Single-sex and coeducational schooling: Relationships to socioemotional and academic development

Review of Educational Research

Volumn 68, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 101-129

  Mael, Fred A ^a  

^a American Institutes for Research ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032391821     PISSN: 00346543     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3102/00346543068002101     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Acosta, V., & Carpenter, L. J. (1992). As the years go by: Coaching opportunities in the 1990s. Journal of Physical Education, Dance, and Recreation, 63(3), 36-41.
2. Adler, P. A., Kless, S. J., & Adler, P. (1992). Socialization to gender roles: Popularity among elementary school boys and girls. Sociology of Education, 65, 169-187.
3. Allen, C. L. (1990, June 4). A sisterly attack on brother rat. Insight, pp. 9-17.
4. American Association of University Women. (1992). How schools shortchange girls. Washington, DC: Author.
5. Anyon, J. (1983). Intersections of gender and class: Accommodation and resistance by working-class and affluent females to contradictory sex-role ideologies. In S. Walker & L. Barton (Eds.), Gender, class, and education (pp. 19-37). New York: Falmer Press.
6. Arnot, M. (1983). A cloud over coeducation: An analysis of the forms of class and gender relations. In S. Walker & L. Barton (Eds.), Gender, class, and education (pp. 69-92). New York: Falmer Press.
7. Astin, A. W. (1977). On the failure of educational policy. Change, 9, 40-45.
8. Bailey, S. M. (1993). The current status of gender equity research in American schools. Educational Psychologist, 28, 321-339.
9. Baker, D. (1986). Sex differences in classroom interactions in secondary science. Journal of Classroom Interactions, 22, 212-218.
10. Baker, D. P., & O'Hanlon, A. (1996, June 27). VMI mourns a tradition lost. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
11. Barba, R., & Cardinale, L. (1991). Are females invisible students? An investigation of teacher-student questioning interactions. School Science and Mathematics, 91, 306-310.
12. Becker, J. (1981). Differential treatment of females and males in mathematics classes. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 12, 40-53.
13. Bednall, J. (1993). Let's test the assumptions and examine some realities. In D. K. Hollinger & R. Adamson (Eds.), Single-sex schooling: Proponents speak (pp. 21-26). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
14. Biskupic, J. (1996, June 27). Supreme Court invalidates exclusion of women by VMI. The Washington Post, pp. B1, B5.
15. Blin-Stoyle, R. (1983). Girls and physics. Physics Education, 18, 225-228.
16. Bond, M. A., Mulvey, A., & Mandell, C. (1993, August). Campus sexual harassment and departmental climate. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
17. Bone, A. (1983). Girls and girls only schools: A review of the evidence (Report to the Equal Opportunities Commission of the United Kingdom, Vol. 1). Manchester, England: Equal Opportunities Commission.
18. Boutilier, M. A., & San Giovanni, L. (1983). The sporting woman. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
19. Branson, J., & Miller, D. B. (1979). Class, sex, and education in capitalist society. Melbourne, Australia: Sorett.
20. Brophy, J., & Good, T. (1974). Teacher-student relationships: Causes and consequences. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
21. Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. (1988). Toward a more appropriate conceptualization of research on school effects: A three-level hierarchical linear model. American Journal of Education, 97, 65-108.
22. Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
23. Cairns, E. (1990). The relationship between adolescent perceived self-competence and attendance at single-sex secondary school. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 60, 207-211.
24. Carpenter, P., & Hayden, M. (1987). Girls' academic achievements: Single-sex versus coeducational schools in Australia. Sociology of Education, 60, 156-167.
25. Caspi, A. (1995). Puberty and the gender organization of schools: How biology and social context shape the adolescent experience. In L. J. Crockett & A. C. Crouter (Eds.), Pathways through adolescence: Individual development in relation to social contexts (pp. 57-74). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Caspi, A., Lynam, D., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1993). Unraveling girls delinquency: Biological, dispositional, and contextual contributions to adolescent behavior. Developmental Psychology, 29, 19-30.
27. Chafetz, J. S. (1990). Gender equity: An integrated theory of stability and change. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
28. Chatman, J. A. (1989). Improving interactional organizational research. Academy of Management Review, 14, 333-349.
29. Clawson, J. G., & Kram, K. E. (1984). Managing cross-gender mentoring. Business Horizons, 27(3), 22-31.
30. Clemente, A., Elkins, S., Fink, L., Gardner, D., Gorra, M., Kelley, E., Kolb, J., MacDonald, R., Reeves, E., Rhie, M., & Rochat, D. (1994, Winter). A question of quality. Smith Alumnae Quarterly, pp. 10, 12-14.
