Feminist Discourses of Unwaged Work: The Case of Volunteerism

Australian Feminist Studies

Volumn 13, Issue 27, 1998, Pages 19-34

  Baldock, Cora ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032390764     PISSN: 08164649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08164649.1998.9994884     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
2. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
3. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
4. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
5. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
6. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
7. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
8. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
9. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
10. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
11. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
12. See, for example, on domestic labour, Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Falling Wall Press) Brighton, 1972; Wally Seccombe, 'The Housewife and her Labour Under Capitalism', New Left Review, no. 83, 1974, pp. 3-24; