메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 47, Issue 11, 1998, Pages 925-935

The official American guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia;Die offiziellen Amerikanischen empfehlungen zur pravention nosokomialer pneumonien

Author keywords

Disinfection methods; Infection prevention and control; Pneumonia; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE;

EID: 0032407222     PISSN: 00032417     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s001010050644     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (3)

References (219)
  • 1
    • 0027202258 scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of selective decontamination of the digestive tract
    • Selective Decomtamination of the Digestive Tract Trialists' Collaborative Group (1993) Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Br Med J 307:525-532
    • (1993) Br Med J , vol.307 , pp. 525-532
  • 2
    • 0019962240 scopus 로고
    • Hand carriage of aerobic gram-negative rods by health care personnel
    • Adams BG, Marrie TJ (1982) Hand carriage of aerobic gram-negative rods by health care personnel. J Hyg Lond 89:23-31
    • (1982) J Hyg Lond , vol.89 , pp. 23-31
    • Adams, B.G.1    Marrie, T.J.2
  • 3
    • 0019986270 scopus 로고
    • Hand carriage of aerobic gram-negative rods may not be transient
    • Adams BG, Marrie TJ (1982) Hand carriage of aerobic gram-negative rods may not be transient. J Hyg Lond 89:33-46
    • (1982) J Hyg Lond , vol.89 , pp. 33-46
    • Adams, B.G.1    Marrie, T.J.2
  • 5
    • 0024966011 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
    • Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (1989) Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. MMWR 38:64-76
    • (1989) MMWR , vol.38 , pp. 64-76
  • 6
    • 0026092023 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic prophylaxis of respiratory tract infection in mechanically ventilated patients. A prospective, blinded, randomized trial of the effect of a novel regimen
    • Aerdts SJ, van Dalen R, Clasener HA, Festen J, van Lier HJ, Vollaard EJ (1991) Antibiotic prophylaxis of respiratory tract infection in mechanically ventilated patients. A prospective, blinded, randomized trial of the effect of a novel regimen. Chest 100:783-791
    • (1991) Chest , vol.100 , pp. 783-791
    • Aerdts, S.J.1    Van Dalen, R.2    Clasener, H.A.3    Festen, J.4    Van Lier, H.J.5    Vollaard, E.J.6
  • 7
    • 84941825696 scopus 로고
    • Aspergillus infections in cancer patients. Association with fireproofing materials in a new hospital
    • Aisner J, Schimpff SC, Bennett JE, Young VM, Wiernik PH (1976) Aspergillus infections in cancer patients. Association with fireproofing materials in a new hospital. JAMA 235:411-412
    • (1976) JAMA , vol.235 , pp. 411-412
    • Aisner, J.1    Schimpff, S.C.2    Bennett, J.E.3    Young, V.M.4    Wiernik, P.H.5
  • 8
    • 0026537097 scopus 로고
    • Factors contributing to the contamination of hospital water distribution systems by legionellae
    • Alary M, Joly JR (1992) Factors contributing to the contamination of hospital water distribution systems by legionellae. J Infect Dis 165:565-569
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.165 , pp. 565-569
    • Alary, M.1    Joly, J.R.2
  • 10
    • 0019916003 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease caused by aerosolized tap water from respiratory devices
    • Arnow PM, Chou T, Weil D, Shapiro EN, Kretzschmar C (1982) Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease caused by aerosolized tap water from respiratory devices. J Infect Dis 146:460-467
    • (1982) J Infect Dis , vol.146 , pp. 460-467
    • Arnow, P.M.1    Chou, T.2    Weil, D.3    Shapiro, E.N.4    Kretzschmar, C.5
  • 11
    • 0015923052 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory maneuvers to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications. A critical review
    • Bartlett RH, Gazzaniga AB, Geraghty TR (1973) Respiratory maneuvers to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications. A critical review. JAMA 224:1017-1021
    • (1973) JAMA , vol.224 , pp. 1017-1021
    • Bartlett, R.H.1    Gazzaniga, A.B.2    Geraghty, T.R.3
  • 12
    • 0024552541 scopus 로고
    • Low-flow anaestesia does not increase the risk of microbial contamination through the circle absorber system
    • Bengtson JP, Brandberg A, Brinkhoff B, Sonander H, Stenqvist O (1989) Low-flow anaestesia does not increase the risk of microbial contamination through the circle absorber system. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 33:89-92
    • (1989) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.33 , pp. 89-92
    • Bengtson, J.P.1    Brandberg, A.2    Brinkhoff, B.3    Sonander, H.4    Stenqvist, O.5
  • 13
    • 0018831847 scopus 로고
    • Dose-response of guinea pigs experimentally infected with aerosois of Legionella pneumophila
    • Berendt RF, Young HW, Allen RG, Knutsen GL (1980) Dose-response of guinea pigs experimentally infected with aerosois of Legionella pneumophila. J Infect Dis 141:186-192
    • (1980) J Infect Dis , vol.141 , pp. 186-192
    • Berendt, R.F.1    Young, H.W.2    Allen, R.G.3    Knutsen, G.L.4
  • 14
    • 0025909925 scopus 로고
    • An alternative strategy for infection control of anesthesia breathing circuits: A laboratory assessment of the Pall HME filter
    • Berry AJ, Nolte FS (1991) An alternative strategy for infection control of anesthesia breathing circuits: a laboratory assessment of the Pall HME Filter. Anesth Analg 72:651-655
    • (1991) Anesth Analg , vol.72 , pp. 651-655
    • Berry, A.J.1    Nolte, F.S.2
  • 15
    • 0025236957 scopus 로고
    • Maintenance of cooling towers following two outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease in a city
    • Bhopal RS, Barr G (1990) Maintenance of cooling towers following two outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease in a city. Epidemiol Infect 104:29-38
    • (1990) Epidemiol Infect , vol.104 , pp. 29-38
    • Bhopal, R.S.1    Barr, G.2
  • 16
    • 0026333273 scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: A stratified, randomized, prospective study in a mixed intensive care unit
    • Blair P, Rowlands BJ, Lowry K, Webb H, Armstrong P, Smilie J (1991) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a stratified, randomized, prospective study in a mixed intensive care unit. Surgery 110:303-309
    • (1991) Surgery , vol.110 , pp. 303-309
    • Blair, P.1    Rowlands, B.J.2    Lowry, K.3    Webb, H.4    Armstrong, P.5    Smilie, J.6
  • 18
    • 0027451823 scopus 로고
    • Humidification in the intensive care unit. Prospective study of a new protocol utilizing heated humidification and a hygroscopic condenser humidifier
    • Branson RD, Davis K Jr, Campbell RS, Johnson DJ, Porembka DT (1993) Humidification in the intensive care unit. Prospective study of a new protocol utilizing heated humidification and a hygroscopic condenser humidifier. Chest 104:1800-1805
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 1800-1805
    • Branson, R.D.1    Davis K., Jr.2    Campbell, R.S.3    Johnson, D.J.4    Porembka, D.T.5
  • 19
    • 0025195897 scopus 로고
    • Association of shower use with Legionnaires' disease. Possible role of amoebae
    • Breiman RF, Fields BS, Sanden GN, Volmer L, Meier A, Spika JS (1990) Association of shower use with Legionnaires' disease. Possible role of amoebae. JAMA 263:2924-2926
    • (1990) JAMA , vol.263 , pp. 2924-2926
    • Breiman, R.F.1    Fields, B.S.2    Sanden, G.N.3    Volmer, L.4    Meier, A.5    Spika, J.S.6
  • 20
    • 0023190510 scopus 로고
    • Discovery of occult legionella pneumonia in a long stay hospital: Results of prospective serological survey
    • Brennen C, Vickers RM, Yu VL, Puntereri A, Yee YD (1987) Discovery of occult legionella pneumonia in a long stay hospital: results of prospective serological survey. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 295:306-307
    • (1987) Br Med J Clin Res Ed , vol.295 , pp. 306-307
    • Brennen, C.1    Vickers, R.M.2    Yu, V.L.3    Puntereri, A.4    Yee, Y.D.5
  • 21
    • 0017885663 scopus 로고
    • Severity of underlying disease as a predictor of nosocomial infection. Utility in the control of nosocomial infection
    • Britt MR, Schleupner CJ, Matsumiya S (1978) Severity of underlying disease as a predictor of nosocomial infection. Utility in the control of nosocomial infection. JAMA 239:1047-1051
    • (1978) JAMA , vol.239 , pp. 1047-1051
    • Britt, M.R.1    Schleupner, C.J.2    Matsumiya, S.3
  • 23
    • 0018647909 scopus 로고
    • Preoperative pulmonary function and complications after cardiovascular surgery
    • Cain HD, Stevens PM, Adaniya R (1979) Preoperative pulmonary function and complications after cardiovascular surgery. Chest 76:130-135
    • (1979) Chest , vol.76 , pp. 130-135
    • Cain, H.D.1    Stevens, P.M.2    Adaniya, R.3
  • 25
    • 0015595760 scopus 로고
    • Morphological, biochemical, and growth characteristics of pseudomonas cepacia from distilled water
    • Carson LA, Favero MS, Bond WW, Petersen NJ (1973) Morphological, biochemical, and growth characteristics of pseudomonas cepacia from distilled water. Appl Microbiol 25:476-483
    • (1973) Appl Microbiol , vol.25 , pp. 476-483
    • Carson, L.A.1    Favero, M.S.2    Bond, W.W.3    Petersen, N.J.4
  • 26
    • 0021929292 scopus 로고
    • Chest physical therapy: Comparative efficacy of preoperative and postoperative in the elderly
    • Castillo R, Haas A (1985) Chest physical therapy: comparative efficacy of preoperative and postoperative in the elderly. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 66:376-379
    • (1985) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.66 , pp. 376-379
    • Castillo, R.1    Haas, A.2
  • 27
    • 0025361756 scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of acinetobacter respiratory tract infection resulting from incomplete disinfection of ventilatory equipment
