Elementary Teachers' Referral to Special Education in Light of Inclusion and Prereferral: "Every Child Is Here to Learn . . . But Some of These Children Are in Real Trouble"

Journal of Educational Psychology

Volumn 90, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 385-396

  Mamlin, Nancy ^a   Harris, Karen R ^b  

^a APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032398535     PISSN: 00220663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.90.3.385     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Algozzine, B., Christenson, S., & Ysseldyke, J. (1982). Probabilities associated with the referral to placement process. Teacher Education and Special Education, 5, 19-23.
2. Anderson, P. L., Cronin, M. E., & Miller, J. H. (1986). Referral reasons for learning disabled students. Psychology in the Schools, 23, 388-395.
3. Bahr, M. W., Fuchs, D., Stecker, P. M., & Fuchs, L. S. (1991). Are teachers' perceptions of difficult-to-teach students racially biased? School Psychology Review, 20, 599-608.
4. Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. (1982). Qualitative research for education. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
5. Carter, J., & Sugai, G. (1989). Survey on prereferral practices: Responses from state departments of education. Exceptional Children, 55, 298-302.
6. Christenson, S., Ysseldyke, J., Wang, J., & Algozzine, B. (1983). Teachers' attributions for problems that result in referral for psychoeducational evaluation. Journal of Educational Research, 76, 174-180.
7. Cooper, D. H., & Speece, D. L. (1990). Instructional correlates of students' academic responses: Comparison between at-risk and control students. Early Education and Development, 1, 279-299.
8. Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, 20 U.S.C. § 1401 et seq. (1975).
9. Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (1989). Exploring effective and efficient prereferral interventions: A component analysis of behavioral consultation. School Psychology Review, 18, 260-283.
10. Gerber, M., & Semmel, M. (1984). Teacher as imperfect test: Reconceptualizing the referral process. Educational Psychologist, 19, 137-148.
11. Goodlad, J. I. (1993). Access to knowledge. In J. I. Goodlad & T. C. Lovitt (Eds.), Integrating general and special education (pp. 1-21). New York: Merrill.
12. Gottlieb, J., Gottlieb, B. W., & Trongone, S. (1991). Parent and teacher referrals for a psychoeducational evaluation. The Journal of Special Education, 25, 155-167.
13. Gottlieb, J., Gottlieb, B. W., & Wishner, J. (1994). Special education in urban America: It's not justifiable for many. The Journal of Special Education, 27, 453-465.
14. Graden, J. L., Casey, A., & Bonstrom, O. (1985). Implementing a prereferral intervention system: Part II. The data. Exceptional Children, 51, 487-496.
15. Graden, J. L., Casey, A., & Christenson, S. I. (1985). Implementing a prereferral intervention system: Part I. The model. Exceptional Children, 51, 377-387.
16. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1982). Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic inquiry. Educational Communications and Technology Journal, 30, 233-252.
17. Hutton, J. (1985). What reasons are given by teachers who refer problem behavior students? Psychology in the Schools, 22, 79-82.
18. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments, Pub. L. No. 105-17, § 1. (1997).
19. Leone, P. E., Lane, S. A., Arllen, N., & Peter, H. (1995). School-linked services in context: A formative evaluation of linkages to learning. Unpublished manuscript.
20. Leone, P. E., Luttig, P. G., Zlotlow, S., & Trickett, E. J. (1990). Understanding the social ecology of classrooms for adolescents with behavior disorders: A preliminary study of differences in perceived environments. Behavior Disorders, 16, 55-65.
21. Leone, P. E., & McLaughlin, M. J. (1995). Appropriate placement of students with emotional or behavioral disorders: Emerging policy options. In J. M. Kauffman, J. W. Lloyd, D. P. Hallahan, & T. A. Astuto (Eds.), Issues in educational placement (pp. 335-359). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. MacMillan, D. L., Gresham, F. M., Lopez, M. F., & Bocian, K. M. (1996). Comparison of students nominated for prereferral interventions by ethnicity and gender. The Journal of Special Education, 30, 133-151.
23. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. (1989). Designing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
24. McLaughlin, M. J., & Warren, S. H. (1992). Issues and options in restructuring schools and special education programs. College Park: Institute for the Study of Exceptional Children and Youth, University of Maryland.
25. Mehan, H., Meihls, J. L., Hertweck, A., & Crowdes, M. S. (1981). Identifying handicapped students. In S. B. Bacharach (Ed.), Organizational behavior in schools and school districts (pp. 381-428). New York: Praeger.
26. Miles, M., & Huberman, A. (1984). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
27. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
28. Pogrow, S. (1996). Reforming the wannabe reformers: Why education reforms almost always end up making things worse. Phi Delta Kappan, 77, 656-663.
29. Pugach, M. C. (1985). The limitations of federal special education policy: The role of classroom teachers in determining who is handicapped. Journal of Special Education, 19, 123-137.
30. Pugach, M. C., & Johnson, L. (1989). Prereferral interventions: Progress, problems, and challenges. Exceptional Children, 56, 217-226.
31. Rosenfield, S. A., & Gravois, T. A. (1996). Instructional consultation teams: Collaborating for change. New York: Guilford Press.
32. Shepard, L. A., & Smith, M. L. (1983). An evaluation of the identification of learning disabled students in Colorado. Learning Disability Quarterly, 6, 115-127.
33. Shinn, M., Tindal, G., & Spira, D. (1987). Special education referrals as an index of teacher tolerance: Are teachers imperfect tests? Exceptional Children, 54, 32-40.
34. Smith, T., Dowdy, C., Polloway, E. A., & Blalock, G. E. (1997). Children and adults with learning disabilities. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
35. Spradley, J. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
36. Stallings, J.A. (1995). Ensuring teaching and learning in the 21st century. Educational Researcher, 24, (6), 4-8.
37. Willis, S. (1994, October). Making schools more inclusive: Teaching children with disabilities in regular classrooms. In ASCD Curriculum Update (pp. 1-8). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
38. Ysseldyke, J. E., Algozzine, B., & Allen, D. (1981). Participation of regular education teachers in special education team decision making: A naturalistic investigation. The Elementary School Journal, 82, 160-165.
39. Ysseldyke, J. E., Christenson, S., Pianta, B., & Algozzine, B. (1983). An analysis of teachers' reasons and desired outcomes for students referred for psychoeducational assessment. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 1, 73-83.
40. Ysseldyke, J. E., Thurlow, M., Gladen, J., Wesson, C., Algozzine, B., & Deno, S. (1983). Generalizations from five years of research on assessment and decision making: The University of Minnesota Institute. Exceptional Education Quarterly, 4, 75-93.
41. Zigmond, N. (1995). An exploration of the meaning anc practice of special education in the context of full inclusion of students with learning disabilities. The Journal of Special Education, 29, 109-115.
42. Zigmond, N., & Baker, J. M. (1995). Concluding comments: Current and future practices in inclusive schooling. The Journal of Special Education, 29, 245-250.