Terminating the provincial career: Retirement and electoral defeat in Canadian provincial legislatures, 1960-1997

Canadian Journal of Political Science

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 359-372

  Moncrief, Gary F ^a  

^a BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032392692     PISSN: 00084239     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0008423900019831     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Richard E. Matland and Donley T. Studlar, "Turnover Patterns and Explanations of Variations in Turnover in Parliamentary Democracies," paper presented at the European Consortium of Political Research, Bordeaux, France, April 1995.
2. See, for example, Gerald Benjamin and Michael Malbin, eds., Limiting Legislative Terms (Washington: CQ Press, 1992).
3. Peter McCormick, "Provincial Political Party Systems, 1945-1986," in Alain Gagnon and A. Brian Tanguay, eds., Canadian Parties in Transition (Scarborough: Nelson Canada, 1989), 169-70.
4. There are many such studies of the United States Congress, but for early examples see Nelson Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review (1968), 144-68; H. Douglas Price, "Congress and the Evolution of Professionalism," and Morris Fiorina, David Ronde and Peter Wissel, "Historical Change in House Turnover," both in Norman Ornstein, ed., Congress in Change (New York: Praeger, 1976), 2-23, 24-57. At the US state legislative level, see, for example, Charles S. Hyneman, "Tenure and Turnover of Legislative Personnel," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 195 (1938), 21-31; Alan Rosenthal, "Turnover in State Legislatures," American Journal of Political Science 18 (1974), 606-16; Kwang Shin and John Jackson, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: 1931-1976," Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 (1979), 95-114; Richard Niemi and Laura Winsky, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: Trends and Effects of Districting," Legislative Studies Quarterly 12 (1987), 115-23; and Peverill Squire, "Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly 13 (1988), 65-82.
5. There are many such studies of the United States Congress, but for early examples see Nelson Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review (1968), 144-68; H. Douglas Price, "Congress and the Evolution of Professionalism," and Morris Fiorina, David Ronde and Peter Wissel, "Historical Change in House Turnover," both in Norman Ornstein, ed., Congress in Change (New York: Praeger, 1976), 2-23, 24-57. At the US state legislative level, see, for example, Charles S. Hyneman, "Tenure and Turnover of Legislative Personnel," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 195 (1938), 21-31; Alan Rosenthal, "Turnover in State Legislatures," American Journal of Political Science 18 (1974), 606-16; Kwang Shin and John Jackson, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: 1931-1976," Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 (1979), 95-114; Richard Niemi and Laura Winsky, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: Trends and Effects of Districting," Legislative Studies Quarterly 12 (1987), 115-23; and Peverill Squire, "Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly 13 (1988), 65-82.
6. There are many such studies of the United States Congress, but for early examples see Nelson Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review (1968), 144-68; H. Douglas Price, "Congress and the Evolution of Professionalism," and Morris Fiorina, David Ronde and Peter Wissel, "Historical Change in House Turnover," both in Norman Ornstein, ed., Congress in Change (New York: Praeger, 1976), 2-23, 24-57. At the US state legislative level, see, for example, Charles S. Hyneman, "Tenure and Turnover of Legislative Personnel," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 195 (1938), 21-31; Alan Rosenthal, "Turnover in State Legislatures," American Journal of Political Science 18 (1974), 606-16; Kwang Shin and John Jackson, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: 1931-1976," Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 (1979), 95-114; Richard Niemi and Laura Winsky, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: Trends and Effects of Districting," Legislative Studies Quarterly 12 (1987), 115-23; and Peverill Squire, "Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly 13 (1988), 65-82.
7. There are many such studies of the United States Congress, but for early examples see Nelson Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review (1968), 144-68; H. Douglas Price, "Congress and the Evolution of Professionalism," and Morris Fiorina, David Ronde and Peter Wissel, "Historical Change in House Turnover," both in Norman Ornstein, ed., Congress in Change (New York: Praeger, 1976), 2-23, 24-57. At the US state legislative level, see, for example, Charles S. Hyneman, "Tenure and Turnover of Legislative Personnel," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 195 (1938), 21-31; Alan Rosenthal, "Turnover in State Legislatures," American Journal of Political Science 18 (1974), 606-16; Kwang Shin and John Jackson, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: 1931-1976," Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 (1979), 95-114; Richard Niemi and Laura Winsky, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: Trends and Effects of Districting," Legislative Studies Quarterly 12 (1987), 115-23; and Peverill Squire, "Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly 13 (1988), 65-82.
