B., Balfour R., Anderson K.D., Markel D.S., Tourtellotte W.W., Reiner A. Striatal enkephalinergic abnormalities and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor abnormalities in a case of presymptomatic Huntington's disease. New Engl. J. Med. 322:1990;1293-1298.
9. Albin R.L., Makowiec R.L., Hollingsworth Z.R., Dure L.S. IV, Penney J.B., Young A.B. Excitatory amino acid binding sites in the basal ganglia of the rat: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Neuroscience. 46:1992;35-48.
10. Albin R.L., Reiner A., Anderson K.D., Dure L.S. IV, Handelin B., Balfour R., Whetsell W.O. Jr., Penney J.B., Young A.B. Preferential loss of striato-external pallidal and striato-nigral projection neurons in presymptomatic Huntington's disease. Annal. Neurol. 31:1992;425-430.
11. Albin R.L., Young A.B., Penney J.B. The functional anatomy of disorders of the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 18:1995;63-64.
12. Aldridge J.W., Thompson J.F., Gilman S. Unilateral striatal lesions in the cat disrupt well-learned motor plans in a GO/NO-GO reaching task. Exp. Brain Res. 113:1997;379-393.
13. Alexander G.E., Crutcher M.D. Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends Neurosci. 13:1990;266-271.
14. A receptor complex β2/3 subunits in the brain of the frog Rana pipiens. Neurosci. Lett. 225:1997;65-68.
15. Ameniya F. Afferent connections to the optic tectum mesencephali in the hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: a HRP study. J. Hirnforschung. 24:1983;225-236.
16. Ameniya F., Northcutt R.G. Afferent and efferent connections of the central prosencephalic nucleus in the Pacific hagfish. Brain Behav. Evol. 47:1996;149-155.
17. Andersen H., Baestrup C., Randrup A. Apomorphine-induced stereotyped biting in the tortoise in relation to dopaminergic mechanisms. Brain Behav. Evol. 11:1975;365-373.
18. Anderson K.D., Reiner A. Extensive co-occurrence of substance P and dynorphin in striatal projection neurons: an evolutionarily conserved feature of basal ganglia organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 295:1990;339-369.
19. Anderson K.D., Reiner A. Distribution and relative abundance of neurons in the pigeon forebrain containing somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, or both. J. Comp. Neurol. 299:1990;261-282.
20. Anderson K.D., Reiner A. Striatonigral projection neurons: a retrograde labeling study of the percentages that contain substance P or enkephalin in pigeons. J. Comp. Neurol. 303:1991;658-673.
21. Anderson K.D., Reiner A. Immunohistochemical localization of DARPP-32 in striatal projection neurons and striatal interneurons: implications for the localization of D1 dopamine receptors on different types of striatal neurons. Brain Res. 568:1991;235-243.
22. Anderson K.D., Karle E.J., Reiner A. Ultrastructural single- and double-label immunohistochemical studies of substance P-containing terminals and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in pigeons. J. Comp. Neurol. 309:1991;341-362.
23. Angulo J.A., McEwen B.S. Molecular aspects of neuropeptide regulation and function in the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. Rev. 19:1994;1-28.
24. Araki M., McGeer P.L., McGeer E.G. Presumptive γ-aminobutyric acid pathways from the midbrain to the superior colliculus studied by combined horseradish peroxidase-γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase pharmacohistochemical method. Neuroscience. 13:1985;433-439.
25. Arends J.J.A., Zeigler H.P. Organization of the cerebellum in the pigeon (Columba livia): II. Projections of the cerebellar nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 306:1991;245-272.
26. Arevalo R., Alonso J.R., Garcia-Ojeda E., Brinson J.G., Crespo C., Aijon J. NADPH-diaphorase in the central nervous system of the tench (Tinca tinca L., 1758). J. Comp. Neurol. 352:1995;398-420.
27. C.U. Ariëns Kappers, G.C. Huber, E.C. Crosby, The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates, Including Man, Hafner, New York, 1936 (reprinted 1960).
28. Arluison M., Dietl M., Thibault J. Ultrastructural morphology of dopaminergic nerve terminals and synapses in the striatum of the rat using tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry: a topographical study. Brain Res. Bull. 13:1984;269-285.
29. Bailhache T., Balthazart J. The catecholaminergic system of the quail brain: immunocytochemical studies of dopamine β-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase. J. Comp. Neurol. 329:1993;230-256.
30. Baker-Cohen F. Comparative enzyme histochemical observations on submammalian brains. Ergebniss Anat. Entwickl. Geschichte. 40:1968;1-70.
31. Ball G.F., Casto J.M., Balthazart J. Autoradiographic localization of D1-like dopamine receptors in the forebrain of male and female Japanese quail and their relationship with immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 9:1995;121-133.
32. A. Barbeau, L. Dallaire, N.T. Buu, F. Veilleux, H. Boyer, J. Donaldson, I. Irwin, E.B. Langston, J.W. Langston, MPTP effects in frogs, in: S. Fahn et al. (Eds.), Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease, Raven Press, New York, 1986, pp. 155-163.
33. 3H] AMPA binding sites Brain Res. 626:1993;259-264.
34. Barrett J.E. Comparison of the effects of antipsychotic drugs on the schedule-controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys and pigeons. Neuropharmacology. 22:1983;519-524.
35. Batten T.F.C., Cambre M.L., Moons L., Vandesande F. Comparative distribution of neuropeptide-immunoreactive systems in the brain of the green molly, Poecilia latipinna. J. Comp. Neurol. 302:1990;893-919.
36. Beal M.F., Tran V.T., Mazurek M.F., Chattha G., Martin J.B. Somatostatin binding sites in human and monkey brain: localization and characterization. J. Neurochem. 46:1986;359-365.
37. Beckstead R.M., Cruz C.J. Striatal axons to the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra come mainly from separate cell populations in cat. Neuroscience. 19:1986;147-158.
38. Beninato M., Spencer R.F. A cholinergic projection to the rat superior colliculus demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol. 253:1986;525-538.
39. Bennett B.D., Bolam J.P. Characterization of calretinin-immunoreactive structures in the striatum of the rat. Brain Res. 609:1993;137-148.
40. Bennis M., Gamrani H., Geffard M., Calas A., Kah O. The distribution of 5HT immunoreactive systems in the brain of a saurian, the chameleon. J. Hirnforschung. 31:1990;563-574.
41. Bennis M., Calas A., Geffard M., Gamrani H. Distribution of GABA immunoreactive systems in the forebrain and midbrain of the chameleon. Brain Res. Bull. 26:1991;891-898.
42. Bennis M., Araneda S., Calas A. Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the chameleon brain. Brain Res. Bull. 34:1994;349-357.
43. Bergquist H., Källén B. Notes on the early histogenesis and morphogenesis of the central nervous system in vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 100:1954;627-659.
44. Bernard V., Gardiol A., Fachueux B., Bloch B., Agid Y., Hirsch E.C. Expression of glutamate receptors in the human and rat basal ganglia: effect of the dopaminergic denervation on AMPA receptor gene expression in the striatopallidal complex in Parkinson's disease and rat with 6OHDA lesion. J. Comp. Neurol. 368:1996;553-568.
45. Besson M.J., Graybiel A.M., Quinn B. Co-expression of neuropeptides in cat striatum: an immunohistochemical study of substance P, dynorphin B and enkephalin. Neuroscience. 39:1990;33-58.
46. Bissoli R., Contestabile A. Evolution of neurotransmitter-related markers in the vertebrate telencephalon. Comparative microchemical study in discrete brain regions of a frog and a turtle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 89C:1988;241-248.
47. Blomqvist A.G., Söderberg C., Lundell I., Milner R.J., Larhammar D. Strong evolutionary conservation of neuropeptide Y: sequences of chicken, goldfish, and Torpedo marmorata DNA clones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;2350-2354.
48. Bolam J.P., Wainer B.H., Smith A.D. Characterization of cholinergic neurons in the rat neostriatum: a combination of choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry, Golgi-impregnation and electron microscopy. Neuroscience. 12:1984;711-712.
49. Bonn U., König B. Distribution of somatostatin (SRIF) in the brain and pituitary of Eigenmannia lineata (Gymnotiformes, teleostei): an immunohistochemical study. J. Hirnforschung. 30:1989;203-212.
50. Bouyer J.J., Park D.H., Joh T.H., Pickel V.M. Chemical and structural analysis of the relation between cortical inputs and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals in rat neostriatum. Brain Res. 302:1984;267-275.
51. Braford M.R., Northcutt R.N. Olfactory bulb projections in the bichir, Polypterus. J. Comp. Neurol. 156:1974;165-178.
52. Braford M.R., Northcutt R.G. Correlation of telencephalic afferents and SDH distribution in the bony fish Polypterus. Brain Res. 152:1978;157-160.
53. Brantley R.K., Bass A.H. Cholinergic neurons in the brain of a teleost fish (Porichthys notatus) located with a monoclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase. J. Comp. Neurol. 275:1988;87-105.
54. Braun K., Scheich H., Braun S., Rogers J.H., Heizmann C.W. Parvalbumin-, calretinin- and calbindin D-28K-immunoreactivity and GABA in a forebrain region involved in auditory filial imprinting. Brain Res. 539:1991;31-44.
55. Brauth S.E. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within the telencephalon of the reptile Caiman crocodilus. Neuroscience. 11:1984;345-358.
56. S.E. Brauth, The organization and projections of the paleostriatal complex in Caiman crocodilus, in: W.K. Schwerdtfeger, W.J.A.J. Smeets (Eds.), The Forebrain of Reptiles: Current Concepts of Structure and Function, Karger, Basel, Switzerland, 1988, pp. 60-76.
57. Brauth S.E., Kitt C.A. The paleostriatal system of Caiman crocodilus. J. Comp. Neurol. 189:1980;437-465.
58. Brauth S.E., Reiner A. Calcitonin-gene related peptide is an evolutionarily conserved marker within the amniote thalamo-telencephalic auditory pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 313:1991;239-279.
59. Brauth S.E., Ferguson J.L., Kitt C.A. Prosencephalic pathways related to the paleostriatum of the pigeon (Columba livia). Brain Res. 147:1978;205-221.
60. Brauth S.E., Reiner A., Kitt C.A., Karten H.J. The substance P-containing striatotegmental path in reptiles: an immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 219:1983;305-327.
61. Brauth S.E., Kitt C.A., Price D.L., Wainer B.H. Cholinergic neurons in the telencephalon of the reptile, Caiman crocodilus. Neurosci. Lett. 58:1985;235-240.
62. Bruce L.L., Butler A.B. Telencephalic connections in lizards: I. Projections to cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 229:1984;585-601.
63. Bruce L.L., Butler A.B. Telencephalic connections in lizards: II. Projections to anterior dorsal ventricular ridge. J. Comp. Neurol. 229:1984;602-615.
64. Brüning G. Localization of NADPH-diaphorase in the brain of the chicken. J. Comp. Neurol. 334:1994;192-208.
65. Brüning G., Wiese S., Mayer B. Nitric oxide synthase in the brain of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. J. Comp. Neurol. 358:1994;353-382.
66. Brüning G., Katzbach R., Mayer B. Histochemical and immunocytochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase in the central nervous system of the goldfish Carassius auratus. J. Comp. Neurol. 348:1995;183-206.
67. Bulfone A., Kim H.J., Puelles L., Porteus M.H., Grippo J.F., Rubenstein J.L.R. The mouse Dlx-2 (Tes-1) gene is expressed in spatially restricted domains of the forebrain, face and limbs in midgestation mouse embryos. Mech. Dev. 40:1993;129-140.
68. Bulfone A., Puelles L., Porteus M.H., Frohman M.A., Martin G.R., Rubenstein J.L.R. Spatially restricted expression of Dlx-1, Dlx-2 (Tes-1), Gbx-2, and Wnt-3 in the embryonic day 12.5 mouse forebrain defines potential transverse and longitudinal segmental boundaries. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;3155-3172.
69. Butler A.B. The evolution of the dorsal thalamus of jawed vertebrates, including mammals: cladistic analysis and a new hypothesis. Brain Res. Rev. 19:1994;29-65.
70. Butler A.B. The evolution of the dorsal pallium in the telencephalon of amniotes: cladistic analysis and a new hypothesis. Brain Res. Rev. 19:1994;66-101.
71. A.B. Butler, W. Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy - Evolution and Adaptation, Wiley-Liss, New York, NY, 1996.
72. J.B. Cabot, A. Reiner, N. Bogan, Avian bulbospinal pathways: anterograde and retrograde studies of cells of origin, funicular trajectories and laminar terminations, in: H.G.J.M. Kuypers, G.F. Martin (Eds.), Progress in Brain Research, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 57 (1982) 79-108.
73. Caballero-Bleda M., Fernandez B., Puelles L. The pretectal complex of the rabbit: distribution of acetylcholinesterase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase activities. Acta Anat. 144:1992;7-16.
74. S.R. Cajal, Histolgie du Systeme Nerveux De L'Homme et des Vertebres, Instituto Ramon Y Cajal, Maloine, Paris, France, 1911.
75. Carpenter M.B., Nakano K., Kim R. Nigrothalamic projections in the monkey demonstrated by autoradiographic techniques. J. Comp. Neurol. 165:1976;401-416.
76. Carraway R.E., Mitra S.P., Duke G.E. A common precursor to neurotensin and LANT6 and its differential processing in chicken tissues. Peptides. 14:1993;1245-1251.
77. Celio M.R. Calbindin D-28K and parvalbumin in the rat nervous system. Neuroscience. 35:1990;375-475.
78. Cepriano L.M., Schreibman M.P. The distribution of neuropeptide Y and dynorphin immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary gland of the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, from birth to sexual maturity. Cell Tiss. Res. 271:1993;87-92.
79. Chang H.T. Substance P-dopamine relationship in the rat substantia nigra: a light and electron microscopy study of double immunocytochemically labeled materials. Brain Res. 448:1988;391-396.
80. Chen Q., Reiner A. Cellular distribution of the NMDA receptor NR2A/2B subunits in the rat striatum. Brain Res. 743:1996;346-352.
81. Chen Q., Veenman C.L., Reiner A. Localization of glutamate receptor subunits on specific striatal neuron types in rat - a double-labeling study. Neuroscience. 73:1996;715-731.
82. Q. Chen, C.L. Veenman, K. Knopp, Z. Yan, L. Medina, W.J. Song, D.J. Surmeier, A. Reiner, Evidence for the preferential localization of GluR1 subunits of AMPA receptors to the dendritic spines of medium spiny neurons in rat striatum, Neuroscience, 1997, in press.
83. Chesselet M.F., Delfs J.M. Basal ganglia and movement disorders: an update. Trends Neurosci. 19:1996;417-422.
84. Chevalier G., Thierry A.M., Shibazaki T., Feher J. Evidence for a GABAergic inhibitory nigrotectal pathway in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 21:1981;67-70.
85. Chevalier G., Vacher S., Deniau J.M. Inhibitory nigral influence on tectospinal neurons, a possible implication of basal ganglia in orienting behavior. Exp. Brain Res. 53:1984;320-326.
86. Chevalier G., Vacher S., Deniau J.M., Desban M. Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions: I. The striato-nigral influence on tectospinal/tectodiencephalic neurons. Brain Res. 334:1985;215-226.
87. Chiba A., Honma Y. Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the brain and hypophysis of the cloudy dogfish, Scyliorhinus torazazame. Cell Tiss. Res. 268:1992;453-461.
88. Chiba A., Honma Y. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive structures in the telencephalon and diencephalon of the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, with special regard to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 57:1994;77-86.
89. Chiba A., Honma Y., Ito S., Honma S. Somatostatin-immunoreactivity in the brain of the gummy shark, Mustelus manazo Bleeker, with special regard to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system. Biomed. Res. 10:1989;1-12. Suppl. 3.
90. Chiba A., Honma Y., Oka S. Immunohistochemical localization of neuropeptide Y-like substance in the brain and hypophysis of the brown hagfish, Paramyxine atami. Cell Tiss. Res. 271:1993;289-295.
91. Ciani F., Franceschini V., Del Grande P. Histochemical and biochemical study on the acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in the brain and spinal cord of frog, Rana esculenta. J. Hirnforschung. 2:1988;157-163.
92. Clairambault P., Christophe N., Pairault C., Ward R., Reperant J. Organization of the serotonergic system in the brain of two amphibian species, Ambystoma mexicanum (Urodela) and Typhlonectes compressicauda (Gymnophiona). Anat. Embryol. 190:1994;87-99.
93. Cone R.I., Goldstein A. A dynorphin-like opioid in the central nervous system of an amphibian. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 79:1982;3345-3349.
94. A. Contestabile, R. Bissoli, R. Niso, Regional distribution of neurotransmitter-related markers: a quantitative microchemical approach to the study of telencephalic evolution, in: W.K. Schwerdtfeger, P. Germroth (Eds.), The Forebrain in Non-mammals: New Aspects of Structure and Function. Experimental Brain Research Series, Vol. 19, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1990, pp. 183-196.
95. Cookson K.K., Hall W.S., Heaton J.T., Brauth S.E. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in vocal control nuclei of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). J. Comp. Neurol. 369:1996;220-235.
96. Corio M., Peute J., Steinbusch H.W.M. Distribution of serotonin- and dopamine-immunoreactivity in the brain of the teleost Claria gariepinus. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 4:1991;79-95.
97. Corio M., Thibault J., Peute J. Distribution of catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems in forebrain and midbrain of the newt, Triturus alpestris (Urodela). Cell Tiss. Res. 268:1992;377-387.
98. Cote P.Y., Sadikot A.F., Parent A. Complementary distribution of calbindin D-28K and parvalbumin in the basal forebrain and midbrain of the squirrel monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci. 3:1991;1316-1329.
99. Covelli V., Memo M., Spano P.F., Trabucchi M. Characterization of dopamine receptors in various species of invertebrates and vertebrates. Neuroscience. 6:1981;2077-2079.
100. Cowan R.C., Wilson C.J., Emson P.C., Heizmann C.W. Parvalbumin containing GABAergic interneurons in the rat neostriatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 302:1990;197-205.
101. Cozzi B., Viglietti-Panzica C., Aste N., Panzica G.C. The serotonergic system in the brain of the japanese quail: an immunohistochemical study. Cell Tiss. Res. 263:1991;271-284.
102. Crossman A.R. A hypothesis on the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie L-dopa- or dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: implications for future strategies in treatment. Movement Disorders. 5:1990;100-108.
103. Csillag A., Szekely A.D., Stewart M.G. Synaptic terminals immunolabeled against glutamate in the lobus parolfactorius of domestic chicks in relation to afferents from archistriatum. Brain Res. 750:1997;171-179.
104. Danger J.M., Guy J., Benyamina M., Jegou S., Leboulenger F., Cote J., Tonon M.C., Pelletier G., Vaudry H. Localization and identification of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the frog brain. Peptides. 6:1985;1225-1236.
105. DeLong M.R. Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci. 13:1990;281-285.
106. M.R. DeLong, G.E. Alexander, S.J. Mitchell, R.T. Richardson, The contribution of basal ganglia to limb control, in: H.J. Freund, U. Büttner, B. Cohen, J. Noth (Eds.), Progress in Brain Research, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol. 64 (1986) 161-174.
107. Demchyshyn L.L., Sugamori K.S., Lee F.J.S., Hamadanizadeh S.A., Niznik H.B. The dopamine D1D receptor: cloning and characterization of three pharmacologically distinct D1-like receptors from Gallus domesticus. J. Biol Chem. 270:1995;4005-4012.
108. Deniau J.M., Chevalier G. The lamellar organization of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata: distribution of projection neurons. Neuroscience. 46:1992;361-377.
109. Díaz C., Yanes C., Trujillo C.M., Puelles L. The lacertilian reticular thalamic nucleus projects topographically upon the dorsal thalamus: experimental study in Gallotia galloti. J. Comp. Neurol. 343:1994;193-208.
110. Dietl M.M., Palacios J.M. Neurotransmitter receptors in the avian brain: I. Dopamine receptors. Brain Res. 439:1988;354-359.
111. Domenici L., Waldvogel H.J., Matute C., Streit P. Distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the pigeon brain. Neuroscience. 25:1988;931-950.
112. Dores R., Gorbman A. Detection of Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin in the brain of the hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 77:1990;489-499.
113. Dores R., McDonald L.K., Steveson T.C., Sei C.A. The molecular evolution of neuropeptides: prospects for the '90s. Brain Behav. Evol. 36:1990;80-99.
114. Dube L., Parent A. The monoamine-containing neurons in avian brain: 1. A study of the brain stem of the chicken (Gallus domesticus) by means of fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol. 196:1981;695-708.
115. Dubé L., Clairambault P., Malacarne G. Striatal afferents in the newt Triturus cristatus. Brain Behav. Evol. 35:1990;212-226.
116. Ebbesson S.O.E., Vanegas H. Projections of the optic tectum in two teleost species. J. Comp. Neurol. 165:1976;161-180.
117. Ehrlich D., Mark R. An atlas of the primary visual projections in the brain of the chick (Gallus gallus). J. Comp. Neurol. 223:1984;611-626.
118. Ekström P. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of a Cyprinid teleost (Phoxinus phoxinus L.). J. Comp. Neurol. 256:1987;494-515.
119. Ekström P., Honkanen T., Steinbusch H.W.M. Distribution of dopamine-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and fibres in the brain of a teleost, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Comparison with tyrosine hydroxylase- and dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 3:1990;233-260.
120. Eldred W.D., Li H.B., Carraway R.E., Dowling J.E. Immunocytochemical localization of LANT6-like immunoreactivity within neurons in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layers in vertebrate retinas. Brain Res. 424:1987;361-370.
121. 125I-CGP 23996) binding sites in the rat brain: comparison with membrane binding Peptides. 6:1985;713-719.
122. J.P. Ewert, Tectal mechanisms that underlie prey catching and avoidance in toads, in: H. Vanegas (Ed.), Comparative Neurology of the Optic Tectum, Plenum, New York, 1984, pp. 247-416.
123. Fiebig E., Ebbesson S.O.E., Meyer D.L. Afferent connections of the optic tectum in the piranha (Serrasalmus natttereri). Cell Tiss. Res. 231:1983;55-72.
124. Figueredo-Cardenas G., Medina L., Reiner A. Calretinin is localized to a unique population of striatal interneurons in rats. Brain Res. 709:1996;145-150.
125. Figueredo-Cardenas G., Morello M., Sancesario G., Bernardi G., Reiner A. Co-localization of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, NADPH-diaphorase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in striatal interneurons in rats. Brain Res. 735:1996;317-324.
126. Finkenstädt T., Ebbesson S.O.E., Ewert J.P. Projections to the midbrain tectum in Salamandra salamandra L. Cell Tiss. Res. 234:1983;39-55.
127. Forey P., Janvier P. Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature. 361:1993;129-133.
128. Forey P., Janvier P. Evolution of the early vertebrates. Scientific American. 82:1994;554-565.
129. Fowler M., Reiner A. Immunolocalization of glutamate and glutamate receptors in thalamocortical, thalamostriatal and corticostriatal systems in turtles. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21:1995;1836.
130. Franzoni M.F., Morino P. The distribution of GABA-like-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of the newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex, and the green frog, Rana esculenta. Cell Tiss. Res. 255:1989;155-166.
131. Franzoni M.F., Thibault J., Fasolo A., Martinoli M.G., Scaranari F., Calas A. Organization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive neurons in the brain of the crested newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex. J. Comp. Neurol. 251:1986;121-134.
132. Freund T.F., Powell J.F., Smith A.D. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive boutons in synaptic contact with identified striatonigral neurons, with particular reference to dendritic spines. Neuroscience. 13:1984;1189-1215.
133. García-Fernández J.M., del Brío M.A., Cernuda R., Coto A., Riera P. Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the brain of Salmo salar and Gambusia affinis. Histol. Histopathol. 7:1992;385-392.
134. G. Gargiulo, G. Nistico, D. Rotiroti, R. Silvestri, J.D. Stephenson, Stereotyped behavior in fowls elicited by apomorphine given into the optic ventricle and into the nucleus spiriformis lateralis, Br. J. Pharmacol. 72 (1981) 124 pp.
135. Gerfen C.R. Synaptic organization of the striatum. J. Electron Microscopic Techniques. 10:1988;265-281.
136. Gerfen C.R. The neostriatal mosaic: multiple levels of compartmental organization in the basal ganglia. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15:1992;285-320.
137. Gerfen C.R., Young W.S. Distribution of striatonigral and striatopallidal peptidergic neurons in both patch and matrix compartments: an in situ hybridization histochemistry and fluorescence retrograde tracing study. Brain Res. 460:1988;161-167.
138. Gerfen C.R., Baimbridge K.G., Miller J. The neostriatal mosaic: compartmental distribution of calcium binding protein and parvalbumin in the basal ganglia of the rat and monkey. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82:1985;8780-8784.
139. C.R. Gerfen, K.A. Keefe, H. Steiner, D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-mediated gene regulation in the striatum, in: K. Merchant (Ed.), Pharmacological Regulation of Gene Expression in the CNS, CRC Press, New York, NY, 1996, pp. 3-24.
140. González A., Smeets W.J.A.J. Comparative analysis of dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities in the brain of two amphibians, the anuran Rana ridibunda and the urodele Pleurodeles waltlii. J. Comp. Neurol. 303:1991;457-477.
141. A. González, W.J.A.J. Smeets, Catecholamine systems in the CNS of amphibians, in: W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner (Eds.), Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 77-102.
142. González A., Russchen F.T., Lohman A.H.M. Afferent connections of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens in the lizard Gekko gecko. Brain Behav. Evol. 36:1990;39-58.
143. González A., Muñoz M., Muñoz A., Marin O., Smeets W.J.A.J. On the basal ganglia of amphibians: dopaminergic mesostriatal projections. Eur. J. Morphol. 32:1994;2-4.
144. Goodman I.J., Stitzel R.E. Corpus striatal (paleostriatal complex) interventions and stereotyped behavior in pigeons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 3:1977;37.
145. Goodman I.J., Zacny A., Osman A., Azzaro A., Donovan C. Lesion-produced telencephalic catecholamine imbalances and altered operant pecking rates in pigeons. Physiol. Behav. 29:1982;1045-1050.
146. Goodman I.J., Zacny A., Osman A., Azzaro A., Donovan C. Dopaminergic nature of feeding-induced behavioral stereotypies in stressed pigeons. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 18:1983;153-158.
147. Götz T., Kraushaar U., Geiger J., Lübke J., Berger T., Jones P. Functional properties of AMPA and NMDA receptors expressed in identified types of basal ganglia neurons. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;204-215.
148. Graybiel A.M. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 13:1990;244-253.
149. Greenberg N., MacLean P.D., Ferguson J.L. Role of the paleostriatum in species-typical behavior of the lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Brain Res. 172:1979;229-241.
150. N. Greenberg, E. Font, R.C. Switzer, The reptilian striatum revisited: studies on Anolis lizards, in: W.K. Schwerdtfeger, W.J.A.J. Smeets (Eds.), The Forebrain of Reptiles: Current Concepts of Structure and Function, Karger, Basel, Switzerland, 1988, pp. 162-177.
151. N. Greenberg, G.M. Burghardt, D. Crews, E. Font, R.E. Jones, G. Vaughan, Reptile models for biomedical research, in: A.D. Woodhead (Ed.), Non-mammalian Animal Models for Biomedical Research, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989, pp. 289-308.
152. Groenewegen H.J., Berendse H.W. The specificity of the 'non-specific' midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;52-57.
153. Grofova I. The identification of striatal and pallidal neurons projecting to substantia nigra. An experimental study by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res. 91:1975;286-291.
154. Haber S., Groenewegen H.J. Interrelationship of the distribution of neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the human substantia nigra. J. Comp. Neurol. 290:1989;53-68.
155. Haber S.N., Nauta W.J.H. Ramifications of the globus pallidus in the rat as indicated by patterns of immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience. 9:1983;245-260.
156. Halpern M. Some connections of the telencephalon of the frog, Rana pipiens. Brain Behav. Evol. 6:1972;42-68.
157. 3H] GABA in the striatotegmental system of the pigeon Brain Res. 310:1984;157-163.
158. Harrison M.B., Wiley R.G., Wooten G.F. Selective localization of striatal D1 receptors to striatonigral neurons. Brain Res. 528:1990;317-322.
159. Harrison M.B., Wiley R.G., Wooten G.F. Changes in D2 but not D1 receptor binding in the striatum following a selective lesion of striatopallidal neurons. Brain Res. 590:1992;305-310.
160. Hedges S.B., Hass C.A., Maxson L.R. Relations of fish and tetrapods. Nature. 363:1993;501-502.
161. L. Heimer, G.F. Alheid, L. Zaborszky, Basal ganglia, in: G. Paxinos (Ed.), The Rat Nervous System, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1985, pp. 37-86.
162. H.C. Hemmings Jr., A.C. Nairn, J.A. Bibb, P. Greengard, Signal transduction in the striatum: DARPP32, a molecular integrator of multiple signaling pathways, in: M.A. Ariano, D.J. Surmeier (Eds.), Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neostriatal Function, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1995, pp. 283-297.
163. W. Hennig, Phylogenetic Systematics, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, 1966.
164. Henselmans J.M.L., Wouterlood F.G. Light and electron microscopic characterization of cholinergic and dopaminergic structures in the striatal complex and the dorsal ventricular ridge of the lizard Gekko gecko. J. Comp. Neurol. 345:1994;69-83.
165. Hersch S.M., Ciliax B.J., Gutekunst C.A., Rees H.D., Heilman C.J., Yung K.K.L., Bolam J.P., Ince E., Yi H., Levey A.I. EM analysis of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor proteins in the dorsal striatum and their synaptic relationships with motor corticostriatal afferents. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;5222-5237.
166. M. Hildebrand, D.M. Bramble, K.F. Liem, D.B. Wake, Functional Vertebrate Morphology, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985.
167. Hoheisel V.G., Petter H., Sterba G. Somatostatin im gehirn des bachneunauges (Lampetra planeri Bloch). Acta Histochem. 33:1986;S259-264. Suppl.-Band.
168. T. Hökfelt, R. Martensson, A. Björklund, S. Kleinau, M. Goldstein, Distributional maps of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain, in: A. Björklund, T. Hökfelt (Ed.), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 2, Classical Transmitter in the CNS, Part I, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984, pp. 277-379.
169. Holcombe V., Hall W.C. The laminar origin of the ipsilateral tectopontine pathways. Neuroscience. 6:1981;255-260.
170. Holcombe V., Hall W.C. The laminar origin and distribution of the crossed tectoreticular pathways. J. Neurosci. 1:1981;1103-1112.
171. Hoogland P.V. Efferent connections of the striatum in Tupinambis nigropunctatus. J. Morphol. 152:1977;229-246.
172. Hoogland P.V. Spinothalamic projections in a lizard, Varanus exanthematicus: a HRP study. J. Comp. Neurol. 198:1981;7-12.
173. Hoogland P.V., Vermeulen-VanderZee E. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the telencephalon of the lizard Gekko gecko. Brain Behav. Evol. 36:1990;378-390.
174. Hornby P.J., Piekut D.T., Demski L.S. Localization of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in the goldfish brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 261:1987;1-14.
175. Huerta M.F., Harting J.K. The projection of the nucleus of the posterior commissure to the superior colliculus of the cat: patch-like endings within the intermediate and deep grey layers. Brain Res. 238:1982;426-432.
176. M.F. Huerta, J.K. Harting, The mammalian superior colliculus: studies of its morphology and connections, in: H. Vanegas (Ed.), Comparative Morphology of the Optic Tectum, Plenum, New York, 1984, pp. 687-773.
177. S.P. Hunt, N. Brecha, The avian optic tectum: a synthesis of morphology and biochemistry, in: H. Vanegas (Ed.), Comparative Neurology of the Optic Tectum, Plenum, New York, 1984, pp. 619-648.
178. Hutchins B., Weber J.T. The pretectal complex of the monkey: a reinvestigation of the morphology and retinal terminations. J. Comp. Neurol. 232:1985;425-442.
179. Ilinsky I.A., Jouandet M.L., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Organization of the nigrothalamo-cortical system in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 236:1985;315-330.
180. Inagaki S., Parent A. Distribution of substance P and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra of rat, cat and monkey. Brain Res. Bull. 13:1984;319-329.
181. Inagaki S., Senba E., Shiosaka S., Takagi H., Kawai Y., Takatsuki K., Sakanaka M., Matsuzaki T., Tohyama M. Regional distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the frog brain and spinal cord: immunohistochemical analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 201:1981;243-254.
182. Inagaki S., Shiosaka S., Takatsuki K., Sakanaka M., Takagi H., Kawai Y., Senba E., Matsuzaki T., Tohyama M. Distribution of somatostatin in the frog brain, Rana catesbiana, in relation to location of catecholamine-containing neuron system. J. Comp. Neurol. 202:1981;89-101.
183. Inagaki S., Kubota Y., Kito S. Ultrastructural localization of enkephalin immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra of the monkey. Brain Res. 362:1986;171-174.
184. D.J. Ingle, Brain mechanisms of visual localization in frogs and toads, in: J.P. Ewert, R.R. Capranica, D.J. Ingle (Eds.), Advances in Vertebrate Neurobiology, Plenum, New York, 1986, pp. 177-226.
185. Jaber M., Robinson S.W., Missale C., Caron M.G. Dopamine receptors and brain function. Neuropharmacology. 35:1996;1503-1519.
186. Jensen J., Conlon J.M. Substance P-related and neurokinin-A-related peptides from the brain of the cod and trout. Eur. J. Biochem. 206:1992;659-664.
187. Jimenez-Castellanos J., Graybiel A.M. Subdivisions of the dopamine-containing A8-A9-A10 complex identified by their differential mesostriatal innervation of striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix. Neuroscience. 23:1987;223-242.
188. Johnston S.A., Maler L., Tinner B. The distribution of serotonin in the brain of Apteronotis leptorhynchus: an immunohistochemical study. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 3:1990;429-465.
189. Jones E.G., Leavitt R.Y. Retrograde axonal transport and the demonstration of non-specific projections to the cerebral cortex and striatum from thalamic intralaminar nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 154:1974;349-378.
190. Källén B. Embryological studies on the nuclei and their homologization in the vertebrate forebrain. K. Fysiogr. Saellsk. Handl. 62:1951;1-36.
191. Källén B. On the ontogeny of the reptilian forebrain: nuclear structures and ventricular sulci. J. Comp. Neurol. 95:1951;307-347.
192. Källén B. Embryologenesis of brain nuclei in the chick telencephalon. Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte. 36:1962;62-82.
193. Kanaseki T., Sprague J.M. Anatomical organization of pretectal nuclei and tectal laminae in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 158:1974;319-338.
194. Karle E.J., Anderson K.D., Reiner A. Ultrastructural double-labeling directly reveals synaptic contact between dopaminergic terminals and substance P-containing striatal neurons in pigeons. Brain Res. 572:1992;303-309.
195. Karle E.J., Anderson K.D., Reiner A. Dopaminergic terminals form synaptic contacts with enkephalinergic striatal neurons in pigeons: an electron microscopic study. Brain Res. 646:1994;149-156.
196. Karle E.J., Anderson K.D., Reiner A. Comparison of dopaminergic input to ENK+ vs. SP+ striatal neurons at the EM level. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:1994;783.
197. Karle E.J., Anderson K.D., Medina L., Reiner A. Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study of dopaminergic terminals in pigeon striatum using antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine. J. Comp. Neurol. 369:1996;109-124.
198. Karten H.J. Efferent projections of the wulst of the owl. Anat. Rec. 169:1971;353.
199. Karten H.J. Homology and the evolutionary origins of the 'neocortex'. Brain Behav. Evol. 38:1991;264-272.
200. Karten H.J., Dubbeldam J.L. The organization and projections of the paleostriatal complex in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 148:1973;61-90.
201. H.J. Karten, W. Hodos, A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Brain of the Pigeon (Columba livia), Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD, 1967.
202. Karten H.J., Hodos W., Nauta W.J.H., Rezvin A.M. Neural connections of the 'visual Wulst' of the avian telencephalon: experimental studies in the pigeon (Columba livia) and owl (Speotyto cunicularia). J. Comp. Neurol. 150:1973;253-278.
203. Keyser A. The development of the diencephalon of the Chinese hamster: an investigation of the validity of the criteria of subdivision of the brain. Acta Anat. (Basel). 83:1972;1-178. Suppl. 59.
204. Kharazia V.N., Schmidt H.H.H.W., Weinberg R.J. Type I nitric oxide synthase fully accounts for NADPH-diaphorase in rat striatum, but not cortex. Neuroscience. 62:1994;983-987.
205. Kicliter E. Some telencephalic connections in the frog, Rana pipiens. J. Comp. Neurol. 185:1979;75-86.
206. Kiehn O., Rostrup E., Møller M. Monoaminergic systems in the brainstem and spinal cord of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans as revealed by antibodies against serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase. J. Comp. Neurol. 325:1992;527-547.
207. Kita H. Parvalbumin-immunopositive neurons in rat globus pallidus: a light and electron microscopic study. Brain Res. 657:1994;31-41.
208. Kita H., Kitai S.T. Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the rat: light and electron microscopic analysis with the PHA-L method. J. Comp. Neurol. 260:1987;435-452.
209. Kita H., Kitai S.T. Glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactive neurons in rat neostriatum: their morphological types and populations. Brain Res. 447:1988;346-352.
210. K. Kitahama, I. Nagatsu, J. Pearson, Catecholamine systems in mammalian midbrain and hindbrain: theme and variations, in: W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner (Eds.), Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 183-205.
211. S.T. Kitai, Electrophysiology of the corpus striatum and brain stem integrating systems, Handbook of Physiology - The Nervous System II, American Physiol. Soc., 1980, pp. 997-1015.
212. S.T. Kitai, H. Kita, Anatomy and physiology of the subthalamic nucleus: a driving force of the basal ganglia, in: M.B. Carpenter, A. Jaraman (Eds.), The Basal Ganglia: II. Structure and Function: Current Concepts, Plenum, New York, 1987, pp. 357-373.
213. Kitt C.A., Brauth S.E. Projections of the paleostriatum upon the midbrain tegmentum in the pigeon. Neuroscience. 6:1981;1551-1566.
214. Kitt C.A., Brauth S.E. A paleostriatal-thalamic-telencephalic path in pigeons. Neuroscience. 7:1982;2735-2751.
215. Kitt C.A., Brauth S.E. Telencephalic projections from midbrain and isthmal cell groups in the pigeon: I. Locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 247:1986;69-91.
216. Kitt C.A., Brauth S.E. Telencephalic projections from midbrain and isthmal cell groups in the pigeon: II. The nigral complex. J. Comp. Neurol. 247:1986;92-110.
217. Kokoros J.J., Northcutt R.G. Telencephalic efferents of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum (Green). J. Comp. Neurol. 173:1977;613-628.
218. Korzeniewska E., Güntürkün O. Sensory properties and afferents of the n. dorsolateralis posterior thalami of the pigeon. J. Comp. Neurol. 292:1990;457-479.
219. Kubota Y., Inagaki S., Kito S. Innervation of substance P neurons by catecholaminergic terminals in the neostriatum. Brain Res. 375:1986;163-167.
220. Kubota Y., Inagaki S., Kito S., Takagi H., Smith A.D. Ultrastructural evidence of dopaminergic input to enkephalinergic neurons in rat neostriatum. Brain Res. 367:1986;374-378.
221. Kuenzel W.J., Kirtinitis J., Saidel W. Comparison of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) vs. dopamine (DA) specific antibody procedures for mapping DA-containing perikarya throughout the chick brain. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 18:1992;329.
222. Künzle H., Woodson W. Mesodiencephalic and other target regions of ascending spinal projections in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. J. Comp. Neurol. 212:1982;349-364.
223. Kusunoki T., Kadota T., Kishida R. Chemoarchitectonics of the forebrain of the hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri. J. Hirnforschung. 22:1981;285-298.
224. Lagares C., Caballero-Bleda M., Fernandez B., Puelles L. Reciprocal connections between the rabbit suprageniculate pretectal nucleus and the superior colliculus: tracer study with horseradish peroxidase and fluorogold. Visual Neuroscience. 11:1994;347-353.
225. Langley K.C., Bergson C., Greengard P., Ouimet C.C. Co-localization of the D1 dopamine receptor in a subset of DARPP-32-containing neurons in rat caudate-putamen. Neuroscience. 78:1997;977-983.
226. Laquerriere A., Leroux P., Gonzalez B.J., Bodenant C., Benoit R., Vaudry H. Distribution of somatostatin receptors in the brain of the frog Rana ribibunda: correlation with the localization of somatostatin-containing neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 280:1989;451-467.
227. Lavoie B., Parent A. Immunohistochemical study of the serotonergic innervation of the basal ganglia in the squirrel monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 299:1990;85-91.
228. Lázár G., Toth P., Csank G., Kicliter E. Morphology and location of tectal projection neurons in frogs: a study with HRP and cobalt-filling. J. Comp. Neurol. 215:1983;108-120.
229. Lázár G., Maderdrut J.L., Merchenthaler I. Some enkephalinergic pathways in the brain of Rana esculenta: an experimental analysis. Brain Res. 521:1990;238-246.
230. Lázár G., Maderdrut J.L., Trasti S.L., Liposits Z., Tóth P., Kozicz P., Merchenthaler I. Distribution of proneuropeptide Y-derived peptides in the brain of Rana esculenta and Xenopus laevis. J. Comp. Neurol. 327:1993;551-571.
231. Lee T., Kaneko T., Taki K., Mizuno N. Preprodynorphin-, preproenkephalin and preprotachykinin-expressing neurons in the rat neostriatum: an analysis by immunocytochemistry and retrograde tracing. J. Comp. Neurol. 386:1997;229-244.
232. Lembeck F., Barnatzky G., Gamse R., Saria A. Characterization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in submammalian species by high performance liquid chromatography. Peptides. 6:1985;231-236.
233. León-Olea M., Sánchez-Alvarez M., Pellizer F., Talavera E., Sánchez-Islas E., Martínez-Lorenzana G. Distribution of nitric oxide producing neurons in the CNS of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:1994;1170.
234. 5-enkephalin afferents to midbrain dopaminergic neurons: light and electron microscopic examination. J. Comp. Neurol. 332:1993;269-281.
235. Lindberg I. On the evolution of proenkephalin. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 7:1986;216-217.
236. Linn C.S., May P.J., Hall W.C. Non-intralaminar thalamostriatal projections in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinesis) and tree shrew (Tupaia glis). J. Comp. Neurol. 230:1984;33-46.
237. Luiten P.G.M. Afferent and efferent connections of the optic tectum in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Brain Res. 220:1981;51-65.
238. Lumsden A., Keynes R. Segmental patterns of neuronal development in the chick hindbrain. Nature. 337:1989;424-428.
239. MacLean P.D. Role of pallidal projections in species-typical display behavior of squirrel monkey. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 100:1975;110-113.
240. MacLeod N.K., James T.A., Kilatrick I.C., Starr M.S. Evidence for a GABAergic nigrothalamic pathway in the rat: II. Electrophysiological studies. Exp. Brain Res. 40:1980;55-61.
241. Mahalik T.J. Direct demonstration of interactions between substance P immunoreactive terminals and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra of the rat: an ultrastructural study. Synapse. 2:1988;508-515.
242. Manso M.J., Becerra M., Molist P., Rodriguez-Moldes I., Anadon R. Distribution and development of catecholaminergic neurons in the brain of the trout: a tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical study. J. Hirnforschung. 34:1993;239-260.
243. Marin O., Gonzalez A., Smeets W.J.A.J. Basal ganglia organization in amphibians: afferent connections to the striatum and the nucleus accumbens. J. Comp. Neurol. 378:1997;16-49.
244. Marin O., Smeets W.J.A.J., Gonzalez A. Basal ganglia organization in amphibians: catecholaminergic innervation of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens. J. Comp. Neurol. 378:1997;50-69.
245. Marin O., Gonzalez A., Smeets W.J.A.J. Basal ganglia organization in amphibians: efferent connections of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens. J. Comp. Neurol. 380:1997;23-50.
246. Marin O., Smeets W.J.A.J., Gonzalez A. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the brain of Anuran (Rana perezi, Xenopus laevis) and Urodele (Pleurodeles waltl) amphibians. J. Comp. Neurol. 382:1997;499-534.
247. Marin O., Smeets W.J.A.J., Gonzalez A. Basal ganglia organization in amphibians: development of the striatal and nucleus accumbens connections with emphasis on the catecholinergic inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 378:1997;16-49.
248. O. Marin, W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Gonzalez, Basal ganglia organization in amphibians: (immuno)histochemical compartmentalization, J. Comp. Neurol., 1997, in press.
249. Marsden C.D. The mysterious motor functions of the basal ganglia: the Robert Wartenberg lecture. Neurology. 32:1982;514-539.
250. Martens G.J.M., Herbert E. Polymorphism and absence of Leu-enkephalin sequences in pro-enkephalin genes in Xenopus laevis. Nature (London). 310:1984;251-254.
251. M. Martinez-de-la-Torre, Estructura de mesencéfalo y diencéfalo en aves y reptiles: aportaciones a una sintesis en la búsqueda de homologías, Doctoral Thesis, University of Murcia, Spain, 1985.
252. Martinoli M.G., Dubourg P., Gefard M., Calas A., Kah O. Distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the forebrain of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Cell Tiss. Res. 260:1990;77-84.
253. Masino T., Grobstein P. The organization of descending tectofugal pathways underlying orienting in the frog, Rana pipiens: I. Lateralization, parcellation and an intermediate spatial representation. Exp. Brain Res. 75:1989;227-244.
254. Masino T., Grobstein P. The organization of descending tectofugal pathways underlying orienting in the frog, Rana pipiens: I. Evidence for the involvement of a tectotegmento-spinal pathway. Exp. Brain Res. 75:1989;245-264.
255. Masino T., Grobstein P. Tectal connectivity in the frog Rana pipiens: tectotegmental projections and a general analysis of topographic organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 291:1990;103-127.
256. May P.J., Hall W.C. Relationships between the nigrotectal pathway and cells of origin of the predorsal bundle. J. Comp. Neurol. 226:1984;357-376.
257. May P.J., Hall W.C. The sources of the nigrotectal pathway. Neuroscience. 19:1986;159-180.
258. McClellan A.D., Farel P.B. Pharmacological activation of locomotor patterns in larval and adult frog spinal cords. Brain Res. 332:1985;119-130.
259. McGeorge A.J., Faull R.L.M. The organization of the projection from the cerebral cortex to the striatum in the rat. Neuroscience. 29:1989;503-537.
260. McRitchie D.A., Harman C.D., Halliday G.M. Cytoarchitectural distribution of calcium binding proteins in the midbrain dopaminergic regions of rats and humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 364:1996;121-150.
261. Meador-Woodruff J.H., Mansour A., Healy D.J., Kuehn R., Zhou Q.-Y., Bunzow J.R., Akil H., Civelli O., Watson S.J. Comparison of distributions of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNAs in rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 5:1991;231-242.
262. Medina L., Reiner A. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the pigeon brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 342:1994;497-537.
263. Medina L., Reiner A. Neurotransmitter organization and connectivity of the basal ganglia in vertebrates: implications for the evolution of the basal ganglia. Brain Behav. Evol. 46:1995;235-258.
264. Medina L., Reiner A. Immunohistochemical characterization of the striatal input to neurons of the dorsal pallidum in pigeon, with particular emphasis on pallido-thalamic neurons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:1996;674.
265. Medina L., Reiner A. The efferent projections of the dorsal and ventral pallidal parts of the pigeon basal ganglia, studied with biotinylated dextran amine. Neuroscience. 81:1997;773-802.
266. Medina L., Smeets W.J.A.J. Comparative aspects of the basal ganglia-tectal pathways in reptiles. J. Comp. Neurol. 308:1991;614-629.
267. Medina L., Smeets W.J.A.J. Cholinergic, monoaminergic and peptidergic innervation of the primary visual centers in the brain of the lizards Gekko gecko and Gallotia galloti. Brain Behav. Evol. 40:1992;157-181.
268. Medina L., Martí E., Artero C., Fasolo A., Puelles L. Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the lizard Gallotia galloti. J. Comp. Neurol. 319:1992;387-405.
269. Medina L., Smeets W.J.A.J., Hoogland P.V., Puelles L. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the brain of the lizard Gallotia galloti. J. Comp. Neurol. 331:1993;261-285.
270. Medina L., Puelles L., Smeets W.J.A.J. Development of catecholamine systems in the brain of the lizard Gallotia galloti. J. Comp. Neurol. 350:1994;41-62.
271. Medina L.M., Anderson K.D., Karle E.J., Reiner A. An ultrastructural double-label immunohistochemical study of the enkephalinergic input to dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in pigeons. J. Comp. Neurol. 357:1995;408-432.
272. Medina L., Veenman C.L., Reiner A. New evidence for an avian dorsal thalamic center comparable to the mammalian VA/VL nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 384:1997;86-108.
273. Medina L., Reiner A., Veenman C.L., Puelles L. Identification of the anterior nucleus of the ansa lenticularis (ALa) in birds as the homologue of the mammalian subthalamic nucleus. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23:1997;. in press.
274. Medina M., Reperant J., Dufour S., Ward R., Le Belle N., Miceli D. The distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of the silver eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Anat. Embryol. 189:1994;25-39.
275. J. Meek, Catecholamines in the brains of Osteichthyes (bony fishes), in: W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner (Eds.), Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 49-76.
276. Meek J., Joosten H.W.J. Distribution of serotonin in the brain of the mormyrid teleost Gnathonemus petersii. J. Comp. Neurol. 281:1989;206-224.
277. Meek J., Joosten H.W.J., Steinbusch H.W.M. Distribution of dopamine immunoreactivity in the brain of the mormyrid teleost Gnathonemus petersii. J. Comp. Neurol. 281:1989;362-383.
278. Merchenthaler I., Lázár G., Maderdrut J.L. Distribution of proenkephalin-derived peptides in the brain of Rana esculenta. J. Comp. Neurol. 281:1989;23-39.
279. Meredith G., Smeets W.J.A.J. Immunocytochemical analysis of the dopamine system in the forebrain and midbrain of Raja radiata: evidence for a substantia nigra and a ventral tegmental area in cartilaginous fish. J. Comp. Neurol. 265:1987;530-548.
280. Miceli D., Repérant J. Telencephalic afferent projections from the diencephalon and brainstem in the pigeon: a retrograde multiple-label fluorescent study. Exp. Biol. 44:1985;71-99.
281. Miceli D., Repérant J., Villalobos J., Dionne L. Extratelencephalic projections of the avian visual wulst: a quantitative autoradiographic study in the pigeon Columba livia. J. Hirnforschung. 28:1987;45-57.
282. Molist P., Rodríguez-Moldes I., Anadón R. Organization of catecholaminergic systems in the hypothalamus of two elasmobranch species, Raja undulata and Scyliorhinus canicula: a histofluorescence and immunohistochemical study. Brain Behav. Evol. 41:1993;290-302.
283. Molnar M., Casini G., Davis B.M., Bagnoli P., Brecha N. Distribution of proenkephalin mRNA in the chicken and pigeon telencephalon. J. Comp. Neurol. 348:1994;419-432.
284. L. Moons, J. van Gils, E. Ghijsels, F. Vandesande, Immunocytochemical localization of L-dopa and dopamine in the brain of the chicken (Gallus domesiticus), J. Comp. Neurol., 346, 97-118.
285. Mufson E.J., Desan P.H., Mesulam M.M., Wainer B.H., Levey A.I. Choline acetyl-transferase-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain of the red-eared pond turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans). Brain Res. 323:1984;103-108.
286. Munoz M., Munoz A., Marin O., Alonso J.R., Arevalo R., Porteros A., Gonzalez A. Topographical distribution of NADPH-diaphorase activity in the central nervous system of the frog, Rana perezi. J. Comp. Neurol. 367:1996;54-69.
287. T. Naitoh, M. Imamura, R.J. Wassersug, Interspecific variation in the emetic response of anurans, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C., 100 (191) 353-359.
288. Naujoks-Manteuffel C., Manteuffel G. Internuclear connections between the pretectum and the accessory optic system in Salamandra salamandra. Cell Tiss. Res. 243:1986;595-602.
289. Naujoks-Manteuffel C., Himstedt W., Gläsener-Cipollone G. Distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of adult and developing salamanders (Pleurodeles waltli, Triturus alpestris). Cell Tiss. Res. 276:1994;485-501.
290. W.J.H. Nauta, H.J. Karten, A general profile of the vertebrate brain, with sidelights on the ancestry of cerebral cortex, in: F.O. Schmitt (Ed.), The Neurosciences: Second Study Program, The Rockefeller Univ. Press, New York, NY, 1970, pp. 7-26.
291. Neary T.J., Wilczynski W. Descending inputs to the optic tectum in ranid frogs. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 6:1980;629.
292. R. Nieuwenhuys, The interpretation of cell masses in the teleostean forebrain, in: R. Hassler, H. Stephan (Eds.), Evolution of the Forebrain, G. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1966, pp. 32-39.
293. Nieuwenhuys R. A survey of the structure of the forebrain in higher bony fishes (Osteichthyes). Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 167:1969;31-64.
294. R. Nieuwenhuys, J. Meek, The telencephalon of actinopterygian fishes, in: E.G. Jones, A. Peters (Eds.), Cerebral Cortex: 1. Non-mammalian Vertebrates, Vol. 8A, Plenum, New York, 1990, pp. 31-73.
295. R. Nieuwenhuys, J. Meek, The telencephalon of sarcopterygian fishes, in: E.G. Jones, A. Peters (Eds.), Cerebral Cortex: 1. Non-mammalian Vertebrates, Vol. 8A, Plenum, New York, 1990, pp. 75-106.
296. Nistico G., Stephenson J.D. Dopaminergic mechanisms in birds. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 11:1979;555-570.
297. G. Nistico, D. Rotiroti, J.D. Stephenson, Neurotransmitters and stereotyped behavior in birds, in: G. Nistico, L. Bolis (Eds.), Progress in Non-mammalian Brain Research, Vol. II, CRC Press, New York, NY, 1983, pp. 89-105.
298. Noden D.M. Vertebrate craniofacial development: the relation between ontogenetic process and morphological outcome. Brain Behav. Evol. 38:1991;190-225.
299. Northcutt R.G. Some histochemical observations on the telencephalon of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw. J. Comp. Neurol. 157:1974;379-390.
300. Northcutt R.G. Localization of neurons afferent to the telencephalon in a primitive bony fish Polypterus palmas. Neurosci. Lett. 22:1981;219-222.
301. Northcutt R.G. Evolution of the telencephalon in non-mammals. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 4:1981;301-350.
302. Northcutt R.G. Evolution of the vertebrate nervous system: patterns and processes. Am. Zool. 24:1984;701-716.
303. R.G. Northcutt, M.R. Braford, New observations on the organization and evolution of the telencephalon in actinopterygian fishes, in: S.O.E. Ebbesson (Ed.), Comparative Neurology of the Telencephalon, Plenum, New York, 1980, pp. 41-98.
304. Northcutt R.G., Butler A.B. Projections of the optic tectum in the Longnose Gar, Lepisosteus osseus. Brain Res. 190:1980;333-346.
305. Northcutt R.G., Reiner A., Karten H.J. Immunohistochemical study of the telencephalon of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias. J. Comp. Neurol. 277:1988;250-267.
306. Nottebohm F., Stokes T.M., Leonard C.M. Central control of song in the canary. J. Comp. Neurol. 165:1976;457-486.
307. Nozaki M., Gorbman A. Occurrence and distribution of substance P-related immunoreactivity in the brain of adult lampreys, Petromyzon marinus and Entosphenus tridentus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 62:1986;217-229.
308. Nozaki M., Tsukahara T., Kobayashi H. An immunohistochemical study on the distribution of neuropeptides in the brain of certain species of fish. Biomed. Res. 4:1984;135-145.
309. Numan S., Lundgren K.H., Wright D.E., Herman J.P., Seroogy K.B. Increased expression of 5HT2 receptor mRNA in rat striatum following 6OHDA lesions of the adult nigrostriatal pathway. Mol. Brain Res. 29:1995;391-396.
310. Oertel W.H., Mugnaini E. Immunocytochemical studies of GABAergic neurons in rat basal ganglia and their relations to other neuronal systems. Neurosci. Lett. 47:1984;233-238.
311. Oka Y., Ueda K. Telencephalic projections in the goldfish (Carassius auratus): an anterograde degeneration study. J. Faculty Science. 15:1981;1-8.
312. Oka Y., Satou M., Okumoto N., Ueda K. Efferents from the supracommissural ventral telencephalon in the hime salmon (landlocked red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka): an anterograde degeneration study. Brain Res. Bull. 14:1985;55-61.
313. Panzica G.C., Arévalo R., Sánchez F., Alonso J.R., Aste N., Viglietti-Panzica C., Aijón J., Vázquez R. Topographical distribution of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase in the brain of the Japanese quail. J. Comp. Neurol. 342:1994;97-114.
314. Papalopulu N., Kintner C. Xenopus Distal-less related homeobox genes are expressed in the developing forebrain and are induced by planar signals. Development. 117:1993;961-975.
315. Parent A. Distribution of monoamine-containing nerve terminals in the brain of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta. J. Comp. Neurol. 148:1973;153-166.
316. Parent A. Demonstration of a catecholaminergic pathway from the midbrain to the strioamygdaloid complex in the turtle (Chrysemys picta). J. Anat. 114:1973;370-387.
317. Parent A. Striatal afferent connections in the turtle (Chrysemys picta) as revealed by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res. 108:1976;25-36.
318. A. Parent, Comparative Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia, Wiley, New York, 1986.
319. Parent A., Hazrati L.N. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia: II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidum in basal ganglia circuitry. Brain Res. Rev. 20:1995;128-154.
320. Parent A., Northcutt R.G. The monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of the garfish, Lepisosteus osseus. Brain Res. Bull. 9:1982;189-204.
321. Parent A., Olivier A. Comparative histochemical study of the corpus striatum. J. Hirnforschung. 12:1970;74-81.
322. Parent A., Poirier L.J. Occurrence and distribution of monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta. J. Anat. 110:1971;81-89.
323. A. Parent, D. Poitras, L. Dubé, Comparative anatomy of central monoaminergic systems, in: A. Bjorklund, T. Hokfelt (Eds.), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 2, Classical Transmitters in the CNS, Part I, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984, pp. 409-439.
324. Parent A., Paré D., Smith Y., Steriade M. Basal forebrain cholinergic and non-cholinergic projections to the thalamus and brainstem in cats and monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 277:1988;281-301.
325. Peng C., Gallin W., Peter R.E., Blomqvist A.G., Larhamar D. Neuropeptide Y gene expression in the goldfish brain: distribution and regulation by ovarian steroids. Endocrinology. 134:1994;1095-1103.
326. Perroteau I., Danger J.M., Biffo S., Pelletier G., Vaudry H., Fasolo A. Distribution and characterization of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the crested newt. J. Comp. Neurol. 275:1988;309-325.
327. Pickavance L.C., Staines W.A., Fryer J.N. Distributions and co-localization of neuropeptide Y and somatostatin in the goldfish brain. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 5:1992;221-233.
328. Pickel V.M., Beckley S.C., Joh T.H., Reis D.J. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in the neostriatum. Brain Res. 225:1981;373-385.
329. J. Pierre, J.P. Rio, M. Mahouche, J. Repérant, Catecholamine systems in the brain of cyclostomes, the lamprey, Lampreta fluviatilis, in: W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner (Eds.), Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 7-19.
330. Pitzer M.R., Wirtshafter D. The distribution of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase in the leopard frog telencephalon and related projections. Brain Behav. Evol. 50:1997;152-166.
331. Pollard H.B., Dhariwal K., Adeyemo O.M., Markey C.J., Caohuy H., Levine M., Markey S., Youdim M.B.H. A parkinsonian syndrome induced in the goldfish by the neurotoxin MPTP. FASEB J. 6:1992;3108-3116.
332. Pombol M.A., El Manira A., Grillner S. Afferents of the lamprey striatum with special reference to the dopaminergic system: a combined tracing and immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 386:1997;71-91.
333. Pontet A., Danger J.M., Dubourg P., Peletier G., Vaudry H., Calas A., Kah O. Distribution and characterization of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of the goldfish. Cell Tiss. Res. 255:1989;529-538.
334. Porteus M.H., Bulfone A., Liu J.K., Puelles L., Lo L.C., Rubenstein J.L.R. DLX-2, MASH-1, and MAP-2 expression and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation define molecularly distinct cell populations in the embryonic mouse forebrain. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;6370-6383.
335. Powers A.S., Reiner A. The distribution of cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system of turtles. Brain Behav. Evol. 41:1993;326-345.
336. Price M., Lemaistre M., Pischetola M., DiLauro R., Duboule D. A mouse gene related to Distal-less shows a restricted expression in the developing forebrain. Nature. 351:1991;748-751.
337. L. Puelles, L. Medina, Development of neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine in the chicken brain: a comparative segmental analysis, in: W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner (Eds.), Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 381-404.
338. Puelles L., Rubenstein J.L.R. Expression patterns of homeobox and other putative regulatory genes in the embryonic mouse forebrain suggest a neuromeric organization. Trends Neurosci. 16:1993;472-479.
339. Puelles L., Verney C. Early neuromeric distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in human embryos. J. Comp. Neurol. 394:1998;283-308.
340. Puelles L., Amat J.A., Martínez-de-la-Torre M. Segment-related, mosaic neurogenetic pattern in the forebrain and mesencephalon of early chick embryos: I. Topography of AChE-positive neuroblasts up to stage HH18. J. Comp. Neurol. 266:1987;247-268.
341. Reiner A. The co-occurrence of substance P-like immunoreactivity and dynorphin-like immunoreactivity in striatopallidal and striatonigral projection neurons in birds and reptiles. Brain Res. 371:1986;155-161.
342. Reiner A. The distribution of proenkephalin-derived peptides in the central nervous system of turtles. J. Comp. Neurol. 259:1987;65-91.
343. Reiner A. A LANT6-like substance that is distinct from neuromedin N is present in pallidal and striatal neurons in monkeys. Brain Res. 422:1987;186-191.
344. Reiner A. A comparison of neurotransmitter-specific and neuropeptide-specific neuronal cell types present in the dorsal cortex in turtles with those present in the isocortex in mammals: implications for the evolution of isocortex. Brain Behav. Evol. 38:1991;53-91.
345. A. Reiner, Neuropeptides in the nervous system, in: C. Gans, P.S. Ulinski (Eds.), Sensorimotor Integration: Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 17, Neurology C, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1992, pp. 587-739.
346. Reiner A. Neurotransmitter organization and connections of turtle cortex: implications for the evolution of mammalian isocortex. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104A:1993;735-748.
347. A. Reiner, Catecholaminergic innervation of the basal ganglia in mammals: anatomy and function, in: W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner (Eds.), Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 247-272.
348. Reiner A. Laminar distribution of the cells of origin of the ascending and descending tectofugal pathways in turtles: implications for the evolution of tectal lamination. Brain Behav. Evol. 43:1994;254-292.
349. Reiner A. Levels of organization and the evolution of isocortex: homology, non-homology or parallel homoplasy. Trends Neurosci. 19:1996;89-91.
350. Reiner A., Anderson K.D. The patterns of neurotransmitter and neuropeptide co-occurrence among striatal projection neurons: conclusions based on recent findings. Brain Res. Rev. 15:1990;251-265.
351. Reiner A., Anderson K.D. Co-occurrence of γ-aminobutyric acid, parvalbumin and the neurotensin-related neuropeptide LANT6 in pallidal, nigral and striatal neurons in pigeons and monkeys. Brain Res. 624:1993;317-325.
352. Reiner A., Carraway R.E. The presence and phylogenetic conservation of a neurotensin-related hexapeptide in neurons of globus pallidus. Brain Res. 341:1985;365-371.
353. 8-13 (LANT6)-related peptides in the basal ganglia of pigeons, turtles, and hamsters. J. Comp. Neurol. 257:1987;453-476.
354. Reiner A., Karten H.J. Laminar distribution of the cells of origin of the descending tectofugal pathways in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 204:1982;165-187.
355. Reiner A., Karten H.J. The laminar source of efferent projections from the avian Wulst. Brain Res. 275:1983;349-354.
356. Reiner A., Northcutt R.G. An immunohistochemical study of the telencephalon of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens. J. Comp. Neurol. 256:1987;463-481.
357. Reiner A., Northcutt R.G. An immunohistochemical study of the telencephalon of the Senegal bichir (Polypterus senegalus). J. Comp. Neurol. 319:1992;359-386.
358. Reiner A., Oliver J.R. Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y are almost exclusively found in the same neurons in the telencephalon of turtles. Brain Res. 426:1987;149-156.
359. Reiner A., Brauth S.E., Kitt C.A., Karten H.J. Basal ganglionic pathways to the tectum: studies in reptiles. J. Comp. Neurol. 193:1980;565-589.
360. Reiner A., Brecha N.C., Karten H.J. Basal ganglia pathways to the tectum: the afferent and efferent connections of the lateral spiriform nucleus of pigeon. J. Comp. Neurol. 208:1982;16-36.
361. Reiner A., Karten H.J., Brecha N.C. Enkephalin-mediated basal ganglia influences over the optic tectum: immunohistochemistry of the tectum and the lateral spiriform nucleus in pigeon. J. Comp. Neurol. 208:1982;37-53.
362. Reiner A., Karten H.J., Solina A.R. Substance P: localization within paleostriatal-tegmental pathways in the pigeon. Neuroscience. 9:1983;61-85.
363. Reiner A., Brauth S.E., Karten H.J. Evolution of the amniote basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 7:1984;320-325.
364. Reiner A., Davis B.M., Brecha N.C., Karten H.J. The distribution of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the telencephalon of the adult and developing domestic chicken. J. Comp. Neurol. 228:1984;245-262.
365. Reiner A., Krause J.E., Keyser K.T., Eldred W.D., McKelvy J.F. The distribution of substance P in turtle nervous system: a radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 226:1984;50-75.
366. Reiner A., Albin R.L., Anderson K.D., D'Amato C.J., Penney J.B., Young A.B. Differential loss of substance P-containing striatopallidal and enkephalin-containing striatopallidal projections in Huntington's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;5733-5737.
367. Reiner A., Brauth S.E., Kitt C.A., Quirion R. The distribution of mu, delta and kappa opiate receptors in the pigeon forebrain and midbrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 280:1989;359-382.
368. A. Reiner, E.J. Karle, K.D. Anderson, L. Medina, Catecholaminergic perikarya and fibers in the avian nervous system, in: W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner (Eds.), Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 135-181.
369. Reiner A., Zhang D., Eldred W.D. Use of cholera toxin tracer reveals new details of the central retinal projections in turtles. Brain Behav. Evol. 48:1996;307-337.
370. Reiner A., Perera M., Medina L. Cellular localization of the D1 dopamine receptor associated phosphoprotein DARPP-32 in the pigeon basal ganglia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23:1997;1285.
371. Repérant J. Nouvelles données sur les projections visuelles chez le pigeon (Columba livia). J. Hirnforschung. 14:1973;152-187.
372. Rettig G. Connections of the tectum opticum in two urodeles, Salamandra salamandra and Bolitoglossa subpalmata, with special reference to the nucleus isthmi. J. Hirnforschung. 29:1988;5-16.
373. Richfield E.K., Young A.B., Penney J.B. Comparative distribution of D1 and D2 receptors in the basal ganglia of turtles, pigeons, rats, cats, and monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 262:1987;446-463.
374. Richfield E.K., Albin R.L., Reiner A., Young A.B., Penney J.B. Jr. Receptor binding patterns in the basal ganglia of pigeons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 14:1988;1022.
375. Richfield E.K., Herkenham M. Selective vulnerability in Huntington's disease: preferential loss of cannabinoid receptors in lateral globus pallidus. Annal. Neurol. 36:1994;577-584.
376. Richfield E.K., Maguire-Zeiss K.A., Cox C., Gilmore J., Voorn P. Reduced expression of preproenkephalin in striatal neurons from Huntington's disease patients. Annal. Neurol. 37:1995;335-343.
377. Rieke G.L. Kainic acid lesions of pigeon paleostriatum: a model for study of movement disorders. Physiol. Behav. 24:1980;683-687.
378. Rieke G.L. Movement disorders and lesions of pigeon brainstem analogues of basal ganglia. Physiol. Behav. 26:1981;379-384.
379. Ritchie T.C., Livingston C.A., Hughes C.A., McAdoo M.G., Leonard R.B. The distribution of serotonin in the CNS of an elasmobranch fish: immunocytochemical and biochemical studies in the Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina. J. Comp. Neurol. 221:1983;429-443.
380. Roberts B.L., Meredith G.E., Maslam S. Immunocytochemical analysis of the dopamine system in the brain and spinal cord of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Anat. Embryol. 180:1989;401-412.
