Management of anxiety in late life

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 194-200

  Flint, Alastair J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

^b TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUSPIRONE; CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLONAZEPAM; FLUOXETINE; LORAZEPAM; MOCLOBEMIDE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEFAZODONE; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PHENELZINE; SELEGILINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; AGORAPHOBIA; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; OBSESSION; PANIC; PHOBIA; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 0032409603     PISSN: 08919887     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/089198879901100405     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Flint AJ. Epidemiology and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:640-649.
2. Regier DA, Boyd JH, Burke JD Jr, et al. One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States: based on five Epidemiologic Catchment Area sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:977-986.
3. Eaton WW, Kramer M, Anthony JC, et al. The incidence of specific DIS/DSM-III mental disorders: data from the NIMH Epidemiologie Catchment Area program. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79:163-178.
4. Lindesay J. Phobic disorders in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:531-541.
5. Klein DF. Anxiety reconceptualized. Compr Psychiatry 1980; 21:411-427.
6. Marks IM. Fears, phobias and rituals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
7. Manela M, Katona C, Livingston G. How common are the anxiety disorders in old age? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1996; 11:65-70.
8. Burvill PW, Johnson GA, Jamrozik KD, et al. Anxiety disorders after stroke: results from the Perth Community Stroke Study. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166:328-332.
9. Blazer D, George LK, Hughes D. Generalised anxiety disorder. In: Robins LN, Regier DA, eds. Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. New York: The Free Press, 1991:180-203.
10. Kay DWK. Anxiety in the elderly. In: Noyes R, Roth M, Burrows GD, eds. Handbook of anxiety, volume 2: classification, etiological factors and associated disturbances. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988:289-310.
11. Parmelee PA, Katz IR, Lawton MP. Anxiety and its association with depression among institutionalized elderly. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993; 1:46-58.
12. Eisdorfer C, Cohen D, Keckich W. Depression and anxiety in the cognitively impaired aged. In: Klein DF, Rabkin J, eds. Anxiety: new research and changing concepts. New York: Raven Press, 1981:425-430.
13. Ballard CG, Mohan RNC, Patel A, Graham C. Anxiety disorder in dementia. Ir J Psychol Med 1994; 11:108-109.
14. Menza MA, Robertson-Hoffinan DE, Bonapace AS. Parkinson's disease and anxiety: comorbidity with depression. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34:465-470.
15. Starkstein SE, Cohen BS, Fedoroff P, et al. Relationship between anxiety disorders and depressive disorders in patients with cerebrovascular injury. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:246-251.
16. Schultz SK, Castillo CS, Kosier JT, Robinson RG. Generalized anxiety and depression. Assessment over 2 years after stroke. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 5:299-337.
17. Aström M. Generalized anxiety disorder in stroke patients. A 3-year longitudinal study. Stroke 1996; 27:270-275.
18. Raj BA, Corvea MH, Dagon EM. The clinical characteristics of panic disorder in the elderly: a retrospective study. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54:150-155.
19. Hassan R, Pollard CA. Late-life-onset panic disorder: clinical and demographic characteristics of a patient sample. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neural 1994; 7:86-90.
20. Livingston HM, Livingston MG, Fell S. The Lockerbie disaster: a 3-year follow-up of elderly victims. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 9:989-994.
21. Birkenhager TK, Moleman P, Nolen WA. Benzodiazepines for depression? A review of the literature. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10:181-195.
22. Rickels K, Downing R, Schweizer E, Hassman H. Antidepressants for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. A placebo-controlled comparison ofimipramine, trazodone, and diazepam. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50:884-895.
23. Kahn RJ, McNair DM, Lipman RS, et al. Imipramine and chlordiazepoxide in depressive and anxiety disorders, II: efficacy in anxious outpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:79-85.
24. Hoehn-Saric R, McLeod DR, Zimmerli WD. Differential effects of alprazolam and imipramine in generalized anxiety disorder: somatic versus psychic symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 1988; 49:293-301.
25. Copeland JRM, Davidson IA, Dewey ME. The prevalence and outcome of anxious depression in elderly people aged 65 and over living in the community. In: Racagni G, Smeraldi E, eds. Anxious depression: assessment and treatment. New York: Raven Press, 1987:43
26. Flint AJ, Rifat SL. Anxious depression in elderly patients: response to antidepressant treatment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 5:107-115.
27. Reynolds CF, Frank E, Perel JM, et al. High relapse rate after discontinuation of adjunctive medication for elderly patients with recurrent major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:1418-1422.
28. Flint AJ, Rifat SL. Effect of demographic and clinical variables on time to antidepressant response in geriatric depression. Depress Anxiety 1997; 5:103-107.
29. Flint AJ, Rifat SL. Two-year outcome of elderly patients with anxious depression. Psychiatr Res 1997; 66:23-31.
30. Meyers BS, Gabriele M, Kakuma T, et al. Anxiety and depression as predictors of recurrence in geriatric depression. A preliminary report. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1996; 4:252-257.