31. Cocklin, B., & Battersby, D. (1987). Gender, the hidden agenda: A case study in educational decision-making. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 22, 59-70.
32. Coleman, J. S. (1961). The adolescent society. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
33. Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J., Mood, A. M., Weinfeld, F. D., & York, R. L. (1966). Equality of educational opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
34. Cone, C. A., & Perez, B. (1986). Peer groups and organization of classroom space. Human Organization, 45, 80-87.
35. Dale, R. R. (1971). Mixed or single-sex school?: Vol. 2. Some social aspects. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
36. Dale, R. R. (1974). Mixed or single-sex school?: Vol. 3. Attainments, attitudes, and overview. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
37. De Grandpre, M. (1970). La coeducation dans les ecoles officielles et les ecoles Catholiques de 45 pays. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Universite de Montreal.
38. de Villiers, P. (1994, Winter). Much ado about nothing. Smith Alumnae Quarterly, pp. 11, 15.
39. Diehl, L. A. (1986). The paradox of G. Stanley Hall: Foe of coeducation and educator of women. American Psychologist, 41, 868-878.
40. Dweck, C., & Repucci, N. (1973). Learned helplessness and reinforcement responsibility in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 109-116.
41. Eccles, J. (1987). Gender roles and women's achievement-related decisions. Psychology of Women's Quarterly, 11, 135-172.
42. Eccles, J. S. (1989). Bringing young women to math and science. In M. Crawford & M. Gentry (Eds.), Gender and thought: Psychological perspectives (pp. 36-58). New York: Springer-Verlag.
43. Eder, D. (1985). The cycle of popularity: Interpersonal relations among female adolescents. Sociology of Education, 58, 154-165.
44. Edwards, J. R. (1991). Person-job fit: A conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 6, 283-357.
45. English, D. (990, May 27). Questioning whether coeducation has been good for women. Baltimore Sun, p. 5E.
46. Epstein, C. F. (1988). Deceptive distinctions: Sex, gender, and the social order. New Haven: Yale University Press.
47. Evans, J. (1989). Equality and opportunity in the physical education curriculum. ACHPER National Journal, 123, 8-11.
48. Evans, M. D. (1993, September). A single-gender learning strategy. Principal, pp. 52-53.
49. Fein, B. (1996, June 28). Forced march to a unisex drumbeat. The Washington Times, p. A20.
50. Finn, J. D. (1980). Sex differences in educational outcomes: A cross-national study. Sex Roles, 6, 9-25.
51. Fischer, L. (1991). Case law dealing with sex-segregated public schools. Equity & Excellence, 25(1), 45-46
52. Fishel, A., & Pottker, J. (1977). National politics and sex discrimination in education. Lexington, MA: Heath.
53. Fitt, L. W., & Newton, D. A. (1981). When the mentor is a man and the protégé is a woman. Harvard Business Review, 59(2), 56-60.
54. Foon, A. E. (1988). The relationship between school type and adolescent self esteem, attribution styles, and affiliation needs: Implications for educational outcome. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 44-54.
55. Fox, L. H. (1976). Sex differences in mathematical precocity: Bridging the gap. In D. P. Keating (Ed.), Intellectual development: Research and development (pp. 183-214). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
56. Fox, L. H., Brody, L., & Tobin, D. (1985). The impact of early intervention programs upon course-taking and attitudes in high school. In S. F. Chipman, L. R. Brush, & D. M. Wilson (Eds.), Women and mathematics: Balancing the equation (pp. 249-274). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
57. Fox-Genovese, E. (1991). Feminism without illusions: A critique of individualism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
58. Fox-Genovese, E. (1994, August 1). Save the males? National Review, pp. 49-52.
59. Fuller, B. (1986). Defining school quality. In J. Hathaway & M. E. Lockheed (Eds.), The contributions of the social sciences to educational policy and practice, 1965-1985 (pp. 33-69). Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
60. Gardner, A., Mason, C., & Matyas, M. (1989). Equity, excellence, and "just plain good teaching." The American Biology Teacher, 51, 72-77.