    • Cefai C, Richards J, Gould FK, Mc Peake P (1990) An outbreak of Acinetobacter respiratory tract infection resulting from incomplete disinfection of ventilatory equipment. J Hosp Infect 15:177-182
    • (1990) J Hosp Infect , vol.15 , pp. 177-182
    • Cefai, C.1    Richards, J.2    Gould, F.K.3    Mc Peake, P.4
  • 29
    • 0021249813 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of intermittent positive pressure breathing, incentive spirometry, and deep breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery
    • Celli BR, Rodriguez KS, Snider GL (1984) A controlled trial of intermittent positive pressure breathing, incentive spirometry, and deep breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery. Am Rev Respir Dis 130:12-15
    • (1984) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.130 , pp. 12-15
    • Celli, B.R.1    Rodriguez, K.S.2    Snider, G.L.3
  • 30
    • 0003172545 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in healthcare facilities
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1994) Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in healthcare facilities. MMWR 43:1-132
    • (1994) MMWR , vol.43 , pp. 1-132
  • 31
    • 0031550146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997) Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. MMWR 46:1-80
    • (1997) MMWR , vol.46 , pp. 1-80
  • 33
    • 0019596116 scopus 로고
    • Contamination rate of sterilized ventilators in an ICU
    • Comhaire A, Lamy M (1981) Contamination rate of sterilized ventilators in an ICU. Crit Care Med 9:546-548
    • (1981) Crit Care Med , vol.9 , pp. 546-548
    • Comhaire, A.1    Lamy, M.2
  • 34
    • 0024851369 scopus 로고
    • Handwishing practices in an intensive care unit: The effects of an educational program and its relationship to infection rates
    • Conly JM, Hill S, Ross J, Lertzman J, Louie TJ (1989) Handwishing practices in an intensive care unit: the effects of an educational program and its relationship to infection rates. Am J Infect Control 17:330-339
    • (1989) Am J Infect Control , vol.17 , pp. 330-339
    • Conly, J.M.1    Hill, S.2    Ross, J.3    Lertzman, J.4    Louie, T.J.5
  • 36
    • 0025817751 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia and the role of gastric pH. A meta-analysis
    • Cook DJ, Laine LA, Guyatt GH, Raffin TA (1991) Nosocomial pneumonia and the role of gastric pH. A meta-analysis. Chest 100:7-13
    • (1991) Chest , vol.100 , pp. 7-13
    • Cook, D.J.1    Laine, L.A.2    Guyatt, G.H.3    Raffin, T.A.4
  • 37
    • 0016740324 scopus 로고
    • Disinfection of anaesthesia equipment by a mechanized pasteurization method
    • Craig DB, Cowan SA, Forsyth W, Parker SE (1975) Disinfection of anaesthesia equipment by a mechanized pasteurization method. Can Anaesth Soc J 22:219-223
    • (1975) Can Anaesth Soc J , vol.22 , pp. 219-223
    • Craig, D.B.1    Cowan, S.A.2    Forsyth, W.3    Parker, S.E.4
  • 39
    • 0021275019 scopus 로고
    • Contaminated condensate in mechanical ventilator circuits. A risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia?
    • Craven DE, Goularte TA, Make BJ (1984) Contaminated condensate in mechanical ventilator circuits. A risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia? Am Rev Respir Dis 129:625-628
    • (1984) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.129 , pp. 625-628
    • Craven, D.E.1    Goularte, T.A.2    Make, B.J.3
  • 41
    • 0019543955 scopus 로고
    • Role of respiratory assistance devices in endemic nosocomial pneumonia
    • Cross AS, Roup B (1981) Role of respiratory assistance devices in endemic nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Med 70:681-685
    • (1981) Am J Med , vol.70 , pp. 681-685
    • Cross, A.S.1    Roup, B.2
  • 42
    • 0021840398 scopus 로고
    • Postoperative pain and pulmonary complications: Comparison of three analgesic regimens
    • Cuschieri RJ, Morran CG, Howie JC, McArdle CS (1985) Postoperative pain and pulmonary complications: comparison of three analgesic regimens. Br J Surg 72:495-498
    • (1985) Br J Surg , vol.72 , pp. 495-498
    • Cuschieri, R.J.1    Morran, C.G.2    Howie, J.C.3    McArdle, C.S.4
  • 43
    • 0027214772 scopus 로고
    • Effect of air-supported, continuous, postural oscillation on the risk of early ICU pneumonia in nontraumatic critical illness
    • deBoisblanc BP, Castro M, Everret B, Grender J, Walker CD, Summer WR (1993) Effect of air-supported, continuous, postural oscillation on the risk of early ICU pneumonia in nontraumatic critical illness. Chest 103:1543-1547
    • (1993) Chest , vol.103 , pp. 1543-1547
    • DeBoisblanc, B.P.1    Castro, M.2    Everret, B.3    Grender, J.4    Walker, C.D.5    Summer, W.R.6
  • 44
    • 0023576931 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial transloction from the gut: A mechanism of infection
    • Deitch EA, Berg R (1987) Bacterial transloction from the gut: a mechanism of infection. J Burn Care Rehabil 8:475-482
    • (1987) J Burn Care Rehabil , vol.8 , pp. 475-482
    • Deitch, E.A.1    Berg, R.2
  • 45
    • 0025241257 scopus 로고
    • Antifungal and surgical treatment of invasive aspergillosis: Review of 2,121 published cases
    • Erratum publiziert in Rev Infect Dis 1991 13:345.
    • Denning DW, Stevens DA (1990) Antifungal and surgical treatment of invasive aspergillosis: review of 2,121 published cases [Erratum publiziert in Rev Infect Dis 1991 13:345]. Rev Infect Dis 12:1147-1201
    • (1990) Rev Infect Dis , vol.12 , pp. 1147-1201
    • Denning, D.W.1    Stevens, D.A.2
  • 47
    • 0025647269 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of colonization, nosocomial pneumonia, and mortality in critically ill patients using a Trach Care closed-suction system versus an opensuction system: Prospective, randomized study
    • Deppe SA, Kelly JW, Thoi LL, Chudy JH, Longfield RN, Ducey JP, Truwit CL, Antopol MR (1990) Incidence of colonization, nosocomial pneumonia, and mortality in critically ill patients using a Trach Care closed-suction system versus an opensuction system: prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 18:1389-1393
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 1389-1393
    • Deppe, S.A.1    Kelly, J.W.2    Thoi, L.L.3    Chudy, J.H.4    Longfield, R.N.5    Ducey, J.P.6    Truwit, C.L.7    Antopol, M.R.8
  • 48
    • 0018721167 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of outcome of surgery and anesthesia in patients over 80
    • Djokovis JL, Medley Whyte J (1979) Prediction of outcome of surgery and anesthesia in patients over 80. JAMA 242:2301-2306
    • (1979) JAMA , vol.242 , pp. 2301-2306
    • Djokovis, J.L.1    Medley Whyte, J.2
  • 49
    • 0017214644 scopus 로고
    • Continuous pump-tube enteric hyperalimentation
    • Dobbie RP, Hoffmeister JA (1976) Continuous pump-tube enteric hyperalimentation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 143:273-276
    • (1976) Surg Gynecol Obstet , vol.143 , pp. 273-276
    • Dobbie, R.P.1    Hoffmeister, J.A.2
  • 50
    • 0023780029 scopus 로고
    • Removal of nosocomial pathogens from the contaminated glove. Implications for glove reuse and handwishing
    • Doebbeling BN, Pfaller MA, Houston AK, Wenzel RP (1988) Removal of nosocomial pathogens from the contaminated glove. Implications for glove reuse and handwishing. Ann Intern Med 109:394-398
    • (1988) Ann Intern Med , vol.109 , pp. 394-398
    • Doebbeling, B.N.1    Pfaller, M.A.2    Houston, A.K.3    Wenzel, R.P.4
  • 52
    • 0022652076 scopus 로고
    • Alteration of normal gastric flora in critical care patients receiving antacid and cimetidine therapy
    • Donowitz LG, Page MC, Mileur BL, Guenthner SH (1986) Alteration of normal gastric flora in critical care patients receiving antacid and cimetidine therapy. Infect Control 7:23-26
    • (1986) Infect Control , vol.7 , pp. 23-26
    • Donowitz, L.G.1    Page, M.C.2    Mileur, B.L.3    Guenthner, S.H.4
  • 53
    • 0021985512 scopus 로고
    • Nasotracheal intubation and pulmonary parenchymal perforation. An unusual complication of noso-enteral feeding with small-diamter feeding tubes
    • Dorsey JS, Cogordan J (1985) Nasotracheal intubation and pulmonary parenchymal perforation. An unusual complication of noso-enteral feeding with small-diamter feeding tubes. Chest 87:131-132
    • (1985) Chest , vol.87 , pp. 131-132
    • Dorsey, J.S.1    Cogordan, J.2
  • 54
    • 0014447225 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the intestinal flora. I. The bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy and achlorhydric persons
    • Drasar BS, Shiner M, McLeod GM (1969) Studies on the intestinal flora. I. The bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy and achlorhydric persons. Gastroenterology 56:71-79
    • (1969) Gastroenterology , vol.56 , pp. 71-79
    • Drasar, B.S.1    Shiner, M.2    McLeod, G.M.3
  • 55
    • 0025980586 scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of nosocomial pneumonia and of patient and circuit colonization during mechanical ventilation with circuit changes every 48 hours versus no change
    • Dreyfuss D, Djedaini K, Weber P, Brun P, Lanore JJ, Rahmani J, Boussougant Y, Coste F (1991) Prospective study of nosocomial pneumonia and of patient and circuit colonization during mechanical ventilation with circuit changes every 48 hours versus no change. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:738-743
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.143 , pp. 738-743
    • Dreyfuss, D.1    Djedaini, K.2    Weber, P.3    Brun, P.4    Lanore, J.J.5    Rahmani, J.6    Boussougant, Y.7    Coste, F.8
  • 57
    • 0017647284 scopus 로고
    • The anesthesia machine and circle system are nor likely to be sources of bacterial contamination
    • du Moulin GC, Saubermann AJ (1977) The anesthesia machine and circle system are nor likely to be sources of bacterial contamination. Anesthesiology 47:353-358
    • (1977) Anesthesiology , vol.47 , pp. 353-358
    • Du Moulin, G.C.1    Saubermann, A.J.2
  • 58
    • 0015369982 scopus 로고
    • How for do bacteria travel from the exhalation valve of IPPB equipment?
