Hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease

Antiviral Research

Volumn 40, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 1-18

  Kwong, Ann D ^a   Kim, Joseph L ^a   Rao, Govinda ^a   Lipovsek, Dasa ^b   Raybuck, Scott A ^a  

^a VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS   (United States)

^b Phylos Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Hepatitis C; Protease activity; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ENZYME INHIBITOR; HELICASE; NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATASE; PROTEINASE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RIBAVIRIN; SERINE PROTEINASE; VIRUS ENZYME;

AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; BIOASSAY; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CATALYSIS; CELL; COMPLEX FORMATION; DRUG DESIGN; ENZYME ACTIVE SITE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME STRUCTURE; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; MOLECULAR MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING; VIRUS REPLICATION;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; BINDING SITES; BIOLOGICAL ASSAY; CATALYTIC DOMAIN; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; MODELS, MOLECULAR; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY; VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS;

EID: 0032400892     PISSN: 01663542     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-3542(98)00043-6     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Alter M.J. Epidemiology of Hepatitis C. Hepatology. 26(Suppl. 1):1997;62S-65S.
2. Alter M.J., Mast E.E. The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 23:1994;437-455.
3. Bartenschlager R. Molecular targets in inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 8:1997;281-301.
4. Bartenschlager R., Ahlborn-Laake L., Mous J., Jacobsen H. Nonstructural protein 3 of the hepatitis C virus encodes a serine-type proteinase required for cleavage at the NS3/4 and NS4/5 junctions. J. Virol. 67:1993;3835-3844.
5. Bartenschlager R., Ahlborn-Laake L., Yasargil K., Mous J., Jacobsen H. Substrate determinants for cleavage in cis and in trans by the hepatitis C virus NS3 proteinase. J. Virol. 69:1995;198-205.
6. Bartenschlager R., Lohmann V., Wilkinson T., Koch J.O. Complex formation between the NS3 Serine-type proteinase of the hepatitis C virus and NS4A and its importance for polyprotein maturation. J. Virol. 69:1995;7519-7528.
7. Bazan J.F., Fletterick R.J. Viral cysteine proteases are homologous to the trypsin-like family of serine protease: structural and functional implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;7872-7876.
8. Bhandari B.N., Wright T.L. Hepatitis C: an overview. Annu. Rev. Med. 46:1995;309-317.
9. Bianchi E., Steinkuhler C., Taliani M., Urbani A., De Francesco R., Pessi A. Synthetic depsipeptide substrate for the assay of human hepatitis C virus protease. Anal. Biochem. 237:1996;239-244.
10. Bianchi E., Urbani A., Biasiol G., Brunetti M., Pessi A., De Francesco R., Steinkuhler C. Complex formation between the hepatitis C virus serine protease and a synthetic NS4A cofactor peptide. Biochemistry. 36:1997;7890-7897.
11. Bouffard P., Bartenschlager R., Ahlborn-Laake L., Mous J., Roberts N., Jacobsen H. An in vitro assay for hepatitis C virus NS3 serine proteinase. Virology. 209:1995;52-59.
12. Brillanti S., Miglioli M., Barbara L. Combination antiviral therapy with ribavirin and interferon alfa in interferon alfa relapsers and non-responders: Italian experience. J. Hepatol. 23(Suppl. 2):1995;13-15.
13. Bukh J., Miller R.H., Kew M.C., Purcell R.H. Hepatitis C virus RNA in southern African blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 90:1993;1848-1851.
14. Butkiewicz N., Wendel M., Zhang R., Jubin R., Pichardo J., Smith E.B., Hart A.M., Ingram R., Durkin J., Mui P.W., Murray M.G., Ramanathan L., Dasmahapatra B. Enhancement of hepatitis C virus NS3 proteinase activity by association with NS4A-specific synthetic peptides: identification of sequence and critical residues of NS4A for the cofactor activity. Virology. 225:1996;328-338.
15. Carson M. Ribbons 2.0. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 24:1991;958-961.
16. Chambers T.J., Grakoui A., Rice C.M. Processing of the yellow fever virus nonstructural polyprotein: a catalytically active NS3 proteinase domain and NS2B are required for cleavage at dibasic sites. J. Virol. 65:1991;6042-6050.
17. Cho Y.G., Moon H.-S., Sung Y.-C. Construction of hepatitis C-SIN virus recombinants with replicative dependency on hepatitis C virus serine protease activity. J. Virol. Methods. 65:1997;201-207.
