The magnitude and distribution of open-loop accommodation using three different methods of opening the loop

Optometry and Vision Science

Volumn 75, Issue 12, 1998, Pages 897-902

  Gray, Lyle S ^a   Strang, Niall C ^c   Winfield, Nicola ^c   Gilmartin, Bernard ^c   Winn, Barry ^b  

^a GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Bright field; Darkness; Pinhole; Spatiotopic; Tonic accommodation

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL ORGANS; INFRARED DEVICES; OPTOMETERS;

INFRARED OPTOMETERS; OPEN-LOOP ACCOMMODATION; TONIC ACCOMMODATION;

OPHTHALMOLOGY;

ACCOMMODATION; ADULT; ARTICLE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; IMAGE QUALITY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LIGHT DARK CYCLE; MYOPIA; NORMAL HUMAN; OPTOMETER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUPIL REFLEX; RETINA IMAGE; SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION; VISUAL STIMULATION;

EID: 0032406733     PISSN: 10405488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00006324-199812000-00012     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Schor CM, Alexander J, Cormack L, Stevenson S. Negative feedback control model of proximal convergence and accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1992;12:307-18.
2. Schor CM, Kotulak JC. Dynamic interactions between accommodation and convergence are velocity sensitive. Vision Res 1986;26: 927-42.
3. Toates FM. Accommodation function of the human eye. Physiol Rev 1972;52:828-63.
4. Hung GK, Semmlow JL. Static behavior of accommodation and vergence: computer simulation of an interactive dual-feedback system. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1980;27:439-47.
5. Rosenfield M, Ciuffreda KJ, Hung GK, Gilmartin B. Tonic accommodation: a review. I. Basic aspects. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1993;13:266-84.
6. Rosenfield M, Ciuffreda KJ, Hung GK, Gilmartin B. Tonic accommodation: a review. II. Accommodative adaptation and clinical aspects. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1994;14:265-77.
7. Leibowitz HW, Owens DA. Anomalous myopias and the intermediate dark focus of accommodation. Science 1975;189:646-8.
8. Winn B, Gilmartin B, Mortimer LC, Edwards NR. The effect of mental effort on open- and closed-loop accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1991;11:335-9.
9. Gray LS, Winn B, Gilmartin B, Eadie AS. Objective concurrent measures of open-loop accommodation and vergence under photopic conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:2996-3003.
10. Johnson CA. Effects of luminance and stimulus distance on accommodation and visual resolution. J Opt Soc Am 1976;66:138-42.
11. Phillips SR. Ocular neurological control systems: accommodation and the near response triad. 1974. PhD Thesis. University of California, Berkeley.
12. Bullimore MA, Gilmartin B. The measurement of adaptation of tonic accommodation under two open-loop conditions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1989;9:72-5.
13. Wolfe JM, O'Connell KM. Adaptation of the resting states of accommodation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987;28:992-6.
14. Schober HAW, Dehler H, Kassel R. Accommodation during observations with optical instruments. J Opt Soc Am 1970;60:103-7.
15. Hennessy RT. Instrument myopia. J Opt Soc Am 1975;65:1114-20.
16. Wesner MF, Miller RJ. Instrument myopia conceptions, misconceptions, and influencing factors. Doc Ophthalmol 1986;62:281-308.
17. Post RB, Johnson CA, Tsuetaki TK. Comparison of laser and infrared techniques for measurement of the resting focus of accommodation: mean differences and long-term variability. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1984;4:327-32.
18. Post RB, Johnson CA, Owens DA. Does performance of tasks affect the resting focus of accommodation? Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1985; 62:533-7.
19. Smith G. The accommodative resting states, instrument accommodation and their measurement. Optica Acta 1983;30:347-59.
20. Kotulak JC, Morse SE. Relationship among accommodation, focus, and resolution with optical instruments. J Opt Soc Am (A) 1994;11: 71-9.
21. Ward PA, Charman WN. On the use of small artificial pupils to open-loop the accommodation system. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1987;7:191-3.
22. Pugh JR, Winn B. Modification of the Canon Auto Ref R1 for use as a continuously recording infra-red optometer. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1988;8:460-4.
23. Pugh JR, Winn B. A procedural guide to the modification of a Canon AutoRef R-1 for use as a continuously recording optometer. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1989;9:451-4.
24. McBrien NA, Millodot M. Clinical evaluation of the Canon Autoref R-1. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1985;62:786-92.
25. Rosenfield M, Ciuffreda KJ. Effect of surround propinquity on the open-loop accommodative response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991;32:142-7.
26. Krumholz DM, Fox RS, Ciuffreda KJ. Short-term changes in tonic accommodation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986;27:552-7.
27. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986;1: 307-10.
28. Johnson CA, Post RB, Tsuetaki TK. Short-term variability of the resting focus of accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1984;4: 319-25.
29. Gray LS, Winn B, Gilmartin B. Accommodative microfluctuations and pupil diameter. Vision Res 1993;33:2083-90.
30. Gray LS, Winn B, Gilmartin B. Effect of target luminance on microfluctuations of accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1993; 13:258-65.
31. McBrien NA, Millodot M. The relationship between tonic accommodation and refractive error. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987;28: 997-1004.
32. Chiu NN, Rosenfield M. Tonic accommodation, tonic vergence and surround propinquity. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1994;14:290-2.
33. Rosenfield M, Gilmartin B. Effect of target proximity on the open-loop accommodative response. Optom Vis Sci 1990;67:74-9.
34. Adams DW, McBrien NA. Prevalence of myopia and myopic progression in a population of clinical microscopists. Optom Vis Sci 1992;69:467-73.
35. Gilmartin B, Bullimore MA. Adaptation of tonic accommodation to sustained visual tasks in emmetropia and late-onset myopia. Optom Vis Sci 1991;68:22-6.
36. Rosenfield M, Ciuffreda KJ, Ong E, Azimi A. Proximally induced accommodation and accommodative adaptation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990;31:1162-7.