    • Dyer ED, Peterson DE (1972) How for do bacteria travel from the exhalation valve of IPPB equipment? Anesth Analg 51:516-519
    • (1972) Anesth Analg , vol.51 , pp. 516-519
    • Dyer, E.D.1    Peterson, D.E.2
  • 59
    • 0017661692 scopus 로고
    • An educational program to modify laboratory use by house staff
    • Eisenberg JM (1977) An educational program to modify laboratory use by house staff. J Med Educ 52:578-581
    • (1977) J Med Educ , vol.52 , pp. 578-581
    • Eisenberg, J.M.1
  • 60
    • 0029998647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The second national prevalence survey of infection in hospitals -overview of the results
    • Emmerson AM, Enstone JE, Griffin M, Kelsey MC, Smyth ET (1996) The Second National Prevalence Survey of infection in hospitals -overview of the results. J Hosp Infect 32:175-190
    • (1996) J Hosp Infect , vol.32 , pp. 175-190
    • Emmerson, A.M.1    Enstone, J.E.2    Griffin, M.3    Kelsey, M.C.4    Smyth, E.T.5
  • 61
    • 0024599239 scopus 로고
    • Legionella spp.in a hospital hot water system: Effect of control measures
    • Ezzeddine H, Van Ossel C, Delmee M, Wauters G (1989) Legionella spp.in a hospital hot water system: effect of control measures. J Hosp Infect 13:121-131
    • (1989) J Hosp Infect , vol.13 , pp. 121-131
    • Ezzeddine, H.1    Van Ossel, C.2    Delmee, M.3    Wauters, G.4
  • 62
    • 0025109878 scopus 로고
    • A field study of the survival of Legionella pneumophila in a hospital hotwater system
    • Farrell ID, Barker JE, Miles EP, Hutchison JG (1990) A field study of the survival of Legionella pneumophila in a hospital hotwater system. Epidemiol Infect 104:381-387
    • (1990) Epidemiol Infect , vol.104 , pp. 381-387
    • Farrell, I.D.1    Barker, J.E.2    Miles, E.P.3    Hutchison, J.G.4
  • 63
    • 0015242368 scopus 로고
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Growth in distilled water from hospitals
    • Favero MS, Carson LA, Bond WW, Petersen NJ (1971) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: growth in distilled water from hospitals. Science 173:836-838
    • (1971) Science , vol.173 , pp. 836-838
    • Favero, M.S.1    Carson, L.A.2    Bond, W.W.3    Petersen, N.J.4
  • 65
    • 0025863717 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in the critically ill: Product of aspiration or translocation?
    • Fiddian Green RG, Baker S (1991) Nosocomial pneumonia in the critically ill: product of aspiration or translocation? Crit Care Med 19:763-769
    • (1991) Crit Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 763-769
    • Fiddian Green, R.G.1    Baker, S.2
  • 66
    • 0014192625 scopus 로고
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa epidemic traced to delivery-roon resuscitators
    • Fierer J, Taylor PM, Gezon HM (1967) Pseudomonas aeruginosa epidemic traced to delivery-roon resuscitators. N Engl J Med 276:991-996
    • (1967) N Engl J Med , vol.276 , pp. 991-996
    • Fierer, J.1    Taylor, P.M.2    Gezon, H.M.3
  • 67
    • 0025129293 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of an oscillating bed in the prevention of lower respiratory tract infection in critically ill victims of blunt trauma. A prospective study
    • Fink MP, Helsmoortel CM, Stein KL, Lee PC, Cohn SM (1990) The efficacy of an oscillating bed in the prevention of lower respiratory tract infection in critically ill victims of blunt trauma. A prospective study. Chest 97:132-137
    • (1990) Chest , vol.97 , pp. 132-137
    • Fink, M.P.1    Helsmoortel, C.M.2    Stein, K.L.3    Lee, P.C.4    Cohn, S.M.5
  • 68
    • 0025202521 scopus 로고
    • Pilot trial of selective decontamination for prevention of bacterial infection in an intensive care unit
    • Flaherty J, Nathan C, Kabins SA, Weinstein RA (1990) Pilot trial of selective decontamination for prevention of bacterial infection in an intensive care unit. J Infect Dis 162:1393-1397
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.162 , pp. 1393-1397
    • Flaherty, J.1    Nathan, C.2    Kabins, S.A.3    Weinstein, R.A.4
  • 70
    • 0026322391 scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in cardiac surgical patients
    • Fox MA, Peterson S, Fabri BM, van Saene HK (1991) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in cardiac surgical patients. Crit Care Med 19:1486-1490
    • (1991) Crit Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 1486-1490
    • Fox, M.A.1    Peterson, S.2    Fabri, B.M.3    Van Saene, H.K.4
  • 72
    • 0019592901 scopus 로고
    • Methodologic issues in hospital epidemiology. I. Rates, case-finding, and interpretation
    • Freeman J, McGowan JE Jr (1981) Methodologic issues in hospital epidemiology. I. Rates, case-finding, and interpretation. Rev Infect Dis 3:658-667
    • (1981) Rev Infect Dis , vol.3 , pp. 658-667
    • Freeman, J.1    McGowan J.E., Jr.2
  • 74
    • 0023267534 scopus 로고
    • Contamination control in long-term ventilation. A clinical study using a heat- and moisture-exchanging filter
    • Gallagher J, Strangeways JE, Allt Graham J (1987) Contamination control in long-term ventilation. A clinical study using a heat- and moisture-exchanging filter. Anaesthesia 42:476-481
    • (1987) Anaesthesia , vol.42 , pp. 476-481
    • Gallagher, J.1    Strangeways, J.E.2    Allt Graham, J.3
  • 77
    • 0019509187 scopus 로고
    • Failure of bacterial filters to reduce the incidence of pneumonia after inhalation anesthesia
    • Garibaldi RA, Britt MR, Webster C, Pace NL (1981) Failure of bacterial filters to reduce the incidence of pneumonia after inhalation anesthesia. Anesthesiology 54:364-368
    • (1981) Anesthesiology , vol.54 , pp. 364-368
    • Garibaldi, R.A.1    Britt, M.R.2    Webster, C.3    Pace, N.L.4
  • 78
    • 0026543599 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial in intensive care units of selective decontamination of the digestive tract with nonabsorbable antibiotics. The French study group on selective decontamination of the digestive tract
    • Gastinne H, Wolff M, Delatour F, Faurisson F, Chevret S (1992) A controlled trial in intensive care units of selective decontamination of the digestive tract with nonabsorbable antibiotics. The French Study Group on Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract. N Engl J Med 326:594-599
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 594-599
    • Gastinne, H.1    Wolff, M.2    Delatour, F.3    Faurisson, F.4    Chevret, S.5
  • 80
    • 0025907387 scopus 로고
    • Screening for nosocomial legionellosis by culture of the water supply and trageting of high-risk patients for specialized laboratory testing
    • Goetz A, Yu VL (1991) Screening for nosocomial legionellosis by culture of the water supply and trageting of high-risk patients for specialized laboratory testing. Am J Infect Control 19:63-66
    • (1991) Am J Infect Control , vol.19 , pp. 63-66
    • Goetz, A.1    Yu, V.L.2
  • 81
    • 0023237412 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial colonization in humidifying cascade reservoirs after 24 and 48 hours of continuous mechanical ventilation
    • GoularteTA, Manning M, Craven DE (1987) Bacterial colonization in humidifying cascade reservoirs after 24 and 48 hours of continuous mechanical ventilation. Infect Control 8:200-203
    • (1987) Infect Control , vol.8 , pp. 200-203
    • Goularte, T.A.1    Manning, M.2    Craven, D.E.3
  • 82
    • 0015141287 scopus 로고
    • Aspergillus infection complicating cardiac transplantation. Report of five cases
    • Gurwith MJ, Stinson EB, Remington JS (1971) Aspergillus infection complicating cardiac transplantation. Report of five cases. Arch Intern Med 128:541-545
    • (1971) Arch Intern Med , vol.128 , pp. 541-545
    • Gurwith, M.J.1    Stinson, E.B.2    Remington, J.S.3
  • 84
    • 0026856055 scopus 로고
    • A five-year study of needlestick injuries: Significant reduction associated with communication, education, and convenient placement of sharps containers
    • Haiduven DJ, DeMaio TM, Stevens DA (1992) A five-year study of needlestick injuries: significant reduction associated with communication, education, and convenient placement of sharps containers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 13:265-271
    • (1992) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.13 , pp. 265-271
    • Haiduven, D.J.1    DeMaio, T.M.2    Stevens, D.A.3
  • 85
    • 0018745107 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: A continuing common-source epidemic at Wadsworth Medical Center