18. Chu M., Mierzwa R., Truumees I., Kng A., Patel M., Berrie R., Hart H., Butkiewicz N., DasMahapatra B., Chan T.-M., Puar M.S. Structure of Sch 68631: a new hepatitis C virus proteinase inhibitor from Streptomyces sp. Tetrahedron Lett. 37:1996;7229-7232.
19. Clarke B. Molecular virology of hepatitis C virus. J. Gen. Virol. 78:1997;2397-2410.
20. Colombo M., Kuo G., Choo Q.-L., Donato M.F., Ninno E.D., Tommasini M.A., Dioguardi N., Houghton M. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Italian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. ii:1989;1006-1008.
21. D'Souza E.D.A., Grace K., Sangar D.V., Rowlands D.J., Clarke B.E. In vitro cleavage of hepatitis C virus polyprotein substrates by purified recombinant NS3 protease. J. Gen. Virol. 76:1995;1729-1736.
22. Darke P.L., Chen E., Hall D.L., Sardana M.K., Veloski C.A., LaFemina R.L., Shafer J.A., Kuo L.C. Purification of active herpes simplex virus-1 protease expressed in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;18708-18711.
23. De Francesco R., Urbani A., Nardi M.C., Tomei L., Steinkuhler C., Tramontano A. A zinc binding site in viral serine proteinase. Biochemistry. 35:1996;13282-13287.
24. DiMasi N., Martin F., Volpari C., Brunetti M., Biasiol G., Altamura S., Cortese R., De Francesco R., Steinkuhler C., Sollazzo M. Characterization of engineered hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors affinity selected from human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor and minibody repertoires. J. Virol. 71:1997;7461-7469.
25. Failla C., Tomei L., De Francesco R. An amino-terminal domain of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease is essential for interaction with NS4A. J. Virol. 69:1995;1769-1777.
26. Failla C.M., Pizzi E., De Francesco R., Tramontano A. Redesigning the substrate specificity of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. Folding Design. 1:1996;35-42.
27. Farci P., Alter H.J., Govindarajan S., Wong D.C., Engle R., Lesniewski R.R., Mushahwar I.K., Desai S.M., Miller R.H., Ogata N., Purcell R.H. Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science. 258:1992;135-140.
28. Filocamo G., Pacini L., Migliaccio G. Chimeric sindbis viruses dependent on the NS3 protease of hepatitis C virus. J. Virol. 71:1997;1417-1427.
29. Frigerio F., Coda A., Pugliese L., Lionetti C., Menegatti E., Amiconi G., Schnebli H.P., Ascenzi P., Bolognesi M. Crystal and molecular structure of the bovine α-chymotrypsin-eglin c complex at 2.0 angstroms resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 225:1992;107.
30. Grakoui A., McCourt D.W., Wychowski C., Feinstone S.M., Rice C.M. Characterization of the hepatitis C virus-encoded serine proteinase: determination of the proteinase-dependent polyprotein cleavage sites. J. Virol. 67:1993;2832-2843.
31. Hahm B., Han D.S., Back S.H., Song O.-K., Cho M.-J., Kim C.-J., Shimotohno K., Jang S.K. NS3-4A of hepatitis C virus is a chymotrypsin-like protease. J. Virol. 69:1995;2534-2539.
32. Hahm B., Back S.H., Lee T.G., Wimmer E., Jang S.K. Generation of a novel poliovirus with a requirement of hepatitis C virus protease NS3 activity. Virology. 226:1996;318-326.
33. Hamatake R., Wang H.-G.H., Butcher J.A., Bifano M., Clark G., Hernandez D., Zhang S., Racela J., Standring D., Colonno R. Establishment of an in vitro assay to characterize hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease trans-processing activity. Intervirology. 39:1996;249-258.
34. Han D.S., Hahm B., Rho H.-M., Jang S.K. Identification of the protease domain in NS3 of hepatitis C virus. J. Gen. Virol. 76:1995;985-993.
35. Hijikata M., Kato N., Ootsuyama Y., Nakagawa M., Shimotohno K. Gene mapping of the putative structural region of the hepatitis C virus genome by in vitro processing analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;5547-5551.
36. Hino K., Sainokami S., Shimoda K., Lino S., Wang Y., Okamoto H., Miyakawa Y., Mayumi M. Genotypes and titers of hepatitis C virus for predicting response to interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J. Med. Virol. 42:1994;299-305.
37. Hirowatari Y., Hijikata M., Shimotohno K. A novel method for the analysis of viral proteinase activity encoded by hepatitis C virus in cultured cells. Anal. Biochem. 10:1995;113-120.