61. Geadelmann, P. L. (1980). Physical education: Stronghold of sex role stereotyping. Quest, 32, 192-200.
62. Geis, F. L., Boston, M. B., & Hoffman, N. (1985). Sex of authority role models and achievement by men and women: Leadership performance and recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 636-656.
63. Giele, J. Z. (1987). Coeducation of women's education? A comparison of alumnae from two colleges: 1934-1979. In C. Lasser (Ed.), Educating men and women together: Coeducation in a changing world (pp. 91-109). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
64. Gilbert, E. P. (1993). Girls' schools: Laboratories in progress. In D. K. Hollinger & R. Adamson (Eds.), Single-sex schooling: Proponents speak (pp. 5-10). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
65. Gilder, G. E. (1973). Sexual suicide. New York: Quadrangle.
66. Goodlad, J. (1984). A place called school. New York: McGraw-Hill.
67. Goodman, E. (1991, June 22). VMI: Repository of reaction. The Washington Post, p. A23.
68. Graham, P. A. (1974). Women in higher education: A biographical inquiry. New York: Columbia University, Barnard College.
69. Grant, W. V., & Snyder, T. D. (1983). Digest of education statistics. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
70. Griffin, P. (1985). Teachers perceptions of and responses to sex equity problems in a middle school physical education program. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56(2), 103-110.
71. Gutek, B. (1985). Sex and the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
72. Gwizdala, J., & Steinback, M. (1990). High school females' mathematics attitudes: An interim report. School Science and Mathematics, 90, 215-222.
73. Hamilton, S. F. (1986). Raising standards and reducing dropout rates. In G. Natriello (Ed.), School dropouts: Patterns and policies (pp. 148-167). New York: Teachers College Press.
74. Hanson, E. H. (1959). Do boys get a square deal in school? Education, 79, 597-598.
75. Hansot, E., & Tyack, D. (1988). Gender in American schools: Thinking institutionally. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 13, 741-760.
76. Harding, J. (1981). Switched-off: Science education for girls. London: Longman.
77. Harris, J. F. (1991, April 11). For VMI, an unlikely defender of discrimination. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A12.
78. Harris, M. B. (1986). Coeducation and sex roles. Australian Journal of Education, 30, 117-131.
79. Hawley, R. (1993). A case for boys' schools. In D. K. Hollinger & R. Adamson (Eds.), Single-sex schooling: Proponents speak (pp. 11-14). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
80. Holland, J. L. (1985). Making vocational choices (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
81. Hollinger, D. K. (1993). Single-sex schooling: Perspectives from practice and research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
82. Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L., & Jackson, G. B. (1982). Meta-analysis: Cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
83. Hyde, J. S., Fennema, E., & Lamon, S. J. (1990). Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 139-155.
84. Hyde, J. S., Fennema, E., Ryan, M., Frost, L. A., & Hopp, C. (1990). Gender comparisons of mathematics attitudes and affect: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14, 299-324.
85. Hyde, S. (1971). The case for coeducation. Independent School Bulletin, 31, 20-24.
86. Jimenez, E., & Lockheed, M. E. (1989). Enhancing girls' learning through single-sex education: Evidence and a policy conundrum. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11, 117-142.
87. Jones, M. (1989). Gender bias in classroom interactions. Contemporary Education, 60, 216-222.
88. Jones, M. B., & Thompson, D. G. (1981). Classroom misconduct and integration by sex. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 401-409.
89. Jones, M. G., & Wheatley, J. (1990). Gender differences in teacher-student interactions in science classrooms. Journal of Research in Science Training, 27, 861-874.
90. Kahle, J. B., & Lakes, M. K. (1983). The myth of equality in science classrooms. Journal of Research in Science Training, 20, 131-140.
91. Kahle, J. B., Parker, L. H., Rennie, L. J., & Riley, D. (1993). Gender differences in science education: Building a model. Educational Psychologist, 28, 379-404.
92. Kauermann-Walter, J., Kreienbaum, M. A., & Metz-Gockel, S. (1990). Formal equality and discrete discrimination. Western European Education, 22, 66-79.
93. Kelly, A. (1988). Gender differences in teacher-pupil interactions: A meta-analytic review. Research in Education, 39, 1-23.
94. Kenway, J., & Willis, S. (1986). Feminist single-sex educational strategies: Some theoretical flaws and practical fallacies. Discourse, 7, 1-30.