    • Haley CE, Cohen ML, Halter J, Meyer RD (1979) Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: a continuing common-source epidemic at Wadsworth Medical Center. Ann Intern Med 90:583-586
    • (1979) Ann Intern Med , vol.90 , pp. 583-586
    • Haley, C.E.1    Cohen, M.L.2    Halter, J.3    Meyer, R.D.4
  • 86
    • 0021910709 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals
    • Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, Morgan WM, Emori TG, Munn VR, Hooton TM (1985) The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 121:182-205
    • (1985) Am J Epidemiol , vol.121 , pp. 182-205
    • Haley, R.W.1    Culver, D.H.2    White, J.W.3    Morgan, W.M.4    Emori, T.G.5    Munn, V.R.6    Hooton, T.M.7
  • 88
    • 0025754434 scopus 로고
    • A multivariate analysis of the risk of pulmonary complications after laparatomy
    • Hall JC, Jarala RA, Hall JL, Mander J (1991) A multivariate analysis of the risk of pulmonary complications after laparatomy. Chest 99:923-927
    • (1991) Chest , vol.99 , pp. 923-927
    • Hall, J.C.1    Jarala, R.A.2    Hall, J.L.3    Mander, J.4
  • 89
    • 0026732629 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind study of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care
    • Hammond JM, Potgieter PD, Saunders GL, Forder AA (1992) Double-blind study of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care. Lancet 340:5-9
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 5-9
    • Hammond, J.M.1    Potgieter, P.D.2    Saunders, G.L.3    Forder, A.A.4
  • 90
    • 84944966028 scopus 로고
    • Inadvertent transbronchial insertion of narrow-bore feeding tubes into the pleural space
    • Hand RW, Kempster M, Levy JH, Rogol PR, Sprin P (1984) Inadvertent transbronchial insertion of narrow-bore feeding tubes into the pleural space. JAMA 251:2396-2397
    • (1984) JAMA , vol.251 , pp. 2396-2397
    • Hand, R.W.1    Kempster, M.2    Levy, J.H.3    Rogol, P.R.4    Sprin, P.5
  • 92
    • 0025759061 scopus 로고
    • Effect of selective flora suppression on colonization, infection, and mortality in critically ill patients: A one-year, prospective consecutive study
    • Hartenauer U, Thulig B, Diemer W, Lawin P, Fegeler W, Kehrel R, Ritzerfeld W (1991) Effect of selective flora suppression on colonization, infection, and mortality in critically ill patients: a one-year, prospective consecutive study. Crit Care Med 19:463-473
    • (1991) Crit Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 463-473
    • Hartenauer, U.1    Thulig, B.2    Diemer, W.3    Lawin, P.4    Fegeler, W.5    Kehrel, R.6    Ritzerfeld, W.7
  • 94
    • 0026778539 scopus 로고
    • Effect of acidified enterai feeding on gastric colonization in the critically ill patient
    • Heyland D, Bradley C, Mandell LA (1992) Effect of acidified enterai feeding on gastric colonization in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 20:1388-1394
    • (1992) Crit Care Med , vol.20 , pp. 1388-1394
    • Heyland, D.1    Bradley, C.2    Mandell, L.A.3
  • 95
    • 0027165243 scopus 로고
    • Influence of long-term oro-or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: Results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial
    • Holzapfel L, Chevret S, Madinier G, Ohen F, Demingeon G, Coupry A, Chaudet M (1993) Influence of long-term oro-or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 21:1132-1138
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 1132-1138
    • Holzapfel, L.1    Chevret, S.2    Madinier, G.3    Ohen, F.4    Demingeon, G.5    Coupry, A.6    Chaudet, M.7
  • 96
    • 0024602292 scopus 로고
    • Invasive aspergillus infection: Possible non-ward common source within the hospital environment
    • Hopkins CC, Weber DJ, Rubin RH (1989) Invasive aspergillus infection: possible non-ward common source within the hospital environment. J Hosp Infect 13:19-25
    • (1989) J Hosp Infect , vol.13 , pp. 19-25
    • Hopkins, C.C.1    Weber, D.J.2    Rubin, R.H.3
  • 99
    • 0025285028 scopus 로고
    • Continuous enterai feeding: A major cause of pneumonia among ventilated intensive care unit patients
    • Jacobs S, Chang RW, Lee B, Bartlett FW (1990) Continuous enterai feeding: a major cause of pneumonia among ventilated intensive care unit patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14:353-356
    • (1990) JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr , vol.14 , pp. 353-356
    • Jacobs, S.1    Chang, R.W.2    Lee, B.3    Bartlett, F.W.4
  • 101
    • 0021875323 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial legionellosis in surgcial patients with head-and-neck cancer: Implications for epidemiological reservoir and mode of transmission
    • Johnson JT, Yu VL, Best MG, Vickers RM, Goetz A, Wagner R, Wicker H, Woo A (1985) Nosocomial legionellosis in surgcial patients with head-and-neck cancer: implications for epidemiological reservoir and mode of transmission. Lancet 11:298-300
    • (1985) Lancet , vol.11 , pp. 298-300
    • Johnson, J.T.1    Yu, V.L.2    Best, M.G.3    Vickers, R.M.4    Goetz, A.5    Wagner, R.6    Wicker, H.7    Woo, A.8
  • 106
    • 13644272544 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients treated with sucralfate or cimetidine as prophyslaxis for stress bleeding: Bacterial colonization of the stomach
    • Kappstein I, Schulgen G, Friedrich T, Hellinger P, Benzing A, Geiger K, Daschner FD (1991) Incidence of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients treated with sucralfate or cimetidine as prophyslaxis for stress bleeding: bacterial colonization of the stomach. Am J Med 91:125s-131s
    • (1991) Am J Med , vol.91
    • Kappstein, I.1    Schulgen, G.2    Friedrich, T.3    Hellinger, P.4    Benzing, A.5    Geiger, K.6    Daschner, F.D.7
  • 107
    • 0023184970 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of kinetic therapy in the prevention of complications of prolonged bed rest secondary to stroke
    • Kelley RE, Vibulsresth S, Bell L, Duncan RC (1987) Evaluation of kinetic therapy in the prevention of complications of prolonged bed rest secondary to stroke. Stroke 18:638-642
    • (1987) Stroke , vol.18 , pp. 638-642
    • Kelley, R.E.1    Vibulsresth, S.2    Bell, L.3    Duncan, R.C.4
  • 109
    • 0018831397 scopus 로고
    • Legionnaires' disease: Report of sixty-five nosocomially aquired cases of review of the literature
    • Kirby BD, Snyder KM, Meyer RD, Finegold SM (1980) Legionnaires' disease: report of sixty-five nosocomially aquired cases of review of the literature. Medicine Baltimore 59:188-205
    • (1980) Medicine Baltimore , vol.59 , pp. 188-205
    • Kirby, B.D.1    Snyder, K.M.2    Meyer, R.D.3    Finegold, S.M.4
  • 110
    • 0024322376 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of nosocomial infection during pediatric intensive care by protective isolation
    • Klein BS, Perloff WH, Maki DG (1989) Reduction of nosocomial infection during pediatric intensive care by protective isolation. N Engl J Med 320:1714-1721
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , pp. 1714-1721
    • Klein, B.S.1    Perloff, W.H.2    Maki, D.G.3
  • 111
    • 0024706573 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of nosocomial aspergillosis in patients with leukemia over a twenty-year period
    • Klimowski LL, Rotstein C, Cummings KM (1989) Incidence of nosocomial aspergillosis in patients with leukemia over a twenty-year period. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 10:299-305
    • (1989) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.10 , pp. 299-305
    • Klimowski, L.L.1    Rotstein, C.2    Cummings, K.M.3
  • 112
    • 0016642446 scopus 로고
    • Role of hand contamination of personnel in the epidemiology of gram-negative nosocomial infections
    • Knittle MA, Eitzman DV, Baer H (1975) Role of hand contamination of personnel in the epidemiology of gram-negative nosocomial infections. J Pediatric 86:433-437
    • (1975) J Pediatric , vol.86 , pp. 433-437
    • Knittle, M.A.1    Eitzman, D.V.2    Baer, H.3
  • 113
    • 0027382380 scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia. A multivariate analysis
    • Kollef MH (1993) Ventilator-associated pneumonia. A multivariate analysis. JAMA 270:1965-1970
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 1965-1970
    • Kollef, M.H.1
  • 114
    • 0027382345 scopus 로고
    • Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in neurosurgical intensive care unit patients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study
    • Korinek AM, Laisne MJ, Nicolas MH, Raskine L, Deroin V, Sanson Lepors MJ (1993) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in neurosurgical intensive care unit patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Crit Care Med 21:1466-1473