38. Hollinger, F.B., 1990. Non-A, non-B hepatitis viruses. In: Fields, B.N., Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M. (Eds.), Virology. Raven Press, New York.
39. Hong Z., Ferrari E., Wright-Minogue J., Chase R., Risano C., Seelig G., Lee C.-G., Kwong A.D. Enzymatic characterization of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A complexes expressed in mammalian cells using the herpes simplex virus amplicon system. J. Virol. 70:1996;4261-4268.
40. Houghton, M., 1996. Hepatitis C viruses. In: Fields, B.N., Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M. (Eds), Virology, Raven Press, New York, pp. 1035-1058.
41. Houghton M., Weiner A., Han J.H., Kuo G., Choo Q.-L. Molecular biology of the hepatitis C viruses: implications for diagnosis, development and control of viral disease. Hepatology. 14:1991;381-388.
42. Kaito M., Watanabe S., Tsukiyama-Kohara K., Yamaguchi K., Kobayashi Y., Konishi M., Yokoi M., Ishida S., Suzuki S., Kohara M. Hepatitis C virus particle detected by immunoelectron microscopic study. J. Gen. Virol. 75:1994;1755-1760.
43. Kakiuchi N., Komoda Y., Hijikata M., Shimotohno K. Cleavage activity of hepatitis C virus serine proteinase. J. Biochem. 122:1997;749-755.
44. Kakiuchi N., Komoda Y., Komoda K., Takeshita N., Okada S., Tani T., Shimotohno K. Non-peptide inhibitors of HCV serine proteinase. FEBS Lett. 421:1998;217-220.
45. Kato N., Sekiya H., Ootsuyama Y., Nakazawa T., Hijikata M., Ohkohsi S., Shimotohno K. Humoral immune response to hypervariable region 1 of the putative envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of hepatitis C virus. J. Virol. 67:1993;3923-3930.
46. Kim D.W., Gwack Y., Han J.H., Choe J. C-terminal domain of hepatitis C virus NS3 protein contains an RNA helicase activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215:1995;160-166.
47. Kim J.L., Morgenstern K.A., Lin C., Fox T., Dwyer M.D., Landro J.A., Chambers S.P., Markland W., Lepre C.A., O'Malley E.T., Harbeson S.L., Rice C.M., Murcko M.A., Caron P.R., Thomson J.A. Crystal structure of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease domain complexed with a synthetic NS4A cofactor peptide. Cell. 87:1996;343-355.
48. Kim J.L., Morgenstern K.A., Griffith J.P., Dwyer M.D., Thomson J.A., Murcko M.A., Lin C., Caron P.R. Crystal structure of hepatitis C virus NS3 RNA helicase domain with a bound oligonucleotide. Structure. 6:1998;89-100.
49. Kolykhalov A.A., Agapov E.V., Rice C.M. Specificity of the hepatitis C virus NS3 serine protease: effects of substitutions at the 3/4A, 4A/4B, 4B/5A, and 5A/5B cleavage sites on polyprotein processing. J. Virol. 68:1994;7525-7533.
50. Kolykhalov A.A., Agapov E.V., Blight K.J., Mihalik K., Feinstone S., Rice C.M. Transmission of hepatitis C by intrahepatic inoculation with transcribed RNA. Science. 277:1997;570-574.
51. Kwong A.D. Hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 10:1998;485-490.
52. Landro J.A., Raybuck S.A., Luong Y.-C., O'Malley E.T., Harbeson S.L., Morgenstern K.A., Rao G., Livingston D.J. Mechanistic role of an NS4A peptide cofactor with the truncated NS3 protease of hepatitis C virus: elucidation of the NS4A stimulatory effect via kinetic analysis and inhibitor mapping. Biochemistry. 36:1997;9340-9348.
53. Lemon S. Targeting the Achilles' heel of hepatitis C virus. Hepatol. Elsewhere. 25:1997;1035-1037.
54. Lin C., Rice C.M. The hepatitis C virus NS3 serine proteinase and NS4A cofactor: establishment of a cell-free trans-processing assay. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;7622-7626.
55. Lin C., Pragai B.M., Grakoui A., Xu J., Rice C.M. Hepatitis C virus NS3 serine proteinase: trans-cleavage requirements and processing kinetics. J. Virol. 68:1994;8147-8157.
56. Linday K.L. Therapy of hepatitis C: overview. Hepatology. 26(Suppl. 1):1997;71S-77S.
57. Love R.A., Parge H.E., Wickersham J.A., Hostomsky Z., Habuka N., Moomaw E.W., Adachi T., Hostomska Z. The crystal structure of hepatitis C virus NS3 proteinase reveals a trypsin-like fold and a structural zinc binding site. Cell. 87:1996;331-342.
