Putting France in the Chandlerian framework: France's 100 largest industrial firms in 1913

Business History Review

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 46-85

  Smith, Michael S ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032390920     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3116595     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass., 1990).
2. Chandler, Scale and Scope, 389-392.
3. Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, "The Large Corporation in Modern France," in Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., and Herman Daems, eds., Managerial Hierarchies (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 154.
4. Patrick Fridenson, "France: The Relatively Slow Development of Big Business in the Twentieth Century," in Big Business and the Wealth of Nations, eds. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Franco Amatori, and Takashi Hikino (Cambridge, U.K., 1997), 207-245.
5. Mira Wilkins, "The Free-Standing Company,' 1870-1914: An Important Type of British Foreign Direct Investment," Economic History Review 2nd series 41 (1988): 259-282.
6. The defense of the family firm is part of a larger critique of Chandler's "organizational determinism" that calls into question the linkage between national economic success and the organizational form and ownership structure of a country's leading business firms. See the special issue on "Family Capitalism" in Business History 35 (Oct. 1993), especially the introductory article by the editors, Geoffrey Jones and Mary B. Rose, and the contributions of Roy Church ("The Family Firm in Industrial Capitalism: International Perspectives on Hypotheses and History," 17-43) and Emmanuel Chadeau ("The Large Family Firm in Twentieth-Century France," 184-205). See also Youssef Cassis, Big Business, 164-168.
7. The defense of the family firm is part of a larger critique of Chandler's "organizational determinism" that calls into question the linkage between national economic success and the organizational form and ownership structure of a country's leading business firms. See the special issue on "Family Capitalism" in Business History 35 (Oct. 1993), especially the introductory article by the editors, Geoffrey Jones and Mary B. Rose, and the contributions of Roy Church ("The Family Firm in Industrial Capitalism: International Perspectives on Hypotheses and History," 17-43) and Emmanuel Chadeau ("The Large Family Firm in Twentieth-Century France," 184-205). See also Youssef Cassis, Big Business, 164-168.
8. The defense of the family firm is part of a larger critique of Chandler's "organizational determinism" that calls into question the linkage between national economic success and the organizational form and ownership structure of a country's leading business firms. See the special issue on "Family Capitalism" in Business History 35 (Oct. 1993), especially the introductory article by the editors, Geoffrey Jones and Mary B. Rose, and the contributions of Roy Church ("The Family Firm in Industrial Capitalism: International Perspectives on Hypotheses and History," 17-43) and Emmanuel Chadeau ("The Large Family Firm in Twentieth-Century France," 184-205). See also Youssef Cassis, Big Business, 164-168.
9. The defense of the family firm is part of a larger critique of Chandler's "organizational determinism" that calls into question the linkage between national economic success and the organizational form and ownership structure of a country's leading business firms. See the special issue on "Family Capitalism" in Business History 35 (Oct. 1993), especially the introductory article by the editors, Geoffrey Jones and Mary B. Rose, and the contributions of Roy Church ("The Family Firm in Industrial Capitalism: International Perspectives on Hypotheses and History," 17-43) and Emmanuel Chadeau ("The Large Family Firm in Twentieth-Century France," 184-205). See also Youssef Cassis, Big Business, 164-168.
10. See Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., "Response to the Contributors," Business History Review 64 (Winter 1990): 247.
11. Based on figures in B. R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, 1750-1970 (New York, 1975), 399-404.
12. Eric Bussière, "The Evaluation of Structures in the Iron and Steel Industry in France, Belgium, and Luxembourg: National and International Aspects, 1900-1939," in Etsuo Abe and Yoshitaka Suzuki, eds., Changing Patterns of International Rivalry (Tokyo, 1990), 141-162.
13. Carol H. Kent, "Camille Cavallier and Pont à Mousson: An Industrialist of the Third Republic," (Ph.D. diss., Saint Anthony's College, Oxford, 1972), 58.
14. Alain Baudant, "Culture d'entreprise, valeurs et pouvoirs à Pont à Mousson, 1859-1939," in Patrick Fridenson and André Straus, eds., Le Capitalisme français, XIX-XXe siècles (Paris, 1987), 367-80.