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 1466-1473
    • Korinek, A.M.1    Laisne, M.J.2    Nicolas, M.H.3    Raskine, L.4    Deroin, V.5    Sanson Lepors, M.J.6
  • 117
    • 0024433630 scopus 로고
    • Prophylaxis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in intensive care units: A meta-analysis
    • Lacroix J, Infante Rivard C, Jenicek M, Gauthier M (1989) Prophylaxis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in intensive care units: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 17:862-869
    • (1989) Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 862-869
    • Lacroix, J.1    Infante Rivard, C.2    Jenicek, M.3    Gauthier, M.4
  • 118
    • 0024316676 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in long-term ventilated patients. Sucralfate versus ranitidine
    • Laggner AN, Lenz K, Base W, Druml W, Schneeweiss B, Grimm G (1989) Prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in long-term ventilated patients. Sucralfate versus ranitidine. Am J Med 86:81-84
    • (1989) Am J Med , vol.86 , pp. 81-84
    • Laggner, A.N.1    Lenz, K.2    Base, W.3    Druml, W.4    Schneeweiss, B.5    Grimm, G.6
  • 119
    • 0024588380 scopus 로고
    • Epidemic of nosocomial Legionnaires' diseases in renal transplant recipients: A case-control and environmental study
    • Le Saux NM, Sekla L, McLeod J, Parker S, Rush D, Jeffery JR, Brunham RC (1989) Epidemic of nosocomial Legionnaires' diseases in renal transplant recipients: a case-control and environmental study. Cmaj 140:1047-1053
    • (1989) Cmaj , vol.140 , pp. 1047-1053
    • Le Saux, N.M.1    Sekla, L.2    McLeod, J.3    Parker, S.4    Rush, D.5    Jeffery, J.R.6    Brunham, R.C.7
  • 120
    • 0023225658 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of noscomial respiratory syncytial virus infections through complicance with glove and gown isolation precautions
    • Leclair JM, Freeman J, Sullivan BF, Crowley CM, Goldmann DA (1987) Prevention of noscomial respiratory syncytial virus infections through complicance with glove and gown isolation precautions. N Engl J Med 317:329-334
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 329-334
    • Leclair, J.M.1    Freeman, J.2    Sullivan, B.F.3    Crowley, C.M.4    Goldmann, D.A.5
  • 121
    • 0023929869 scopus 로고
    • Triple regimen of selective decontamination of the digestive tract, systemic cefotaxime, and microbiological surveillance for prevention of acquired infection in intensive care
    • Ledingham IM, Alcock SR, Eastaway AT, McDonald JC, McKay IC, Ramsay G (1988) Triple regimen of selective decontamination of the digestive tract, systemic cefotaxime, and microbiological surveillance for prevention of acquired infection in intensive care. Lancet 1:785-790
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 785-790
    • Ledingham, I.M.1    Alcock, S.R.2    Eastaway, A.T.3    McDonald, J.C.4    McKay, I.C.5    Ramsay, G.6
  • 122
    • 0023353872 scopus 로고
    • The incidence of nosocomial pneumonia following urgent endotracheal intubation
    • Lowy FD, Carlisle PS, Adams A, Feiner C (1987) The incidence of nosocomial pneumonia following urgent endotracheal intubation. Infect Control 8:245-248
    • (1987) Infect Control , vol.8 , pp. 245-248
    • Lowy, F.D.1    Carlisle, P.S.2    Adams, A.3    Feiner, C.4
  • 123
    • 0027177350 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial filters protect anaesthetic equipment in a low-flow system
    • Luttropp HH, Berntman L (1993) Bacterial filters protect anaesthetic equipment in a low-flow system. Anaesthesia 48:520-523
    • (1993) Anaesthesia , vol.48 , pp. 520-523
    • Luttropp, H.H.1    Berntman, L.2
  • 124
    • 0018206630 scopus 로고
    • Pharyngeal colonization by gram-negative bacilli in aspiration-prone persons
    • Mackowiak PA, Martin RM, Jones SR, Smith JW (1978) Pharyngeal colonization by gram-negative bacilli in aspiration-prone persons. Arch Intern Med 138:1224-1227
    • (1978) Arch Intern Med , vol.138 , pp. 1224-1227
    • Mackowiak, P.A.1    Martin, R.M.2    Jones, S.R.3    Smith, J.W.4
  • 125
    • 0020031518 scopus 로고
    • Definition and comparability of nosocomial infection rates
    • Madison R, Afifi AA (1982) Definition and comparability of nosocomial infection rates. Am J Infect Control 10:49-52
    • (1982) Am J Infect Control , vol.10 , pp. 49-52
    • Madison, R.1    Afifi, A.A.2
  • 127
    • 0026529853 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients: Respective role of mechanical subglottic secretions drainage and stress ulcer prophylaxis
    • Mahul P, Auboyer C, Jospe R, Ros A, Guerin C, el Khouri Z, Galliez M, Dumont A, Gaudin O (1992) Prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients: respective role of mechanical subglottic secretions drainage and stress ulcer prophylaxis. Intensive Care Med 18:20-25
    • (1992) Intensive Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 20-25
    • Mahul, P.1    Auboyer, C.2    Jospe, R.3    Ros, A.4    Guerin, C.5    El Khouri, Z.6    Galliez, M.7    Dumont, A.8    Gaudin, O.9
  • 128
    • 0024311707 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of pneumonia in an intensive care unit: A randomized multicenter clinical trial. Intensive care unit group of infection control
    • Mandelli M, Mosconi P, Langer M, Cigada M (1989) Prevention of pneumonia in an intensive care unit: a randomized multicenter clinical trial. Intensive Care Unit Group of Infection Control. Crit Care Med 17:501-505
    • (1989) Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 501-505
    • Mandelli, M.1    Mosconi, P.2    Langer, M.3    Cigada, M.4
  • 129
    • 0025907388 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial legionnaires' disease: Lessons from a four-year prospective study
    • Marrie TJ, MacDonald S, Clarke K, Haldane D (1991) Nosocomial legionnaires' disease: lessons from a four-year prospective study. Am J Infect Control 19:79-85
    • (1991) Am J Infect Control , vol.19 , pp. 79-85
    • Marrie, T.J.1    MacDonald, S.2    Clarke, K.3    Haldane, D.4
  • 130
    • 0028172994 scopus 로고
    • Surveillance for Legionnaires' disease. Risk factors for morbidity and mortality
    • Marston BJ, Lipman HB, Breiman RF (1994) Surveillance for Legionnaires' disease. Risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Arch Intern Med 154:2417-2422
    • (1994) Arch Intern Med , vol.154 , pp. 2417-2422
    • Marston, B.J.1    Lipman, H.B.2    Breiman, R.F.3
  • 131
    • 0025015270 scopus 로고
    • Heat and moisture exchangers and vaporizing humidifiers in the intensive care unit
    • Martin C, Perrin G, Gevaudan MJ, Saux P, Gouin F (1990) Heat and moisture exchangers and vaporizing humidifiers in the intensive care unit. Chest 97:144-149
    • (1990) Chest , vol.97 , pp. 144-149
    • Martin, C.1    Perrin, G.2    Gevaudan, M.J.3    Saux, P.4    Gouin, F.5
  • 133
    • 0023970965 scopus 로고
    • The trach care closed tracheal suction system: A new medical device to permit tracheal suctioning without interruption of ventilatory assistance
    • Mayhall CG (1988) The Trach Care closed tracheal suction system: a new medical device to permit tracheal suctioning without interruption of ventilatory assistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 9:125-126
    • (1988) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.9 , pp. 125-126
    • Mayhall, C.G.1
  • 135
    • 0022575710 scopus 로고
    • Aspiration pneumonia in patients fed through nasoenteral tubes
    • Metheny NA, Eisenberg P, Spies M (1986) Aspiration pneumonia in patients fed through nasoenteral tubes. Heart Lung 15:256-261
    • (1986) Heart Lung , vol.15 , pp. 256-261
    • Metheny, N.A.1    Eisenberg, P.2    Spies, M.3
  • 136
    • 0021419445 scopus 로고
    • Symposium on infectious complications of neoplastic disease (Part II). Chemoprophylaxis of fungal infections
    • Meunier Carpentier F (1984) Symposium on infectious complications of neoplastic disease (Part II). Chemoprophylaxis of fungal infections. Am J Med 76:652-656
    • (1984) Am J Med , vol.76 , pp. 652-656
    • Meunier Carpentier, F.1
  • 137
    • 0025761055 scopus 로고
    • Heat and moisture exchanger vs heated humidifier during long-term mechanical ventilation. A prospective randomized study
    • Misset B, Escudier B, Rivara D, Leclercq B, Nitenberg G (1991) Heat and moisture exchanger vs heated humidifier during long-term mechanical ventilation. A prospective randomized study. Chest 100:160-163