58. Main J. Future studies of combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C: optimizing response rate for each hepatitis C population. J. Hepatol. 10:1995;32-36.
59. Major M.E., Feinstone S.M. The molecular virology of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 25:1997;1527-1538.
60. Markland W., Petrillo R.A., Fitzgibbon M., Fox T., McCarrick R., McQuaid T., Fulghum J.R., Chen W., Fleming M.A., Thompson J.A., Chambers S.P. Purification and characterization of the NS3 serine protease domain of hepatitis C virus expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Gen. Virol. 78:1997;39-43.
61. Martin F., Volpari C., Steikuhler C., Dimasi N., Brunetti M., Biasiol G., Altamura S., Cortese R., De Francesco R., Sollazzo M. Affinity-selection of a camelized VH domain antibody inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. Protein Eng. 10:1997;607-614.
62. Morgenstern K.A., Landro J.A., Hsiao K., Lin C., Yong G., Su M.S.-S., Thomson J.A. Polynucleotide modulation of the protease, nucleoside triphosphatase, and helicase activities of a hepatitis C virus NS3-NS4A complex isolated from transfected COS cells. J. Virol. 71:1997;3767-3775.
63. Ogata N., Alter H.J., Miller R.H., Purcell R.H. Nucleotide sequence and mutation rate of the H strain of hepatitis C virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;3392-3396.
64. Pizzi E., Tramontano A., Tomei L., La Monica N., Failla C., Sardana M., Wood T., De Francesco R. Molecular model of the specificity pocket of the hepatitis C virus protease: implications for substrate recognition. Proc. Natl. Sci. Acad. USA. 91:1994;888-892.
65. Preugschat F., Averett D.R., Clarke B.E., Porter D.J.T. A steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of the NTPase activity associated with the hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase domain. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;24449-24457.
66. Purcell R.H. Hepatitis C virus: historical perspective and current concepts. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 14:1994;181-192.
67. Purcell R. The hepatitis C virus: overview. Hepatology. 26(Suppl. 1):1997;11S-14S.
68. Reichard O., Gunnar N., Fryden A., Braconier J.H., Sonnerborg A., Weiland O. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of interferon alpha-2b with and without ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C. Lancet. 351:1998;83-87.
69. Saito I., Miyamura T., Ohbayashi A., Harada H., Katayama T., Kikuchi S., Watanabe T.Y., Koi S., Onji M., Ohta Y., Choo Q.-L., Houghton M., Kuo G. Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Sci. Acad. USA. 87:1990;6547-6549.
70. Sardana V.Y., Wolfgang J.A., Veloski C.A., Lonag W.J., LeGrow K., Wolanski B., Emini E.A., LaFemina R.L. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;14337-14340.
71. Satoh S., Tanji Y., Hijikata M., Kimura K., Shimotohno K. The N-terminal region of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) is essential for stable complex formation with NS4A. J. Virol. 69:1995;4255-4260.
72. Schalm S.W., Brouwer J.T., Chemello L., Albertic A., Bellobuono A., Ideo G., Schwartz R., Weiland O. IFN-ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Dig. Dis. Sci. 41:1996;131S-134S.
73. Schvarcz R., Ando Y., Sonnerborg A., Weiland O. Combination treatment with interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in patients who have failed to achieve sustained response to interferon alone: Swedish experience. J. Hepatol. 23(Suppl. 2):1995;17-21.
74. Sharara A.I., Hunt C.M., Hamilton J.D. Hepatitis C. Ann. Intern. Med. 125:1996;658-668.
75. Shimizu Y., Yamaji K., Masuho Y., Yokota T., Inoue H., Sudo K., Satoh S., Shimotohno K. Identification of the sequence on NS4A required for enhanced cleavage of the NS5A/5B site by hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. J. Virol. 70:1996;127-132.
76. Sommergruber W., Casari G., Fessl F., Seipelt J., Skern T. The 2A proteinase of human rhinovirus is a zinc containing enzyme. Virology. 204:1994;815-818.
77. Song O., Cho O.H., Hahm B., Jang S.K. Development of an in vivo assay system suitable for screening inhibitors of hepatitis C viral protease. Molecules Cells. 6:1996;183-189.
78. Steinkuhler C., Tomei L., De Francesco R. In vitro activity of hepatitis C virus protease NS3 purified from recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;6367-6373.