381. Robinson G.W., Wray S., Mahon K.A. Spatially restricted expression of a member of a new family of murine Distal-less homeobox genes in the developing forebrain. New Biol. 3:1991;1183-1194.
382. Rodriguez-Moldes I., Manso M.J., Becerra M., Molist P., Anadon R. Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the elasmobranch Scyliorhinus canicula. J. Comp. Neurol. 335:1993;228-244.
383. A.S. Romer, The Vertebrate Body, Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1970.
384. Rose J.E. The thalamus of the sheep: cellular and fibrous structure and comparison with pig, rabbit and cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 77:1942;469-523.
385. Rosen D.E., Forey P.L., Gardiner B.G., Patterson C. Lungfishes, tetrapods, paleontology and plesiomorphy. Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist. 167:1981;163-275.
386. Rubinson K. Projections of the tectum opticum of the frog. Brain Behav. Evol. 1:1968;529-561.
387. Rubenstein J.L.R., Martinez S., Shimamura K., Puelles L. The embryonic vertebrate forebrain: the prosomeric model. Science. 266:1994;578-580.
388. Rushlow W., Flumerfelt B.A., Naus C.C.G. Co-localization of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and NADPHd in the caudate-putamen of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 351:1995;499-508.
389. Russchen F.T., Jonker A.J. Efferent connections of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens in the lizard Gekko gecko. J. Comp. Neurol. 276:1988;61-80.
390. Russchen F.T., Smeets W.J.A.J., Hoogland P.V. Histochemical identification of pallidal and striatal structures in the lizard Gekko gecko: evidence for compartmentalization. J. Comp. Neurol. 256:1987;329-341.
391. Sakaguchi H., Saito N. Developmental change of cholinergic activity in the forebrain of the zebra finch during song learning. Dev. Brain Res. 62:1991;223-228.
392. Sanberg P.R., Mark R.F. The effect of striatal lesions in the chick on haloperidol-potentiated tonic immobility. Neuropharmacology. 22:1983;253-257.
393. Sapp E., Ge P., Aizawa H., Bird E., Penney J., Young A.B., von Sattel J.P., DiFiglia M. Evidence for a preferential loss of enkephalin immunoreactivity in the external globus pallidus in low grade Huntington's disease using high resolution image analysis. Neuroscience. 64:1995;397-404.
394. Sas E., Maler L. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of an electric fish (Asperonotus leptorhynchus) identified with monoclonal antibodies. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 4:1991;155-186.
395. Sas E., Maler L., Tinner B. Catecholaminergic systems in the brain of a Gymnotid teleost fish: an immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 292:1990;127-162.
396. Scalia F. The termination of retinal axons in the pretectal region of mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 145:1972;223-258.
397. Scalia F., Arango V. Topographic organization of the projections of the retina to the pretectal region in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 186:1979;271-292.
398. Scalia F., Fite K.V. A retinotopic analysis of the central connections of the optic tectum in the frog. J. Comp. Neurol. 158:1974;455-478.
399. Schlussman S.D., Kooobylack M.A., Dunn-Meynell A.A., Sharma S.C. Afferent connections of the optic tectum in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Cell Tiss. Res. 262:1990;531-541.
400. Schmidt A., Roth G., Ernst M. Distribution of substance P-like, leucine-enkephalin-like, and bombesine-like immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activity in the visual system of salamanders. J. Comp. Neurol. 288:1989;123-135.
401. Schnabel R., Braun K. Development of dopamine receptors in the forebrain of the domestic chick in relation to auditory imprinting: an autoradiography study. Brain Res. 720:1996;120-130.
402. Schober A., Malz C.R., Schobe W., Meyer D.L. NADPH-diaphorase in the central nervous system of the larval lamprey (Lampetra planeri). J. Comp. Neurol. 345:1994;94-104.
403. Schultz W., Apicella P., Ljungberg T. Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;900-913.
404. Sesack S.R., Pickel V.M. Dual ultrastructural localization of enkephalin and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the rat ventral tegmental area: multiple substrates for opiate-dopamine interactions. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;1335-1350.
405. Shammah-Lagnado S.J., Alheid G.F., Heimer L. Efferent connections of the caudal part of the globus pallidus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 376:1996;489-507.
406. Sharma S.C., Berthoud V.M., Breckwoldt R. Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the goldfish brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 279:1989;104-116.
407. Shink E., Bevan M.D., Bolam J.P., Smith Y. The subthalamic nucleus and the external pallidum: two tightly interconnected structures that control the output of the basal ganglia in the monkey. Neuroscience. 73:1996;335-357.
408. A. Silver, The Biology of Cholinesterases, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1974.
409. Smeets W.J.A.J. Efferent tectal pathways in two chondroichthyans, the shark Scyliorhinus canicula and the ray Raja clavata. J. Comp. Neurol. 195:1981;13-23.
410. Smeets W.J.A.J. The afferent connections of the tectum mesencephalic in two chondroichthyans, the shark Scyliorhinus canicula and the ray Raja clavata. J. Comp. Neurol. 205:1982;139-152.
411. Smeets W.J.A.J. The secondary olfactory connections in two chondroichthyans, the shark Scyliorhinus canicula and the ray Raja clavata. J. Comp. Neurol. 218:1983;334-344.
412. Smeets W.J.A.J. Distribution of dopamine immunoreactivity in the forebrain and midbrain of the snake Python regius: a study with antibodies against dopamine. J. Comp. Neurol. 271:1988;115-129.
413. W.J.A.J. Smeets, The telencephalon of cartilaginous fishes, in: E.G. Jones, A. Peters (Eds.), Cerebral Cortex: 1. Non-mammalian Vertebrates, Vol. 8A, Plenum, New York, 1990, pp. 3-30.
414. Smeets W.J.A.J. Comparative aspects of the distribution of substance P and dopamine immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra of amniotes. Brain Behav. Evol. 37:1991;179-188.
415. W.J.A.J. Smeets, Catecholamine systems in the CNS of reptiles: structure and functional correlations, in: W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner (Eds.), Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 103-133.
416. Smeets W.J.A.J., Boord R.L. Connections of the lobus inferior hypothalami of the clearnose skate Raja eglanteria (Chondroichthyes). J. Comp. Neurol. 234:1985;380-392.
417. Smeets W.J.A.J., Medina L. The efferent connections of the nucleus accumbens in the lizard Gekko gecko: a combined tract-tracing/transmitter-immunohistochemical study. Anat. Embryol. 191:1995;73-81.
418. W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner, Catecholamines in the CNS of vertebrates: current concepts of evolution and functional significance, in: W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner (Eds.), Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 463-481.
419. Smeets W.J.A.J., Steinbusch H.W.M. Distribution of serotonin immunoreactivity in the forebrain and midbrain of the lizard Gekko gecko. J. Comp. Neurol. 271:1988;419-434.
420. Smeets W.J.A.J., Hoogland P.V., Voom P. The distribution of dopamine immunoreactivity in the forebrain and midbrain of the lizard Gekko gecko: an immunohistochemical study with antibodies against dopamine. J. Comp. Neurol. 253:1986;46-60.
421. Smeets W.J.A.J., Jonker A.J., Hoogland P.V. Distribution of dopamine in the forebrain and midbrain of the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, reinvestigated using antibodies against dopamine. Brain Behav. Evol. 30:1987;121-142.
422. Smith Y., Parent A. Neurons of the subthalamic nucleus in primates display glutamate but not GABA immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 453:1988;353-356.
423. Smith Y., Wichmann T., DeLong M.R. Synaptic innervation of neurones in the internal pallidal segment by the subthalamic nucleus and the external pallidum in monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 343:1994;297-318.
424. Söderberg C., Pieribone V.A., Dahlstrand B.L., Larhammar D. Neuropeptide role of both peptide YY and neuropeptide Y in vertebrates suggested by abundant expression of their mRNAs in a cyclostome brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 37:1994;633-640.
425. Steinbusch H.W.M. Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience. 6:1981;557-618.
426. Stoof J.C., Russchen F.T., Verheijden P.F.H.M., Hoogland P.V.J.M. A comparative study of dopamine-acetylcholine interaction in telencephalic structures of the rat and of a reptile, the lizard Gekko gecko. Brain Res. 404:1987;273-281.
427. Striedter G.F. The vocal control pathways in budgerigars differ from those in songbirds. J. Comp. Neurol. 343:1994;35-56.
428. 14C ]2-deoxyglucose method Neuroscience. 5:1980;1053-1066.
429. Stuesse S.L., Cruce W.L.R. Immunohistochemical localization of serotoninergic, enkephalinergic, and catecholaminergic cells in the brainstem and diencephalon of a cartilaginous fish, Hydrolagus colliei. J. Comp. Neurol. 309:1991;535-548.
430. Stuesse S.L., Cruce W.L.R. Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin, and leu-enkephalin immunoreactive cells in the brainstem of a shark, Squalus acanthias. Brain Behav. Evol. 39:1992;77-92.
431. Stuesse S.L., Cruce W.L.R., Northcutt R.G. Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in the central nervous system of the thornback guitarfish, Platyrhinoidis triseariata. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 3:1990;45-58.
432. Stuesse S.L., Cruce W.L.R., Northcutt R.G. Localization of serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and leu-enkephalin immunoreactive cells in the brainstem of the horn shark, Heterodontus francisci. J. Comp. Neurol. 308:1991;277-292.
433. S.L. Stuesse, W.L.R. Cruce, R.G. Northcutt, Localization of catecholamines in the brains of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes), in: W.J.A.J. Smeets, A. Reiner (Eds.), Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 21-47.
434. Surmeier D.J., Eberwine J., Wilson C.J., Cao Y., Stefani A., Kitai S.T. Dopamine receptor subtypes co-localize in rat striatonigral neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;10178-10182.
435. Surmeier D.J., Reiner A., Levine M.S., Ariano M.A. Are neostriatal dopamine receptors co-localized? Trends Neurosci. 16:1993;299-305.
436. Surmeier D.J., Reiner A., Levine M.S., Ariano M.A. Neostriatal dopamine receptors - a reply. Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;4-5.
437. Surmeier D.J., Song W.J., Yan Z. Coordinated expression of dopamine receptors in neostriatal medium spiny neurons. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;6579-6591.
438. Taban C.H., Cathieni M. Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the newt (Triturus cristatus). J. Comp. Neurol. 216:1983;453-470.
439. Tallaksen-Greene S.J., Albin R.L. Localization of AMPA-selective excitatory amino acid receptor subunits in identified populations of striatal neurons. Neuroscience. 61:1994;509-519.
440. A and benzodiazepine receptors in the brain of the frog, Rana esculenta. Brain Behav. Evol. 42:1993;171-177.
441. Ten Donkelaar H.J., de Boer-van Huizen R. Basal ganglia projections to the brain stem in the lizard Varanus exanthematicus as demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Neuroscience. 6:1981;1567-1590.
442. Ten Donkelaar H.J., de Boer-van Huizen R., Schouten F.T.M., Eggen S.J. Cells of origin of descending pathways to the spinal cord in the clawed toad (Xenopus laevis). Neuroscience. 6:1981;2297-2312.
443. Thoss V.S., Piwko C., Hoyer D. Somatostatin receptors in the rhesus monkey brain: localization and pharmacological characterization. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 353:1996;648-660.
444. T. Tömböl, Golgi Structure of Telencephalon of Chicken, Budapest, Hungary, 1995.
445. Tömböl T., Csillag A., Stewart M.G. Cell types of the paleostriatal complex of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus): a Golgi study. J. Hirnforschung. 29:1988;493-507.
446. Torrão A.S., Lindstrom J.M., Britto L.R.G. Presumptive presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the chick tectum: effects of lesions of the lateral spiriform nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 743:1996;154-161.