    • (1991) Chest , vol.100 , pp. 160-163
    • Misset, B.1    Escudier, B.2    Rivara, D.3    Leclercq, B.4    Nitenberg, G.5
  • 139
    • 0029797107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection control practices in intensive care units of 14 European countries. The EURO.NIS study group
    • Moro ML, Jepsen OB (1996) Infection control practices in intensive care units of 14 European countries. The EURO.NIS Study Group. Intensive Care Med 22:872-879
    • (1996) Intensive Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 872-879
    • Moro, M.L.1    Jepsen, O.B.2
  • 143
    • 0023124124 scopus 로고
    • Comparative assessment of chlorine, heat, ozone, and UV light for killing Legionella pneumophila within a model plumbing system
    • Muraca P, Stout JE, Yu VL (1987) Comparative assessment of chlorine, heat, ozone, and UV light for killing Legionella pneumophila within a model plumbing system. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:447-453
    • (1987) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.53 , pp. 447-453
    • Muraca, P.1    Stout, J.E.2    Yu, V.L.3
  • 144
    • 0025381588 scopus 로고
    • Disinfection of water distribution systems for legionella: A review of application procedures and methodologies
    • Muraca PW, Yu VL, Goetz A (1990) Disinfection of water distribution systems for legionella: a review of application procedures and methodologies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 11:79-88
    • (1990) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.11 , pp. 79-88
    • Muraca, P.W.1    Yu, V.L.2    Goetz, A.3
  • 146
    • 0021337428 scopus 로고
    • Impact of antimicrobial agents on the gastrointestinal microflora and the risk of infections
    • Nord CE, Kager L, Heindahl A (1984) Impact of antimicrobial agents on the gastrointestinal microflora and the risk of infections. Am J Med 76:99-106
    • (1984) Am J Med , vol.76 , pp. 99-106
    • Nord, C.E.1    Kager, L.2    Heindahl, A.3
  • 148
    • 0016266926 scopus 로고
    • Tube feeding and lethal aspiration in neurological patients: A review of 720 autopsy cases
    • Olivares L, Segovia A, Revuelta R (1974) Tube feeding and lethal aspiration in neurological patients: a review of 720 autopsy cases. Stroke 5:654-657
    • (1974) Stroke , vol.5 , pp. 654-657
    • Olivares, L.1    Segovia, A.2    Revuelta, R.3
  • 149
    • 0026554205 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in patients having bone marrow transplant. Attributable mortality and risk factors
    • Pannuti G, Gingrich R, Pfaller MA, Kao C, Wenzel RP (1992) Nosocomial pneumonia in patients having bone marrow transplant. Attributable mortality and risk factors. Cancer 69:2653-2662
    • (1992) Cancer , vol.69 , pp. 2653-2662
    • Pannuti, G.1    Gingrich, R.2    Pfaller, M.A.3    Kao, C.4    Wenzel, R.P.5
  • 150
    • 0015428965 scopus 로고
    • Disposable versus reusable rebreathing circuits: Advantages, disadvantages, hazards and bacteriologic studies
    • Parmley JB, Tahir AH, Dascomb HE, Adriani J (1972) Disposable versus reusable rebreathing circuits: advantages, disadvantages, hazards and bacteriologic studies. Anesth Analg 51:888-894
    • (1972) Anesth Analg , vol.51 , pp. 888-894
    • Parmley, J.B.1    Tahir, A.H.2    Dascomb, H.E.3    Adriani, J.4
  • 151
    • 0026321106 scopus 로고
    • Association of contaminated gloves with transmission of Acinebacter calcoaceticus var.anitratus in an intensive care unit
    • Patterson JE, Vecchio J, Pantelick EL, Farrel P, Mazon D, Zervos MJ, Hierholzer WJ Jr (1991) Association of contaminated gloves with transmission of Acinebacter calcoaceticus var.anitratus in an intensive care unit. Am J Med 91:479-483
    • (1991) Am J Med , vol.91 , pp. 479-483
    • Patterson, J.E.1    Vecchio, J.2    Pantelick, E.L.3    Farrel, P.4    Mazon, D.5    Zervos, M.J.6    Hierholzer W.J., Jr.7
  • 152
    • 0027507803 scopus 로고
    • Occurence of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated trauma patients: A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine
    • Pickworth KK, Falcone RE, Hoogeboom JE, Santanello SA (1993) Occurence of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated trauma patients: a comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine. Crit Care Med 21:1856-1862
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 1856-1862
    • Pickworth, K.K.1    Falcone, R.E.2    Hoogeboom, J.E.3    Santanello, S.A.4
  • 153
    • 0014933130 scopus 로고
    • Long-term evaluation of decontamination of inhalation-therapy equipment and the occurrence of necrotizing pneumonia
    • Pierce AK, Sanford JP, Thomas GD, Leonhard JS (1970) Long-term evaluation of decontamination of inhalation-therapy equipment and the occurrence of necrotizing pneumonia. N Engl J Med 282:528-531
    • (1970) N Engl J Med , vol.282 , pp. 528-531
    • Pierce, A.K.1    Sanford, J.P.2    Thomas, G.D.3    Leonhard, J.S.4
  • 155
    • 0022456204 scopus 로고
    • Enterai nutrition in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Multiple sources of tracheal colonization include the stomach
    • Pingleton SK, Hinthorn DR, Liu C (1986) Enterai nutrition in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Multiple sources of tracheal colonization include the stomach. Am J Med 80:827-832
    • (1986) Am J Med , vol.80 , pp. 827-832
    • Pingleton, S.K.1    Hinthorn, D.R.2    Liu, C.3
  • 156
    • 23444457922 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients receiving antacid, ranitidine, or sucralfate as prophylaxis for stress ulcer. A randomized controlled trial
    • Prod'hom G, Leuenberger P, Koerfer J, Blum A, Chiolero R, Schaller MD, Perret C, Spinnler O, Blondel J, Siegrist H et al. (1994) Nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients receiving antacid, ranitidine, or sucralfate as prophylaxis for stress ulcer. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 120:653-662
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.120 , pp. 653-662
    • Prod'hom, G.1    Leuenberger, P.2    Koerfer, J.3    Blum, A.4    Chiolero, R.5    Schaller, M.D.6    Perret, C.7    Spinnler, O.8    Blondel, J.9    Siegrist, H.10
  • 157
    • 0025863441 scopus 로고
    • Oropharyngeal decontamination decreases incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial
    • Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Lew DP, Suter PM (1991) Oropharyngeal decontamination decreases incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. JAMA 265:2704-2710
    • (1991) JAMA , vol.265 , pp. 2704-2710
    • Pugin, J.1    Auckenthaler, R.2    Lew, D.P.3    Suter, P.M.4
  • 158
    • 0021249301 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of intramuscular and epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in the grossly obese: Influence on postoperative ambulation and pulmonary function
    • Rawal N, Sjostrand U, Christoffersson E, Dahlstrom B, Arvill A, Rydman H (1984) Comparison of intramuscular and epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in the grossly obese: influence on postoperative ambulation and pulmonary function. Anesth Analg 63:583-592
    • (1984) Anesth Analg , vol.63 , pp. 583-592
    • Rawal, N.1    Sjostrand, U.2    Christoffersson, E.3    Dahlstrom, B.4    Arvill, A.5    Rydman, H.6
  • 159
    • 0024314236 scopus 로고
    • Role of gastric colonization in nosocomial infections and endotoxemia: A prospective study in neurosurgical patients on mechanical ventilation
    • Reusser P, Zimmerli W, Scheidegger D, Marbet GA, Buser M, Gyr K (1989) Role of gastric colonization in nosocomial infections and endotoxemia: a prospective study in neurosurgical patients on mechanical ventilation. J Infect Dis 160:414-421
    • (1989) J Infect Dis , vol.160 , pp. 414-421
    • Reusser, P.1    Zimmerli, W.2    Scheidegger, D.3    Marbet, G.A.4    Buser, M.5    Gyr, K.6
  • 160
    • 0021034609 scopus 로고
    • Role of the hands in the spread of nosocomial infections. 1
    • Reybrouck G (1983) Role of the hands in the spread of nosocomial infections. 1. J Hosp Infect 4:103-110
    • (1983) J Hosp Infect , vol.4 , pp. 103-110
    • Reybrouck, G.1
  • 161
    • 0022118350 scopus 로고
    • Lessons from the Roswell Park bone marrow transplant aspergillosis outbreak
    • Rhame FS (1985) Lessons from the Roswell Park bone marrow transplant aspergillosis outbreak. Infect Control 6:345-346
    • (1985) Infect Control , vol.6 , pp. 345-346
    • Rhame, F.S.1
  • 162
    • 0024706840 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial aspergillosis: How much protection for which patients?
    • Rhame FS (1989) Nosocomial aspergillosis: how much protection for which patients? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 10:296-298
    • (1989) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.10 , pp. 296-298
    • Rhame, F.S.1
  • 163
    • 0025783349 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of nosocomial aspergillosis
    • Rhame FS (1991) Prevention of nosocomial aspergillosis. J Hosp Infect 18 [Suppl A]:466-472
    • (1991) J Hosp Infect , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 466-472
    • Rhame, F.S.1
  • 164
    • 0022527566 scopus 로고
    • Bubbling humidifiers produce microaerosols which can carry bacteria
    • Rhame FS, Streifel A, McComb C, Boyle M (1986) Bubbling humidifiers produce microaerosols which can carry bacteria. Infect Control 7:403-407
    • (1986) Infect Control , vol.7 , pp. 403-407
    • Rhame, F.S.1    Streifel, A.2    McComb, C.3    Boyle, M.4
  • 165
    • 0019486950 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary atelectasis after anaesthesia: Pathophysiology and management
    • Rigg JR (1981) Pulmonary atelectasis after anaesthesia: pathophysiology and management. Can Anaesth Soc J 28:305-313
    • (1981) Can Anaesth Soc J , vol.28 , pp. 305-313
    • Rigg, J.R.1
  • 167
    • 0014672772 scopus 로고
    • A hot water disinfection method for inhalation therapy equipment
    • Roberts FJ, Cockcroft WH, Johnson HE (1969) A hot water disinfection method for inhalation therapy equipment. Can Med Assoc J 101:30-32
    • (1969) Can Med Assoc J , vol.101 , pp. 30-32
    • Roberts, F.J.1    Cockcroft, W.H.2    Johnson, H.E.3
  • 168
    • 0026678006 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of nosocomial infection in critically ill patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Rocha LA, Martin MJ, Pita S, Paz J, Seco C, Margusino L, Villanueva R, Duran MT (1992) Prevention of nosocomial infection in critically ill patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Intensive Care Med 18:398-404
    • (1992) Intensive Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 398-404
    • Rocha, L.A.1    Martin, M.J.2    Pita, S.3    Paz, J.4    Seco, C.5    Margusino, L.6    Villanueva, R.7    Duran, M.T.8
  • 169
    • 0022530861 scopus 로고
    • Infections in hematologic malignancy
    • Rogers TR ( 1986) Infections in hematologic malignancy. Infect Control 7:140-143
    • (1986) Infect Control , vol.7 , pp. 140-143
    • Rogers, T.R.1
  • 170
    • 0016703403 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of gram-negative rods in the normal pharyngeal flora
    • Rosenthal S, Tager IB (1975) Prevalence of gram-negative rods in the normal pharyngeal flora. Ann Intern Med 83:355-357
    • (1975) Ann Intern Med , vol.83 , pp. 355-357
    • Rosenthal, S.1    Tager, I.B.2
  • 172
    • 0023855443 scopus 로고
    • The prevention of pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery in patients with noncompromised pulmonary status
    • Roukema JA, Carol EJ, Prins JG (1988) The prevention of pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery in patients with noncompromised pulmonary status. Arch Surg 123:30-34
    • (1988) Arch Surg , vol.123 , pp. 30-34
    • Roukema, J.A.1    Carol, E.J.2    Prins, J.G.3
  • 173
    • 0026611461 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of hydrophobic heat and moisture exchangers with heated humidifier during prolonged mechanical ventilation
    • Roustan JP, Kienlen J, Aubas P, Aubas S, du Cailar J (1992) Comparison of hydrophobic heat and moisture exchangers with heated humidifier during prolonged mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 18:97-100
    • (1992) Intensive Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 97-100
    • Roustan, J.P.1    Kienlen, J.2    Aubas, P.3    Aubas, S.4    Du Cailar, J.5
  • 175
    • 0020611292 scopus 로고
    • Colonisation of the trachae in ventilated patients: What is the bacterial pathway?
    • Sanderson PJ (1983) Colonisation of the trachae in ventilated patients: what is the bacterial pathway? J Hosp Infect 4:15-18
    • (1983) J Hosp Infect , vol.4 , pp. 15-18
    • Sanderson, P.J.1
  • 176
    • 0020061709 scopus 로고
    • Increased recovery of Aspergillus flavus from respiratory specimens during hospital construction
    • Sarubbi FA Jr, Kopf HB, Wilson MB, McGinnis MR, Rutala WA (1982) Increased recovery of Aspergillus flavus from respiratory specimens during hospital construction. Am Rev Respir Dis 125:33-38
    • (1982) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.125 , pp. 33-38
    • Sarubbi F.A., Jr.1    Kopf, H.B.2    Wilson, M.B.3    McGinnis, M.R.4    Rutala, W.A.5
  • 177
    • 0026062881 scopus 로고
    • Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection
    • Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP (1991) Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 91:72s-75s
    • (1991) Am J Med , vol.91
    • Schaberg, D.R.1    Culver, D.H.2    Gaynes, R.P.3
  • 178
    • 0026667089 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ribotyping and restriction enzyme analysis using pulsedfield gel electrophoresis for distinguishing Legionella pneumophila isolates obtained during a nosocomial outbreak
    • Schoonmaker D, Heimberger T, Birkhead G (1992) Comparison of ribotyping and restriction enzyme analysis using pulsedfield gel electrophoresis for distinguishing Legionella pneumophila isolates obtained during a nosocomial outbreak. J Clin Microbiol 30:1491-1498
    • (1992) J Clin Microbiol , vol.30 , pp. 1491-1498
    • Schoonmaker, D.1    Heimberger, T.2    Birkhead, G.3
  • 181
    • 0025903788 scopus 로고
    • The enhancement of infection control in-service education by ward opinion leaders
    • Seto WH, Ching TY, Yuen KY, Chu YB, Seto WL (1991) The enhancement of infection control in-service education by ward opinion leaders. Am J Infect Control 19:86-91
    • (1991) Am J Infect Control , vol.19 , pp. 86-91
    • Seto, W.H.1    Ching, T.Y.2    Yuen, K.Y.3    Chu, Y.B.4    Seto, W.L.5
  • 182
    • 0021160537 scopus 로고
    • A controlled evaluation of the protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine for patients at high risk of serious pneumococcal infections
    • Shapiro ED, Clemens JD (1984) A controlled evaluation of the protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine for patients at high risk of serious pneumococcal infections. Ann Intern Med 101:325-330
    • (1984) Ann Intern Med , vol.101 , pp. 325-330
    • Shapiro, E.D.1    Clemens, J.D.2
  • 184
    • 0015115785 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of contamination of the circle system and ventilators with a new disposable filter
    • Shiotani GM, Nicholes P, Ballinger CM, Shaw L (1971) Prevention of contamination of the circle system and ventilators with a new disposable filter. Anesth Analg 50:844-855
    • (1971) Anesth Analg , vol.50 , pp. 844-855
    • Shiotani, G.M.1    Nicholes, P.2    Ballinger, C.M.3    Shaw, L.4
  • 188
    • 0017118127 scopus 로고
    • Aspiration pneumonia; incidence of aspiration with endotracheal tubes
    • Spray SB, Zuidema GD, Cameron JL (1976) Aspiration pneumonia; incidence of aspiration with endotracheal tubes. Am J Surg 131:701-703
    • (1976) Am J Surg , vol.131 , pp. 701-703
    • Spray, S.B.1    Zuidema, G.D.2    Cameron, J.L.3
  • 189
    • 0015875512 scopus 로고
    • Antibacterial effectiveness of routine hand washing
    • Sprunt K, Redman W, Leidy G (1973) Antibacterial effectiveness of routine hand washing. Pediatrics 52:264-271
    • (1973) Pediatrics , vol.52 , pp. 264-271
    • Sprunt, K.1    Redman, W.2    Leidy, G.3
  • 190
    • 0021933621 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications with CPAP, incentive spirometry, and conservative therapy
    • Stock MC, Downs JB, Gauer PK, Alster JM, Imrey PB (1985) Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications with CPAP, incentive spirometry, and conservative therapy. Chest 87:151-157
    • (1985) Chest , vol.87 , pp. 151-157
    • Stock, M.C.1    Downs, J.B.2    Gauer, P.K.3    Alster, J.M.4    Imrey, P.B.5
  • 191
    • 0022655373 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of an outbreak of infection with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in a special care baby unit
    • Stone JW, Das BC (1986) Investigation of an outbreak of infection with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in a special care baby unit. J Hosp Infect 7:42-48
    • (1986) J Hosp Infect , vol.7 , pp. 42-48
    • Stone, J.W.1    Das, B.C.2
  • 192
    • 0021931907 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of Legionella pneumophila within water distribution systems
    • Stout JE, Yu VL, Best MG (1985) Ecology of Legionella pneumophila within water distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 49:221-228
    • (1985) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 221-228
    • Stout, J.E.1    Yu, V.L.2    Best, M.G.3
  • 194
    • 0020620891 scopus 로고
    • Aspergillus fumigatus and other thermotolerant fungi generated by hospital building demolition
    • Streifel AJ, Lauer JL, Vesley D, Juni B, Rhame FS (1983) Aspergillus fumigatus and other thermotolerant fungi generated by hospital building demolition. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:375-378
    • (1983) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 375-378
    • Streifel, A.J.1    Lauer, J.L.2    Vesley, D.3    Juni, B.4    Rhame, F.S.5
  • 195
    • 0026518497 scopus 로고