79. Steinkuhler C., Urbani A., Tomei L., Biasiol M.S., Bianchi E., Pessi A., De Francesco R. Activity of purified hepatitis C virus protease NS3 on peptide substrates. J. Virol. 70:1996;6694-6700.
80. Stempniak M., Hostomska Z., Nodes B.R., Hostomsky Z. The NS3 proteinase domain of hepatitis C virus is a zinc-containing enzyme. J. Virol. 71:1997;2881-2886.
81. Sudo K., Inoue H., Shimizu Y., Yamaji K., Konno K., Shigeta S., Kaneko T., Yokata T., Shimotohno K. Establishment of an in vitro assay system for screening hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors using high performance liquid chromatography. Antiviral Res. 32:1996;9-18.
82. Sudo K., Matsumot Y., Matsushima M., Fujiwara M., Konno K., Shimotohno K., Shigeta S., Yokota T. Novel hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors: thiazolidine derivatives. Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 238:1997;643-647.
83. Sudo K., Matsumot Y., Matsushima M., Kono K., Shimotohno K., Shigeta S., Yokota T. Novel hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors: 2,4,6-trihydroxy,3-nitro-benzamide derivatives. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 8:1997;541-544.
84. Suzich J.A., Tamura J.K., Palmer-Hill F., Warrener P., Grakoui A., Rice C.M., Feinstone S.M., Collett M.S. Hepatitis C virus NS3 protein polynucleotide-stimulated nucleoside triphosphatase and comparison with the related pestivirus and flavivirus enzymes. J. Virol. 67:1993;6152-6158.
85. Takeshita M., Kakiuchi N., Kanazawa T., Komoda Y., Nishizawa M., Tani T., Shimotohno K. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting hepatitis C virus protease activity. Anal. Biochem. 247:1997;242-246.
86. Taliani M., Bianchi E., Narjes F., Fossatelli M., Rubani A., Steinkuhler C., De Francesco R., Pessi A. A continuous assay of hepatitis C virus protease based on resonance energy transfer depsipeptide substrates. Anal. Biochem. 240:1997;60-67.
87. Tamura J.K., Warrener P., Collett M.S. RNA-stimulated NTPase activity associated with the p80 protein of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus. Virology. 193:1993;1-10.
88. Tanji Y., Hijikata M., Satoh S., Kaneko T., Shimotohno K. Hepatitits C virus-encoded nonstructural protein NS4A has versatile functions in viral protein processing. J. Virol. 69:1995;1575-1581.
89. Tomei L., Failla C., Santolini E., De Francesco R., La Monica N. NS3 is a serine protease required for processing of hepatitis C virus polyprotein. J. Virol. 67:1993;4017-4026.
90. Tsubota A., Chayama K., Ikeda K., Yasuji A., Koida I., Saitoh S., Hashimoto M., Iwasaki S., Kobayashi M., Hiromitsu K. Factors predictive of response to interferon-alpha therapy in hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 19:1994;1088-1094.
91. Urbani A., Bianchi E., Narjes F., Tramontano A., De Francesco R., Steinkuhler C., Pessi A. Substrate specificity of the hepatitis C virus serine protease NS3. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;9204-9209.
92. Van der Poel, C.L., 1994. Hepatitis C virus. Epidemiology, transmission and prevention. In: Reesink, H.W. (Ed.), Current Studies in Hematology and Blood Transfusion. Karger, Basel, pp. 137-163.
93. Voss T., Meyer R., Sommergruber W. Spectroscopic characterization of rhinoviral protease 2A: Zn is essential for the structural integrity. Protein Sci. 4:1995;1-10.
94. Wu Z., Yao N., Le H.V., Weber P.C. Mechanism of autoproteolysis at the NS2-NS3 junction of the hepatitis C virus polyprotein. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1:1998;92-94.
95. Yanagi M., Purcell R.H., Emerson S.U., Bukh J. Transcripts from a single full-length cDNA clone of hepatitis C virus are infectious when directly transfected into the liver of a chimpanzee. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;8738-8743.
96. Yao N., Hesson T., Cable M., Hong Z., Kwong A.D., Le H.V., Weber P.C. Structure of the hepatitis C virus RNA helicase domain. Nat. Struct. Biol. 4:1997;463-467.
97. Yu S.F., Loyd R.E. Characterization of the roles of conserved cysteine and histidine residues in poliovirus 2A protease. Virology. 186:1992;725-735.
98. Zhang R., Durkin J., Windsor W.T., McNemar C., Ramanathan L., Le H.V. Probing the substrate specificity of hepatitis C virus NS3 serine protease by using synthetic peptides. J. Virol. 71:1997;6208-6213.