8. There are many such studies of the United States Congress, but for early examples see Nelson Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review (1968), 144-68; H. Douglas Price, "Congress and the Evolution of Professionalism," and Morris Fiorina, David Ronde and Peter Wissel, "Historical Change in House Turnover," both in Norman Ornstein, ed., Congress in Change (New York: Praeger, 1976), 2-23, 24-57. At the US state legislative level, see, for example, Charles S. Hyneman, "Tenure and Turnover of Legislative Personnel," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 195 (1938), 21-31; Alan Rosenthal, "Turnover in State Legislatures," American Journal of Political Science 18 (1974), 606-16; Kwang Shin and John Jackson, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: 1931-1976," Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 (1979), 95-114; Richard Niemi and Laura Winsky, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: Trends and Effects of Districting," Legislative Studies Quarterly 12 (1987), 115-23; and Peverill Squire, "Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly 13 (1988), 65-82.
9. There are many such studies of the United States Congress, but for early examples see Nelson Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review (1968), 144-68; H. Douglas Price, "Congress and the Evolution of Professionalism," and Morris Fiorina, David Ronde and Peter Wissel, "Historical Change in House Turnover," both in Norman Ornstein, ed., Congress in Change (New York: Praeger, 1976), 2-23, 24-57. At the US state legislative level, see, for example, Charles S. Hyneman, "Tenure and Turnover of Legislative Personnel," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 195 (1938), 21-31; Alan Rosenthal, "Turnover in State Legislatures," American Journal of Political Science 18 (1974), 606-16; Kwang Shin and John Jackson, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: 1931-1976," Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 (1979), 95-114; Richard Niemi and Laura Winsky, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: Trends and Effects of Districting," Legislative Studies Quarterly 12 (1987), 115-23; and Peverill Squire, "Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly 13 (1988), 65-82.
10. There are many such studies of the United States Congress, but for early examples see Nelson Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review (1968), 144-68; H. Douglas Price, "Congress and the Evolution of Professionalism," and Morris Fiorina, David Ronde and Peter Wissel, "Historical Change in House Turnover," both in Norman Ornstein, ed., Congress in Change (New York: Praeger, 1976), 2-23, 24-57. At the US state legislative level, see, for example, Charles S. Hyneman, "Tenure and Turnover of Legislative Personnel," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 195 (1938), 21-31; Alan Rosenthal, "Turnover in State Legislatures," American Journal of Political Science 18 (1974), 606-16; Kwang Shin and John Jackson, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: 1931-1976," Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 (1979), 95-114; Richard Niemi and Laura Winsky, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: Trends and Effects of Districting," Legislative Studies Quarterly 12 (1987), 115-23; and Peverill Squire, "Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly 13 (1988), 65-82.
11. There are many such studies of the United States Congress, but for early examples see Nelson Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review (1968), 144-68; H. Douglas Price, "Congress and the Evolution of Professionalism," and Morris Fiorina, David Ronde and Peter Wissel, "Historical Change in House Turnover," both in Norman Ornstein, ed., Congress in Change (New York: Praeger, 1976), 2-23, 24-57. At the US state legislative level, see, for example, Charles S. Hyneman, "Tenure and Turnover of Legislative Personnel," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 195 (1938), 21-31; Alan Rosenthal, "Turnover in State Legislatures," American Journal of Political Science 18 (1974), 606-16; Kwang Shin and John Jackson, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: 1931-1976," Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 (1979), 95-114; Richard Niemi and Laura Winsky, "Membership Turnover in US State Legislatures: Trends and Effects of Districting," Legislative Studies Quarterly 12 (1987), 115-23; and Peverill Squire, "Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly 13 (1988), 65-82.
12. See, for example, Thomas Casstevens and William Denham III, "Turnover and Tenure in the Canadian House of Commons, 1867-1968," this JOURNAL 3 (1970), 655-61.
13. Akira Hayama, "Incumbency Advantage in Japanese Elections," Electoral Studies 11 (1992), 46-57; John Hickman, "Electoral Competition in the Japanese House of Representatives and the Taiwanese Legislative Yuan, "paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1994; Michael Atkinson and David Docherty, "Moving Right Along: The Roots of Amateurism in the Canadian House of Commons," this JOURNAL 25 (1992), 295-318; and David Docherty, "Should I Stay or Should I Go?" in Maureen Mancusso, Richard Price and Ronald Wagenberg, eds., Leaders and Leadership in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1994), 245-65.
14. Akira Hayama, "Incumbency Advantage in Japanese Elections," Electoral Studies 11 (1992), 46-57; John Hickman, "Electoral Competition in the Japanese House of Representatives and the Taiwanese Legislative Yuan, "paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1994; Michael Atkinson and David Docherty, "Moving Right Along: The Roots of Amateurism in the Canadian House of Commons," this JOURNAL 25 (1992), 295-318; and David Docherty, "Should I Stay or Should I Go?" in Maureen Mancusso, Richard Price and Ronald Wagenberg, eds., Leaders and Leadership in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1994), 245-65.