    • Equal aspiration rates from postpylorus and intragastric-placed small-bore nasoenteric feeding tubes: A randomized, prospective study
    • Strong RM, Condon SC, Solinger MR, Namihas BN, Ito Wong LA, Leuty JE (1992) Equal aspiration rates from postpylorus and intragastric-placed small-bore nasoenteric feeding tubes: a randomized, prospective study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 16:59-63
    • (1992) JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr , vol.16 , pp. 59-63
    • Strong, R.M.1    Condon, S.C.2    Solinger, M.R.3    Namihas, B.N.4    Ito Wong, L.A.5    Leuty, J.E.6
  • 197
    • 0023119788 scopus 로고
    • Serodiagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancy: Validation of the aspergillus fumigatus antigen radioimmunoassay
    • Talbot GH, Weiner MH, Gerson SL, Provencher M, Hurwitz S (1987) Serodiagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancy: validation of the Aspergillus fumigatus antigen radioimmunoassay. J Infect Dis 155:12-27
    • (1987) J Infect Dis , vol.155 , pp. 12-27
    • Talbot, G.H.1    Weiner, M.H.2    Gerson, S.L.3    Provencher, M.4    Hurwitz, S.5
  • 198
    • 0025273420 scopus 로고
    • Selctive decontamination to reduce gram-negative colonisation and infections after oesophageal resection
    • Tetteroo GW, Wagenvoort JH, Castelein A, Tilanus HW, Ince C, Bruining HA (1990) Selctive decontamination to reduce gram-negative colonisation and infections after oesophageal resection. Lancet 335:704-707
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.335 , pp. 704-707
    • Tetteroo, G.W.1    Wagenvoort, J.H.2    Castelein, A.3    Tilanus, H.W.4    Ince, C.5    Bruining, H.A.6
  • 199
    • 0022390803 scopus 로고
    • Bedside resuscitation bags: A source of bacterial contamination
    • Thompson AC, Wilder BJ, Powner DJ (1985) Bedside resuscitation bags: a source of bacterial contamination. Infect Control 6:231-232
    • (1985) Infect Control , vol.6 , pp. 231-232
    • Thompson, A.C.1    Wilder, B.J.2    Powner, D.J.3
  • 200
    • 0014526468 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial colonization and clinical superinfection of the respiratory tract complicating antibiotic treatment of pneumonia
    • Tillotson JR, Finland M (1969) Bacterial colonization and clinical superinfection of the respiratory tract complicating antibiotic treatment of pneumonia. J Infect Dis 119:597-624
    • (1969) J Infect Dis , vol.119 , pp. 597-624
    • Tillotson, J.R.1    Finland, M.2
  • 201
    • 0018436909 scopus 로고
    • Preoperative evaluation of pulmonary function. Validity, indications, and benefits
    • Tisi GM (1979) Preoperative evaluation of pulmonary function. Validity, indications, and benefits. Am Rev Respir Dis 119:293-310
    • (1979) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.119 , pp. 293-310
    • Tisi, G.M.1
  • 202
    • 0020693198 scopus 로고
    • Legionella incidence and density in potable drinking water supplies
    • Tison DL, Seidler RJ (1983) Legionella incidence and density in potable drinking water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol 45:337-339
    • (1983) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 337-339
    • Tison, D.L.1    Seidler, R.J.2
  • 204
    • 0021751164 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary aspiration in tube-fed patients with artificial airways
    • Treloar DM, Stechmiller J (1984) Pulmonary aspiration in tube-fed patients with artificial airways. Heart Lung 13:667-671
    • (1984) Heart Lung , vol.13 , pp. 667-671
    • Treloar, D.M.1    Stechmiller, J.2
  • 205
    • 0023633735 scopus 로고
    • Risk of acute stress bleeding and nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated intensive care unit patients: Sucralfate versus antacids
    • Tryba M (1987) Risk of acute stress bleeding and nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated intensive care unit patients: sucralfate versus antacids. Am J Med 83:117-124
    • (1987) Am J Med , vol.83 , pp. 117-124
    • Tryba, M.1
  • 206
    • 0023636292 scopus 로고
    • Antibacterial activity of sucralfate in human gastric juice
    • Tryba M, Mantey Stiers F (1987) Antibacterial activity of sucralfate in human gastric juice. Am J Med 83:125-127
    • (1987) Am J Med , vol.83 , pp. 125-127
    • Tryba, M.1    Mantey Stiers, F.2
  • 207
    • 0024306660 scopus 로고
    • Selctive decontamination of the digestive tract with norfloxacin in the prevention of ICU-acquired infections: A prospective randomized study
    • Ulrich C, Harinck De Weerd JE, Bakker NC, Jacz K, Doornbos L, de Ridder VA (1989) Selctive decontamination of the digestive tract with norfloxacin in the prevention of ICU-acquired infections: a prospective randomized study. Intensive Care Med 15:424-431
    • (1989) Intensive Care Med , vol.15 , pp. 424-431
    • Ulrich, C.1    De Harinck Weerd, J.E.2    Bakker, N.C.3    Jacz, K.4    Doornbos, L.5    De Ridder, V.A.6
  • 208
    • 0023154422 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of colonization and respiratory infections in long-term ventilated patients by local antimicrobial prophylaxis
    • Unertl K, Ruckdeschel G, Selbmann HK, Jensen U, Forst H, Lenhart FP, Peter K (1987) Prevention of colonization and respiratory infections in long-term ventilated patients by local antimicrobial prophylaxis. Intensive Care Med 13:106-113
    • (1987) Intensive Care Med , vol.13 , pp. 106-113
    • Unertl, K.1    Ruckdeschel, G.2    Selbmann, H.K.3    Jensen, U.4    Forst, H.5    Lenhart, F.P.6    Peter, K.7
  • 209
    • 0018143585 scopus 로고
    • Factores predisposing to oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli in the aged
    • Valenti WM, Trudell RG, Bentleyx DW (1978) Factores predisposing to oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli in the aged. N Engl J Med 298:1108-1111
    • (1978) N Engl J Med , vol.298 , pp. 1108-1111
    • Valenti, W.M.1    Trudell, R.G.2    Bentleyx, D.W.3
  • 210
    • 0025916225 scopus 로고
    • Effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on respiratory tract infections and mortality in the intensive care unit
    • Vandenbroucke Grauls CM, Vandenbroucke JP (1991) Effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on respiratory tract infections and mortality in the intensive care unit. Lancet 338:849-863
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 849-863
    • Vandenbroucke Grauls, C.M.1    Vandenbroucke, J.P.2
  • 211
    • 0023411092 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of Legionella pneumophila contamination of water distribution systems: 15-hospital prospective study
    • Vickers RM, Yu VL, Hanna SS, Muraca P, Diven W, Carmen N, Taylor FB (1987) Determinants of Legionella pneumophila contamination of water distribution systems: 15-hospital prospective study. Infect Control 8:357-363
    • (1987) Infect Control , vol.8 , pp. 357-363
    • Vickers, R.M.1    Yu, V.L.2    Hanna, S.S.3    Muraca, P.4    Diven, W.5    Carmen, N.6    Taylor, F.B.7
  • 212
    • 0029148091 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (epic) study. EPIC international advisory committee
    • Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, Bruining HA, White J, Nicolas Chanoin MH, Wolff M, Spencer RC, Hemmer M (1995) The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA 274:639-644
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , pp. 639-644
    • Vincent, J.L.1    Bihari, D.J.2    Suter, P.M.3    Bruining, H.A.4    White, J.5    Nicolas Chanoin, M.H.6    Wolff, M.7    Spencer, R.C.8    Hemmer, M.9
  • 213
    • 0017574173 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications following open heart surgery
    • Vraciu JK, Vraciu RA (1977) Effectiveness of breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications following open heart surgery. Phys Ther 57:1367-1371
    • (1977) Phys Ther , vol.57 , pp. 1367-1371
    • Vraciu, J.K.1    Vraciu, R.A.2
  • 216
    • 0025167321 scopus 로고
    • Manuel ventilation bags as a source for bacterial colonization of intubated patients
    • Weber DJ, Wilson MB, Rutala WA, Thomann CA (1990) Manuel ventilation bags as a source for bacterial colonization of intubated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 142:892-894
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.142 , pp. 892-894
    • Weber, D.J.1    Wilson, M.B.2    Rutala, W.A.3    Thomann, C.A.4
  • 217
    • 0023891055 scopus 로고
    • Immunization policies and vaccine coverage among adults. The risk for missed opportunities
    • Erratum publiziert in Ann Intern Med 1988;109:348.
    • Williams WW, Hickson MA, Kane MA, Kendal AR Spika JS, Hinman AR (1988) Immunization policies and vaccine coverage among adults. The risk for missed opportunities [Erratum publiziert in Ann Intern Med 1988;109:348]. Ann Intern Med 108:616-625
    • (1988) Ann Intern Med , vol.108 , pp. 616-625
    • Williams, W.W.1    Hickson, M.A.2    Kane, M.A.3    Kendal, A.R.4    Spika, J.S.5    Hinman, A.R.6
  • 218
    • 0026769019 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care and its effects on nosocomial infection
    • Winter R, Humphreys H, Pick A, MacGowan AP, Willatts SM, Speller DC (1992) A controlled trial of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care and its effects on nosocomial infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 30:73-87
    • (1992) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.30 , pp. 73-87
    • Winter, R.1    Humphreys, H.2    Pick, A.3    MacGowan, A.P.4    Willatts, S.M.5    Speller, D.C.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.