447. Tostivint H., Lihrmann I., Bucharales C., Vieau D., Coulouarn Y., Fournier A., Conlon J.M., Vaudry H. Occurrence of two somatostatin variants in the frog brain: characterization of the cDNAs, distribution of the mRNAs, and receptor-binding affinities of the peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;12605-12610.
448. Tuinhof R., Gonzalez A., Smeets W.J.A.J., Roubos E.W. Neuropeptide Y in the developing and adult brain of the South American clawed toad Xenopus laevis. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 7:1994;271-283.
449. Ueda S., Takeuchi Y., Sano Y. Immunohistochemical demonstration of serotonin neurons in the central nervous system of the turtle (Clemmys japonica). Anat. Embryol. 168:1983;1-19.
450. P.S. Ulinski, D.M. Dacey, M.I. Sereno, Optic tectum, in: C. Gans, P.S. Ulinski (Eds.), Sensorimotor Integration, Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 17, Neurology C, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1992, pp. 241-366.
451. Vaage S. The segmentation of the primitive neural tube in chick embryos (Gallus domesticus): a morphological, histochemical and autoradiographical investigation. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 41:1969;1-88.
452. Vallarino M., Danger J.M., Fasolo A., Peletier G., Saint-Pierre S., Vaudry H. Distribution and characterization of neuropeptide Y in the brain of an elasmobranch fish. Brain Res. 448:1988;67-76.
453. Vandesande F., Dierickx K. Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin-containing neurons in the brain of Rana temporaria. Cell Tiss. Res. 205:1980;43-53.
454. Van Dongen P.A.M., Theodorsson-Norheim E., Brodin E., Hokfelt T., Grillner S., Peters A., Cuello A.C., Forssmann W.G., Reinecke M., Singer E.A., Lazarus L.H. Immunohistochemical and chromatographic studies of peptides with tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the lamprey. Peptides. 7:1986;297-313.
455. Vanegas H., Ebbesson S.O.E. Telencephalic projections in two teleost species. J. Comp. Neurol. 165:1976;181-195.
456. Vecino E., Covenas R., Alonso J.R., Lara J., Aijon J. Immunocytochemical study of substance P-like cell bodies and fibers in the brain of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Anat. 165:1989;191-200.
457. Vecino E., Pinuela C., Arevalo R., Lara J., Alonso J.R., Aijon J. Distribution of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rainbow trout: an immunocytochemical study. J. Anat. 180:1992;435-453.
458. Vecino E., Perez M.T.R., Ekstrom P. Localization of enkephalinergic neurons in the central nervous system of the salmon (Samo salar L.) by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 9:1995;81-97.
459. Veenman C.L., Reiner A. The distribution of GABA-containing perikarya, fibers, and terminals in the forebrain and midbrain of pigeons, with particular reference to the basal ganglia and its projection targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 339:1994;209-250.
460. Veenman C.L., Reiner A. Ultrastructural study of the targets of cortical afferents in the avian striatum. Brain Res. 707:1996;1-12.
461. Veenman C.L., Crzan D., Kern H., Rickman M., Wahl P., van Mier P. The anatomical substrate for telencephalic function. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 117:1989;1-110.
462. Veenman C.L., Reiner A., Honig M.G. Biotinylated dextran amine as an anterograde tracer for single- and double-label studies. J. Neurosci. Methods. 41:1992;239-254.
463. B and benzodiazepine receptors in the forebrain and midbrain of pigeons. J. Comp. Neurol. 344:1994;161-190.
464. Veenman C.L., Chen Q., Reiner A. Glutamate receptor (GluR) subunit localization in pigeon telencephalon. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20:1994;996.
465. Veenman C.L., Karle E.J., Anderson K.D., Reiner A. Thalamostriatal projections neurons in birds utilize LANT6 and neurotensin: a light and electron microscopic double-labeling study. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 9:1995;1-16.
466. Veenman C.L., Wild J.M., Reiner A. Organization of the avian 'corticostriatal' projection system: a retrograde and anterograde pathway tracing study in pigeons. J. Comp. Neurol. 354:1995;87-126.
467. Veenman C.L., Medina L., Chen Q., Reiner A. Ultrastructural localization of GluR1 glutamate receptor subunit in striatal projection neurons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22:1996;1201.
468. Veenman C.L., Medina L., Reiner A. The avian homologues of the mammalian intralaminar, mediodorsal and midline thalamic nuclei: immunohistochemical and hodological evidence. Brain Behav. Evol. 49:1997;78-98.
469. Vesselkin N.P., Ermakova T.V., Kenigfest N.B., Goikovic M. The striatal connections in frog Rana temporaria: an HRP study. J. Hirnforschung. 21:1980;381-392.
470. Vincent S.R., Johansson O. Striatal neurons containing both somatostatin and avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP)-like immunoreactivities and NADPH diaphorase activity: a light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 217:1983;252-263.
471. Vincent S.R., Kimura H. Histochemical mapping of nitric oxide synthase in the rat brain. Neuroscience. 46:1992;755-784.
472. Vincent S.R., Von Kosigk M. Two populations of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the guinea pig striatum. Cell Tiss. Res. 252:1988;219-222.
473. Vincent S.R., Skirboll L., Hökfelt T., Johansson O., Lundberg M., Elde R.P., Terenius L., Kimmel J. Coexistence of somatostatin and avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP)-like immunoreactivity in some forebrain neurons. Neuroscience. 7:1982;446-493.
474. Vincent S.R., Johansson O., Hökfelt T., Skirboll L., Elde R.P., Terenius L., Kimmel J., Goldstein M. NADPH-diaphorase: a selective histochemical marker for striatal neurons containing both somatostatin- and avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP)-like immunoreactivities. J. Comp. Neurol. 217:1983;252-263.
475. Voneida T.J., Sligar C.M. Efferent projections of the dorsal ventricular ridge and the striatum in the Tegu lizard, Tupinambis nigropunctatus. J. Comp. Neurol. 186:1979;43-64.
476. von Bartheld C.S., Meyer D.L. Central connections of the olfactory bulb in the bichir, Polypterus palmas, re-examined. Cell Tiss. Res. 244:1986;527-535.
477. Wächtler K. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the cyclostome brain. Cell Tiss. Res. 159:1975;109-120.
478. Wächtler K. Observations on the evolution of the cholinergic system in the telencephalon of vertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 72C:1982;357-361.
479. Wächtler K. The acetylcholine system in the brain of cyclostomes with special references to the telencephalon. J. Hirnforschung. 24:1983;63-70.
480. Walker P.D., Wolf W.A. Alterations in the postnatal development of striatal preprotachykinin but not preproekephalin mRNA expression in the serotonin-depleted rat. Dev. Neurosci. 19:1996;135-142.
481. Walker P.D., Reiley L.A., Hart R.P., Jonakait G.M. Serotonin regulation of neostriatal tachykinins following neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Brain Res. 557:1991;31-36.
482. Walker P.D., Capodilupo J.G., Wolf W.A., Carlock L.R. Preprotachykinin and preproenkephalin mRNA expression within striatal subregions in response to altered serotonin transmission. Brain Res. 732:1996;25-35.
483. J.Q. Wang, J.F. McGinty, Glutamatergic and cholinergic regulation of immediate early gene and neuropeptide gene expression in the striatum, in: K. Merchant (Ed.), Pharmacological regulation of gene expression in the CNS, CRC Press, New York, NY, 1996, pp. 81-113.
484. Wicht H., Northcutt R.G. The forebrain of hagfish: a cladistic reconstruction of the ancestral craniate forebrain. Brain Behav. Evol. 40:1992;25-64.
485. Wicht H., Northcutt R.G. An immunohistochemical study of the telencephalon and the diencephalon in a myxinoid jawless fish, Eptatretus stouti. Brain Behav. Evol. 43:1994;140-161.
486. Wilczynski W. Afferents to the midbrain auditory center in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. J. Comp. Neurol. 198:1981;421-433.
487. Wilczynski W., Northcutt R.G. Afferents to the optic tectum of the leopard frog: an HRP study. J. Comp. Neurol. 173:1977;219-230.
488. Wilczynski W., Northcutt R.G. Connections of the bullfrog striatum: afferent organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 214:1983;321-332.
489. Wilczynski W., Northcutt R.G. Connections of the bullfrog striatum: efferent projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 214:1983;333-343.
490. Wild J.M. Thalamic projections of the paleostriatum and neostriatum in the pigeon (Columba livia). Neuroscience. 20:1987;305-327.
491. Wild J.M. The avian somatosensory system: connections of regions of body representation in the forebrain of the pigeon. Brain Res. 412:1987;205-223.
492. Wild J.M. Avian somatosensory system: II. Ascending projections of the dorsal column and external cuneate nuclei in the pigeon. J. Comp. Neurol. 287:1989;1-18.
493. Wild J.M. Direct and indirect 'cortico'-rubral and rubro-cerebellar cortical projections in the pigeon. J. Comp. Neurol. 326:1992;623-636.
494. Wild J.M., Karten H.J., Frost B.J. Connections of the auditory forebrain in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 337:1993;32-62.
495. Williams M.N., Faull R.L.M. The nigrotectal projection and tectospinal neurons in the rat: a light and electron microscopic study demonstrating a monosynaptic nigral input to identified tectospinal neurons. Neuroscience. 25:1988;533-562.
496. Wolters J.G., Ten Donkelaar H.J., Steinbusch H.W.M., Verhofstad A.A.J. Distribution of serotonin in the brainstem and spinal cord of the lizard Varanus exanthematicus: an immunohistochemical study. Neuroscience. 14:1985;169-193.
497. Woolf N.J. Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord. Prog. Neurobiol. 37:1991;475-524.
498. Woolf N.J., Butcher L.L. Cholinergic neurons in the caudate-putamen complex proper are intrinsically organized: a combined Evans blue and acetylcholinesterase analysis. Brain Res. Bull. 7:1981;487-507.
499. Wright G.M. Immunocytochemical demonstration of growth hormone, prolactin and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in the brain of larval, young adult and upstream migrant adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Cell Tiss. Res. 246:1986;23-31.
500. Wynne B., Güntürkün O. Dopaminergic innervation of the telencephalon of the pigeon (Columba livia): a study with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine. J. Comp. Neurol. 357:1995;446-464.
501. Yamada H., Sano Y. Immunohistochemical studies on the serotonin neuron system in the brain of the chicken (Gallus domseticus): I. The distribution of the nerve fibers. Biogenic Amines. 2:1985;21-36.
502. Yamada H., Takeuchi Y., Sano Y. Immunohistochemical studies on the serotonin neuron system in the brain of the chicken (Gallus domseticus): I. The distribution of the neuronal somata. Biogenic Amines. 1:1984;83-94.
503. Yamanaka S., Honma Y., Ueda S., Sano Y. Immunohistochemical demonstration of serotonin neuron system in the central nervous system of the Japanese dogfish Scyliorhinus torazame (Chondroichthyes). J. Hirnforschung. 31:1990;385-397.
504. Yanal J., Silverman W.F., Shamir D. An avian model for the reversal of 6-hydroxydopamine induced rotating behavior by neural grafting. Neurosci. Lett. 187:1995;153-156.
505. Yáñez J., Rodriguez-Moldes I., Anadon R. Distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactivity of the larval lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). J. Chem. Neuroanat. 5:1992;511-520.
506. Yasui Y., Saper C.B., Cechetto D.F. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive projections from the thalamus to the striatum and amygdala in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 308:1991;293-310.
507. Zeier H., Karten H.J. The archistriatum of the pigeon: organization of afferent and efferent connections. Brain Res. 31:1971;313-326.
508. Zittlau K.E., Claas B., Munz H. Horseradish peroxidase study of tectal afferents in Xenopus laevis with special emphasis on their relationship to the lateral line system. Brain Behav. Evol. 32:1988;208-219.