15. Akira Hayama, "Incumbency Advantage in Japanese Elections," Electoral Studies 11 (1992), 46-57; John Hickman, "Electoral Competition in the Japanese House of Representatives and the Taiwanese Legislative Yuan, "paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1994; Michael Atkinson and David Docherty, "Moving Right Along: The Roots of Amateurism in the Canadian House of Commons," this JOURNAL 25 (1992), 295-318; and David Docherty, "Should I Stay or Should I Go?" in Maureen Mancusso, Richard Price and Ronald Wagenberg, eds., Leaders and Leadership in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1994), 245-65.
16. Akira Hayama, "Incumbency Advantage in Japanese Elections," Electoral Studies 11 (1992), 46-57; John Hickman, "Electoral Competition in the Japanese House of Representatives and the Taiwanese Legislative Yuan, "paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1994; Michael Atkinson and David Docherty, "Moving Right Along: The Roots of Amateurism in the Canadian House of Commons," this JOURNAL 25 (1992), 295-318; and David Docherty, "Should I Stay or Should I Go?" in Maureen Mancusso, Richard Price and Ronald Wagenberg, eds., Leaders and Leadership in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1994), 245-65.
17. Richard Matland and Donley Studlar, "The Determinants of Legislative Turnover: A Cross-National Analysis," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, 1995.
18. Albert Somit, R. Wildenmann, B. Boll and A. Roemmele, eds., The Victorious Incumbent: A Threat to Democracy? (Dartmouth: Aldershot, 1994).
19. C. E. S. Franks, The Parliament of Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), 73.
20. Donald Blake, "Party Competition and Electoral Volatility: Canada in Comparative Perspective," in Herman Bakvis, ed., Representation, Integration and Political Parties in Canada, Research Study for the Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1991).
21. Docherty, "Should I Stay or Should I Go?"; and Atkinson and Docherty, "Moving Right Along."
22. Docherty, "Should I Stay or Should I Go?"; and Atkinson and Docherty, "Moving Right Along."
23. Franks, The Parliament of Canada.
24. Atkinson and Docherty, "Moving Right Along," 305.
25. Gary Moncrief, "Professionalization and Careerism in Canadian Provincial Assemblies: Comparison to US State Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly 19 (1994), 33-48.
26. Franks, The Parliament of Canada, 76.
27. Doreen Barrie and Roger Gibbons, "Parliamentary Careers in the Canadian Federal State," this JOURNAL 22 (1989), 137-45.
28. See, for example, Robert Fleming, ed., Canadian Legislatures 1992 (Agincourt: Global Press, 1992).
29. Christopher Dunn, "Executive Dominance in Provincial Legislatures," Canadian Parliamentary Review 13 (1990), 11-19.
30. Moncrief, "Professionalization and Careerism in Canadian Provincial Assemlies." See also Gary Moncrief, "Professionalization and Careerism in North American Subnational Legislatures," in Robert J. Fleming and J. E. Glenn, eds., Fleming's Canadian Legislatures 1997 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), 28-35.
31. Moncrief, "Professionalization and Careerism in Canadian Provincial Assemlies." See also Gary Moncrief, "Professionalization and Careerism in North American Subnational Legislatures," in Robert J. Fleming and J. E. Glenn, eds., Fleming's Canadian Legislatures 1997 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), 28-35.
32. For examples of research on the individual effects in Canadian politics, see William Irvine, "Does the Candidate Make a Difference? The Macro-Politics and Micro-Politics of Getting Elected," this JOURNAL 15 (1982), 755-85. Also see Michael Krashinsky and William Milne, "The Effect of Incumbency in the 1984 Federal and 1985 Ontario Elections," this JOURNAL 9 (1986), 337-43.
33. For examples of research on the individual effects in Canadian politics, see William Irvine, "Does the Candidate Make a Difference? The Macro-Politics and Micro-Politics of Getting Elected," this JOURNAL 15 (1982), 755-85. Also see Michael Krashinsky and William Milne, "The Effect of Incumbency in the 1984 Federal and 1985 Ontario Elections," this JOURNAL 9 (1986), 337-43.
34. Elsewhere we have considered "legislative professionalization" as a systemic variable, and found that professionalization is not correlated to turnover in the same (inverse) manner in Canada as it is in the US. Because we have demonstrated the lack of such a relationship in the Canadian provinces, we exclude legislative professionalization as a relevant variable. See Moncrief, "Professionalization and Careerism in Canadian Provincial Assemblies"; and Moncrief, "Professionalization and Careerism in North American Subnational Legislatures."
35. Elsewhere we have considered "legislative professionalization" as a systemic variable, and found that professionalization is not correlated to turnover in the same (inverse) manner in Canada as it is in the US. Because we have demonstrated the lack of such a relationship in the Canadian provinces, we exclude legislative professionalization as a relevant variable. See Moncrief, "Professionalization and Careerism in Canadian Provincial Assemblies"; and Moncrief, "Professionalization and Careerism in North American Subnational Legislatures."
36. Atkinson and Docherty, "Moving Right Along," 316.