95. Keohane, N. O. (1990). Educating women for the future. In J. Antler & S. K. Bilden (Eds.), Changing education: Women as radicals and conservators (pp. 3-11). Albany: State University of New York Press.
96. Koepke, M. (1991, February). A school of their own. Teacher Magazine, pp. 44-47.
97. Kolesnik, W. B. (1969). Coeducation: Sex differences and the schools. New York: Vantage Press.
98. Kravitz, N. (1984, November). Single-sex classes for gifted students: A case report. Paper presented to the California Association for the Gifted.
99. Krupnick, C. G. (1985, May). Women and men in the classroom: Inequality and its remedies. On Teaching and Learning, pp. 18-25.
100. Larwood, L., & Blackmore, J. (1978). Sex discrimination in manager selection: Testing predictions of the vertical dyad linkage model. Sex Roles, 4, 359-367.
101. Lasser, C. (Ed.). (1987). Educating men and women together: Coeducation in a changing world. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
102. Lay, N. (1990). A Title IX dialogue. Journal of Physical Education, Dance, and Recreation, 60, 28-30.
103. Lee, V. E. (1993). Single-sex schooling: What is the issue? In D. K. Hollinger & R. Adamson (Eds.), Single-sex schooling: Proponents speak (pp. 39-46). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
104. Lee, V. E., & Bryk, A. S. (1986). Effects of single-sex secondary schools on student achievement and attitudes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 381-395.
105. Lee, V. E., & Bryk, A. S. (1989). Effects of single-sex schools: Response to Marsh. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 647-650.
106. Lee, V. E., & Lockheed, M. E. (1990). The effect of single-sex schooling and attitudes in Nigeria. Comparative Education Review, 34, 209-231.
107. Lee, V. E., & Marks, H. M. (1990). Sustained effects of the single-sex secondary school experience on attitudes, behaviors, and values in college. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 578-592.
108. Lee, V. E., & Marks, H. M. (1992). Who goes where? Choice of single-sex and coeducational independent secondary schools. Sociology of Education, 65, 226-253.
109. Lee, V. E., Marks, H., & Byrd, T. (1994). Sexism in single-sex and coeducational secondary school classrooms. Sociology of Education, 67, 92-120.
110. Lenskyj, H. (1986). Out of bounds: Women, sport, and sexuality. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Women's Press.
111. Lenskyj, H. (1990). Sexual harassment and sexual abuse: An issue for women in sport. Action Newmagazine, 8(2), 16.
112. Lever, J. (1976). Sex differences in the games children play. Social Problems, 23, 478-487.
113. Lever, J. (1978). Sex differences in the complexity of children's games. American Sociological Review, 43, 471-483.
114. Levine, D. (1964). Coeducation - a contributing factor in miseducation of the disadvantaged. Phi Delta Kappan, 46, 126-128.
115. Light, R. J., & Pillemer, D. B. (1984). Summing up: The science of reviewing research. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
116. Lockheed, M. (1984). Final report: A study of sex equity in classroom interaction. Washington, DC: National Institute of Education.
117. Lordan, G. F. (1987). An analysis of the differential effects of classroom sex-mix on academic achievement, attitude toward school, and androgyny. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston College.
118. Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships. American Psychologist, 45, 513-520.
119. Mahony, P. (1985). School for the boys? Coeducation reassessed. London: Hutchinson.
120. Marsh, H. W. (1989). Effects of attending single-sex and coeducational high schools on achievement, attitudes, behaviors, and sex differences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 70-85.
121. Marsh, H. W. (1991). Public, Catholic single-sex and Catholic coeducational high schools: Their effect on achievement, affect, and behaviors. American Journal of Education, 99, 320-356.
122. Marsh, H. W., Owens, L., Myers, M. R., & Smith, I. D. (1989). The transition from single-sex to coeducational high schools: Teacher perceptions, academic achievement, and self-concept. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 59, 155-173.
123. Mason, C. L., & Kahle, J. B. (1989). Student attitudes toward science and science-related careers: A program designed to promote a stimulating gender-free learning environment. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 26, 25-39
124. Masters, B. A. (1992, September 19). Women's college is passing tough test. The Washington Post, pp. B1, B5.
125. McGough, M. (1991, December 16). Romeboys. The New Republic, pp. 13-16.
126. McGowan, S. (1991, September). Are single-sex schools "better dead than coed"? Guideposts, pp. 5, 12.
127. Meece, J. L., & Eccles, J. S. (1993). Recent trends in research on gender and education. Educational Psychologist, 28, 313-319.