31. Lydiard RB, Laraia MT, Ballenger JC, Howell EF. Emergence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving alprazolam for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:664-665.
32. Gorman JM, Coplan JD. Comorbidity of depression and panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(suppl 10):34-11.
33. Haefely W, Pole P, Fieri L, et al. Neuropharmacology of benzodiazepines: synaptic mechanisms and neural basis of action. In: Costa E, ed. The benzodiazepines: from molecular biology to clinical practice. New York: Raven Press, 1983:21-66.
34. Van der Meersch-Mougeot V, da Rocha M, Monier C, et al. Benzodiazepines reverse the anti-immobility effect of antidepressants in the forced swimming test in mice. Neuropharmacology 1993; 32:439-446.
35. da Rocha MA, Puech AJ, Thiébot M-H. Influence of anxiolytic drugs on the effects of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the forced swimming test in mice. JPsychopharmacol 1997; 11:211-218.
36. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Houck PR, et al. Does lorazepam impair the antidepressant response to nortriptyline and psychotherapy? J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58:426-432.
37. Rickels K, Hesbacher P, Downing RW. Differential drug effects in neurotic depression. Dis Nerv Syst 1970; 31:468-475.
38. Rickels K. Limbitrol (amitriptyline plus chlordiazepoxide) revisited. Psychopharmacology 1981; 75:31-33.
39. Feighner JP, Brauzer B, Gelenberg AJ, et al. A placebo-controlled multicentre trial of limbitrol vs its components (amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide) in the symptomatic treatment of depressive illness. Psychopharmacology 1979; 61:217-225.
40. Scharf MB, Hirschowitz J, Zemlan FP, et al. Comparative effects of limbitrol and amitriptyline on sleep efficiency and architecture. J Clin Psychiatry 1986; 47:587-591.
41. Burton SW. Symptoms as predictors of response in depression. J Psychopharmacol 1993; 7(suppl): 135-138.
42. Tollefson GD, Holman SL, Sayler ME, Potvin JH. Fluoxetine, placebo and tricyclic antidepressants in major depression with and without anxious features. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55:50-59.
43. Dunbar GC, Fuell DL. The anti-anxiety and anti-agitation effects of paroxetine in depressed patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 6 (suppl 4):81-90.
44. Moon CAL, Jago W, Wood K, Doogan DP. A double-blind comparison of sertraline and clomipramine in the treatment of major depressive disorder and associated anxiety in general practice. J Psychopharmacol 1994; 8:171-176.
45. Ravindran AV, Judge R, Hunter BN, et al. A double-blind, multicenter study in primary care comparing paroxetine and clomipramine in patients with depression and associated anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58:112-118.
46. Hyttel J. Pharmacological characterization of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 9(suppl l):19-26.
47. Filteau MJ, Baruch P, Lapierre YD, et al. SSRIs in anxiousagitated depression: a post-hoc analysis of 279 patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10:51-54.
48. Kasper S, Möller H-J, Montgomery SA, Zondag E. Antidepressant efficacy in relation to item analysis and severity of depression: a placebo-controlled trial of fluvoxamine versus imipramine. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 9(suppl 4):3-12.
49. Feighner JP, Boyer WF. Paroxetine in the treatment of depression: a comparison with imipramine and placebo. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53(suppl 2):44-47.
50. Dunbar GC, Cohn JB, Fahre LF, et al. A comparison of paroxetine, imipramine and placebo in depressed out-patients. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:394-398.
51. Small GW, Hamilton SH, Bystritsky A, et al. Clinical response predictors in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine for geriatric major depression. Int Psychogeriatr 1995; 7(suppl):41-53.
52. Nutt D. Early action of nefazodone in anxiety associated with depression. J Psychopharmacol 1996; 10(suppl 1):18-21.
53. Baldwin DS, Hawley CJ, Abed RT, et al. A multicenter double-blind comparison of nefazodone and paroxetine in the treatment of outpatients with moderate-to-severe depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(suppl 2):46-52.
54. Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ. MAOIs in the contemporary treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995; 12:185-219.
55. Sunderland T, Cohen RM, Molchan S, et al. High-dose selegiline in treatment-resistant older depressive patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:607-615.
56. Schweizer E, Rickeis K. The long-term management of generalized anxiety disorder: issues and dilemmas. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(suppl 7):9-12.
57. Maisson AO, Warshaw MG, Keller MB. Quality of life and psychiatric morbidity in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 15:600-607.
58. Noyes R Jr, Woodman C, Garvey MJ, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder vs panic disorder: distinguishing characteristics and patterns of comorbidity. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992; 180:369-379.
59. Rickeis K, Case WG, Downing RW, Winokur A. Long-term diazepam therapy and clinical outcome. JAMA 1983; 250:767-771.
60. Rickeis K, Schweizer E, Csanalosi I, et al. Long-term treatment of anxiety and risk of withdrawal: prospective comparison of clorazepate and buspirone. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:444-450.
61. Salzman C. Pharmacologie treatment of the anxious elderly patient. In: Salzman C, Lebowitz BD, eds. Anxiety in the elderly. New York: Springer, 1991:149-173.
62. Schweizer E, Rickeis K. Failure of buspirone to manage benzodiazepine withdrawal. Am JPsycAiafry 1986; 143:1590-1592.
63. Olajide D, Lader MA. A comparison of buspirone, diazepam and placebo in patients with chronic anxiety states. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 7:148-152.
64. Schweizer E, Rickeis K. Strategies for treatment of generalized anxiety in the primary care setting. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58:27-31.
65. Steinberg JR. Anxiety in elderly patients. A comparison of azapirones and benzodiazepines. Drugs Aging 1994; 5:335-345.
66. Marks I, O'Sullivan G. Drugs and psychological treatments for agoraphobia/panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders: a review. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153:650-658.
67. Roy-Byrne P, Wingerson D, Cowley D, Dager S. Psychopharmacologic treatment of panic, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1993; 16:719-735.
68. Pollard CA, Tait RC, Meldrum D, et al. Agoraphobia without panic: case illustrations of an overlooked syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis 1996; 184:61-62.
69. Flint AJ. Treatment of late-onset agoraphobia secondary to depression. Can J Psychiatry 1995;40:568.
70. Katzelnick DJ, Kobak KA, Greist JH, et al. Sertraline for social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1368-1371.
71. van Vliet IM, den Boer JA, Westerberg HGM. Psychopharmacological treatment of social phobia: a double-blind placebo-controlled study with fluvoxamine. Psychopharmacology 1994; 115:128-134.
72. Liebowitz MR, Schneier F, Campeas R, et al. Phenelzine vs atenolol in social phobia: a placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:290-300.
73. Versiani M, Nardi AE, Mundim FD, et al. Pharmacotherapy of social phobia: a controlled study with moclobemide and phenelzine. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161:353-360.
74. Davidson JRT, Potts N, Richichi E, et al. Treatment of social phobia with clonazepam and placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 13:423-428.
75. Gelernter CS, Uhde TW, Cimbolic P, et al. Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatment of social phobia: a controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:938-945.
76. Kuch K, Cox B J. Symptoms of PTSD in 124 survivors of the Holocaust. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:337-340.
77. Robinson S, Rapaport J, Durst R, et al. The late effects of Nazi persecution among elderly Holocaust survivors. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990; 82:311-315.
78. Kluznik JC, Speed N, Van Valkenburg C, Magraw R. Fortyyear follow-up of United States prisoners of war. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:1443-1446.
79. Sutker PB, Allain AN, Winstead DK. Psychopathology and psychiatric diagnoses of World War II Pacific theatre prisoner of war survivors and combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:240-245.
80. Kaup BA, Ruskin PE, Nyman G. Significant life events and PTSD in elderly World War II veterans. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993; 2:239-243.
81. Macleod AD. The reactivation of post-traumatic stress disorder in later life. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1994; 28:625-634.
82. Vargas MA, Davidson J. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1993; 16:737-748.
83. de Boor M, Op den Velde W, Falger PJR, et al. Fluvoxamine treatment for chronic PTSD: a pilot study. Psychother Psychosom 1992; 57:158-163.
84. Calamari JE, Faber SD, Hitsman BL, Poppe CJ. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the elderly: a review and case example. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1994; 25:95-104.
85. Austin LS, Zealberg JJ, Lydiard RB. Three cases of pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the elderly. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179:634-635.
86. Rowan VC, Holborn SW. A rapid multi-component treatment for an obsessive-compulsive disorder. JBehav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1984; 15:347-352.
87. Piccinelli M, Pini S, Bellantuono C, Wilkinson G. Efficacy of drug treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A metaanalytic review. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166:424-443.
88. Burch EA Jr. Use and misuse of benzodiazepines in the elderly. PsychiatrMed 1990; 8:97-105.
89. Chambless DL, Gillis MM. Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993; 61:248-260.
90. James IA, Blackburn I-M. Cognitive therapy with obsessivecompulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166:444-450.
91. Leng N. Abrief review of cognitive-behavioural treatments in old age. Age Ageing 1985; 14:257-263. '
92. Junginger J, Ditto B. Multitreatmfent of obsessive-compulsive checking in a geriatric patient. Behav Mod 1984; 8:379-390.
93. Colvin C, Boddington SJA. Behaviour therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder in a 78-year-old woman. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 12:488-491.
94. Swales PJ, Solvin JF, Sheikh JI. Cognitive-behavioural therapy in older panic disorder patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1996; 4:46-60.
95. Stanley MA, Beck JG, Glassco JD. Generalized anxiety in older adults: treatment with cognitive-behavioural and supportive approaches. Behav Ther 1997; 27:565-581.