15. Paul Morel, dir., Histoire technique de la production d'aluminium (Grenoble, 1991), 32-64, 76; Philippe Mioche, L'Alumine à Gardanne de 1893 à nos jours: une traversée industrielle en Provence (Grenoble, 1994), 17-28; C-J Gignoux, Histoire d'une entreprise française (Pechiney) (Paris, 1955), 65-118.
16. Paul Morel, dir., Histoire technique de la production d'aluminium (Grenoble, 1991), 32-64, 76; Philippe Mioche, L'Alumine à Gardanne de 1893 à nos jours: une traversée industrielle en Provence (Grenoble, 1994), 17-28; C-J Gignoux, Histoire d'une entreprise française (Pechiney) (Paris, 1955), 65-118.
17. Paul Morel, dir., Histoire technique de la production d'aluminium (Grenoble, 1991), 32-64, 76; Philippe Mioche, L'Alumine à Gardanne de 1893 à nos jours: une traversée industrielle en Provence (Grenoble, 1994), 17-28; C-J Gignoux, Histoire d'une entreprise française (Pechiney) (Paris, 1955), 65-118.
18. Gignoux, 65-118. Aluminium Française is the subject of a recent doctoral thesis by Florence Hachez-Leroy, "L'Aluminium Française, instrument d'une stratégie de groupe, 1911-1960" (Université de Paris IV, 1995), while the organizational development of PCAC is the subject of the doctoral thesis of Ludovic Cailluet, "Stratégies, structures d'organisation, et pratiques de gestion de Pechiney des années 1880 à 1971" (Université de Lyon II, 1995).
19. Gignoux, 65-118. Aluminium Française is the subject of a recent doctoral thesis by Florence Hachez-Leroy, "L'Aluminium Française, instrument d'une stratégie de groupe, 1911-1960" (Université de Paris IV, 1995), while the organizational development of PCAC is the subject of the doctoral thesis of Ludovic Cailluet, "Stratégies, structures d'organisation, et pratiques de gestion de Pechiney des années 1880 à 1971" (Université de Lyon II, 1995).
20. 1. On Malétra, see Paris, Exposition universelle, 1900, Rapports du jury international. Groupe XIV, class 87, part I, pp. 42-45. On Poulenc Frères, see AN 65 AQ P269 and Pierre Cayez, Rhône-Poulenc, 1895-1975 (Paris, 1988), 42-47.
21. 1. On Malétra, see Paris, Exposition universelle, 1900, Rapports du jury international. Groupe XIV, class 87, part I, pp. 42-45. On Poulenc Frères, see AN 65 AQ P269 and Pierre Cayez, Rhône-Poulenc, 1895-1975 (Paris, 1988), 42-47.
22. 1. On Malétra, see Paris, Exposition universelle, 1900, Rapports du jury international. Groupe XIV, class 87, part I, pp. 42-45. On Poulenc Frères, see AN 65 AQ P269 and Pierre Cayez, Rhône-Poulenc, 1895-1975 (Paris, 1988), 42-47.
23. 1. For information on Air Liquides product line in 1913, see Georges Claude, Liquid Air, Oxygen, Nitrogen (London, 1913), 406-413.
24. 1. For information on Air Liquides product line in 1913, see Georges Claude, Liquid Air, Oxygen, Nitrogen (London, 1913), 406-413.
25. 1. For information on Air Liquides product line in 1913, see Georges Claude, Liquid Air, Oxygen, Nitrogen (London, 1913), 406-413.
26. See Pierre Lanthier, "L'Industrie de la construction électrique en France avant 1914," in François Caron and Fabienne Cardot, dirs., Histoire de l'électricité en France, t. 1 (Paris, 1991), 671-726.
27. According to Lanthier (p. 693), General Electric initially had a 40 percent share of the French Thomson-Houston Company (THF), but it did not increase its investment in the company as Thomson-Houston rapidly augmented its capital in the 1890s so that "in 1900 the capital of THF was overwhelmingly under French control."
28. See the annual report in Assemblées générales, 1913, pp. 1249-53.
29. François Crouzet, "Essor, declin, et renaissance de l'industrie française des locomotives, 1836-1914," Revue d'histoire économique et sociale 55 (1977): 112-210.
30. On the background to mass production in the French auto industry, see Yves Cohen, "Inventivité organisationnelle et competitivité: l'interchangeabilité des pièces face à la crise de la machine-outil en France autour de 1900," Entreprises et histoire 5 (1994): 65-67.