128. Meir, E. I., & Navon, M. (1992). A longitudinal examination of congruence hypothesis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 41, 35-47.
129. Miller-Bernal, L. (1993). Single-sex versus coeducational environments: A comparison of women students' experiences at four colleges. American Journal of Education, 102, 23-54.
130. Mischel, W. (1977). The interaction of person and situation. In D. Magnusson & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interactional psychology (pp. 333-352). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
131. Monaco, N. M., & Gaier, E. L. (1992). Single-sex versus coeducational environment and achievement in adolescent females. Adolescence, 27, 579-594.
132. Monagan, D. (1983, March). The failure of coed sports. Psychology Today, 17, 58-63.
133. Moore, M. (1993). Conference summary. In D. K. Hollinger (Ed.), Single-sex schooling: Perspectives from practice and research (pp. 69-74). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
134. Moore, M., Piper, V., & Schaefer, E. (1993). Single-sex schooling and educational effectiveness: A research overview. In D. K. Hollinger (Ed.), Single-sex schooling: Perspectives from practice and research (pp. 7-68). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
135. Mosteller, F., & Moynihan, D. P. (1972). On equality of educational opportunity. New York: Random House.
136. Noe, R. A. (1988). Women and mentoring: A review and research agenda. Academy of Management Review, 13, 65-70.
137. Oates, M. J., & Williamson, S. (1978). Women's colleges and women achievers. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 3, 795-806.
138. Payne, M. A., & Newton, E. H. (1990). Teachers' and students' perceptions of the major advantages and disadvantages of coeducational secondary schooling. Australian Journal of Education, 34, 67-86.
139. Pintrich, P. R. (1994). Continuities and discontinuities: Future directions for research in educational psychology. Educational Psychologist, 29, 137-148.
140. Rice, J. K., & Hemmings, A. (1988). Women's colleges and women's achievers: An update. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 13, 546-559.
141. Richardson, J. (1995, May-June). Separated by sex. Teacher Magazine, pp. 14-15.
142. Riesman, D. (1991). A margin of difference: The case for single-sex education. In J. R. Blau (Ed.), Social roles and social institutions (pp. 241-257). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
143. Riordan, C. (1985). Public and Catholic schooling: The effects of gender context policy. American Journal of Education, 93, 518-540.
144. Riordan, C. (1990). Girls and boys in school: Together or separate? New York: Teachers College Press.
145. Riordan, C. (1993). The case for single-sex schools. In D. K. Hollinger & R. Adamson (Eds.), Single-sex schooling: Proponents speak (pp. 47-53). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
146. Rossi, A. S. (1987). Coeducation in a gender-stratified society. In C. Lasser (Ed.), Educating men and women together: Coeducation in a changing world (pp. 11-34). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
147. Rowe, K. J. (1988). Single-sex and mixed-sex classes: The effects of class type on student achievement, confidence, and participation in mathematics. Australian Journal of Education, 32, 180-202.
148. Rubenfeld, M. I., & Gilroy, F. D. (1991). Relationship between college women's occupational interests and a single-sex environment. Career Development Quarterly, 40, 64-70.
149. Sadker, M. P., & Sadker, D. M. (1985). Is the OK classroom OK? Phi Delta Kappan, 66, 358-361.
150. Sadker, M. P., & Sadker, D. M. (1986). Sexism in the classroom: From grade school to graduate school. Phi Delta Kappan, 67, 512-515.
151. Sadker, M. P., Sadker, D. M., & Klein, S. (1991). The issue of gender in elementary and secondary education. Review of Research in Education, 17, 269-334.
152. Sadker, M. P., Sadker, D. M., & Thomas, D. (1981). Sex equity and special education. The Pointer, 26, 33-38.
153. Sarah, E., Scott, M., & Spender. D. (1980). The education of feminists: The case for single-sex schools. In D. Spender & E. Sarah (Eds.), Learning to lose: Sexism and education. London: The Women's Press.
154. Scantlebury, K., & Kahle, J. B. (1993). The implementation of equitable teaching strategies by high school biology student teachers. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30, 537-545.
155. Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437-453.
156. Schneider, F. W., & Coutts, L. M. (1982). The high school environment: A comparison of coeducational and single-sex schools. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 898-906.
157. Seligman, D. (1993, May 3). Women on the rat line. Fortune, p. 104.
158. Sexton, P. C. (1969). The feminized male: Classrooms, white collars, and the decline of manliness. New York: Random House.
159. Shaikh, S., & Kelly, A. (1989). To mix or not to mix? Pakistani girls in British schools. Educational Research, 31, 10-19.
160. Smith, D. G. (1990). Women's colleges and coed colleges: Is there a difference for women? Journal of Higher Education, 61, 181-197.
161. Sperber, M. (1990). College Sports Inc. : The athletic department vs. the university. New York: Henry Holt.
162. Stables, A. (1990). Differences between pupils from mixed and single-sex schools in their enjoyment of school subjects and attitudes to science and to school. Educational Review, 42, 221-230.
163. Stallings, J. (1985). School, classroom, and home influences on women's decisions to enroll in advanced mathematics courses. In S. F. Chipman, L. R. Brush, & D. M. Wilson (Eds.), Women and mathematics: Balancing the equation (pp. 199-223). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
164. Stein, N. (1986). Sexual harassment: Its existence and effects in Massachusetts high schools. In N. Stein (Ed.), Who's hurt and who's liable: Sexual harassment in Massachusetts high schools (4th ed., pp. 1-6). Quincy: The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of Education.
165. Strauss, S. (1988). Sexual harassment in the school: Legal implications for principals. National Association of Secondary School Principals Bulletin, 93-97.
166. Subotnik, R. F., & Strauss, S. M. (1995, Winter). Gender differences in classroom participation and achievement. The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 77-85.
167. Sutherland, M. B. (1985). Whatever happened about co-education? British Journal of Educational Studies, 33, 155-163.
168. Tidball, M. E. (1973, Spring). Perspective on academic women and affirmative action. Educational Record, pp. 130-135.
169. Tidball, M. E. (1980). Women's colleges and women achievers revisited. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5, 504-517.
170. Tidball, M. E. (1986). Baccalaureate origins of recent natural science doctorates. Journal of Higher Education, 57, 606-620.
171. Tidball, M. E. (1993). Educational environments and the development of talent. In D. K. Hollinger & R. Adamson (Eds.), Single-sex schooling: Proponents speak (pp. 55-61). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
172. Tidball, M. E., & Kistiakowsky, V. (1976). Baccalaureate origins of American scientists and scholars. Science, 193, 646-652.
173. Tifft, S. (1990a, May 21). Dollars, scholars, and gender. Time, p. 85.
174. Tifft, S. (1990b, May 21). Fighting the failure syndrome. Time, pp. 83-84.
175. Tobin, K., & Garnett, P. (1987). Gender related differences in science activities. Science Education, 77, 91-103.
176. Trickett, E. J., Trickett, P. K., Castro, J. J., & Schaffner, P. (1982). The independent school experience: Aspects of the normative environments of single-sex and coed secondary schools. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 374-381.
177. Tyack, D., & Hansot, E. (1990). Learning together: A history of coeducation in American schools. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
178. Vertinsky, P. A. (1992). Reclaiming space, revisioning the body: The quest for gender-sensitive physical education. Quest, 44, 373-396.
179. Watts, C. E., III. (1994, June 27). Citadel fights for freedom, not machismo. Insight, p. 37.
180. Whitehead, B. D. (1994, October). The failure of sex education. The Atlantic Monthly, pp. 55-80.
181. Whyte, J. (1986). Girls into science and technology: The story of a project. Boston, MA: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
182. Williams, D. (1990). Is the post-secondary classroom a chilly one for women? A review of the literature. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 20(3), 29-12.
183. Woody, T. (1974). A history of women's education in the United States. New York: Octagon.
184. Wright, W. J. (1991, May). The Black male child: A threatened resource. Principal, pp. 22-23.
185. Young, D. J., & Fraser, B. J. (1990). Science achievement of girls in single-sex and coeducational schools. Research in Science and Technological Education, 8, 5-20.
186. Zanders, A. P. (1993). A presentation of the arguments for and against single-sex schooling. In D. K. Hollinger & R. Adamson (Eds.), Single-sex schooling: Proponents speak (pp. 15-19). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.