31. See J-P Bardou, et al., The Automobile Revolution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1982); James M. Laux, In First Gear: The French Automobile Industry to 1914 (Montreal, 1976); Alain Jemain, Les Peugeot, vertiges et secrètes d'une dynastie (Paris, 1987); Yves Cohen, "L'espace de l'organisateur: Ernest Mattern, 1906-1939," Movement social, 24 (Oct.-Dec. 1983), 80-93; and Patrick Fridenson, Histoire des Usines Renault, vol. I: Naissance de la grande entreprise, 1898-1939 (Paris, 1972). In Fridenson's words, "les années d'avant guerre avaient vu se constituer les bases permanentes de la prosperité des usines Renault: une technologie créatrice, une gestion prudente, des cadres supérieurs qualifiés et stables, une production centrée sur la voiture moyenne, un réseau commercial étoffé et en partie integré" (89).
32. See J-P Bardou, et al., The Automobile Revolution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1982); James M. Laux, In First Gear: The French Automobile Industry to 1914 (Montreal, 1976); Alain Jemain, Les Peugeot, vertiges et secrètes d'une dynastie (Paris, 1987); Yves Cohen, "L'espace de l'organisateur: Ernest Mattern, 1906-1939," Movement social, 24 (Oct.-Dec. 1983), 80-93; and Patrick Fridenson, Histoire des Usines Renault, vol. I: Naissance de la grande entreprise, 1898-1939 (Paris, 1972). In Fridenson's words, "les années d'avant guerre avaient vu se constituer les bases permanentes de la prosperité des usines Renault: une technologie créatrice, une gestion prudente, des cadres supérieurs qualifiés et stables, une production centrée sur la voiture moyenne, un réseau commercial étoffé et en partie integré" (89).
33. See J-P Bardou, et al., The Automobile Revolution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1982); James M. Laux, In First Gear: The French Automobile Industry to 1914 (Montreal, 1976); Alain Jemain, Les Peugeot, vertiges et secrètes d'une dynastie (Paris, 1987); Yves Cohen, "L'espace de l'organisateur: Ernest Mattern, 1906-1939," Movement social, 24 (Oct.-Dec. 1983), 80-93; and Patrick Fridenson, Histoire des Usines Renault, vol. I: Naissance de la grande entreprise, 1898-1939 (Paris, 1972). In Fridenson's words, "les années d'avant guerre avaient vu se constituer les bases permanentes de la prosperité des usines Renault: une technologie créatrice, une gestion prudente, des cadres supérieurs qualifiés et stables, une production centrée sur la voiture moyenne, un réseau commercial étoffé et en partie integré" (89).
34. See J-P Bardou, et al., The Automobile Revolution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1982); James M. Laux, In First Gear: The French Automobile Industry to 1914 (Montreal, 1976); Alain Jemain, Les Peugeot, vertiges et secrètes d'une dynastie (Paris, 1987); Yves Cohen, "L'espace de l'organisateur: Ernest Mattern, 1906-1939," Movement social, 24 (Oct.-Dec. 1983), 80-93; and Patrick Fridenson, Histoire des Usines Renault, vol. I: Naissance de la grande entreprise, 1898-1939 (Paris, 1972). In Fridenson's words, "les années d'avant guerre avaient vu se constituer les bases permanentes de la prosperité des usines Renault: une technologie créatrice, une gestion prudente, des cadres supérieurs qualifiés et stables, une production centrée sur la voiture moyenne, un réseau commercial étoffé et en partie integré" (89).
35. See J-P Bardou, et al., The Automobile Revolution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1982); James M. Laux, In First Gear: The French Automobile Industry to 1914 (Montreal, 1976); Alain Jemain, Les Peugeot, vertiges et secrètes d'une dynastie (Paris, 1987); Yves Cohen, "L'espace de l'organisateur: Ernest Mattern, 1906-1939," Movement social, 24 (Oct.-Dec. 1983), 80-93; and Patrick Fridenson, Histoire des Usines Renault, vol. I: Naissance de la grande entreprise, 1898-1939 (Paris, 1972). In Fridenson's words, "les années d'avant guerre avaient vu se constituer les bases permanentes de la prosperité des usines Renault: une technologie créatrice, une gestion prudente, des cadres supérieurs qualifiés et stables, une production centrée sur la voiture moyenne, un réseau commercial étoffé et en partie integré" (89).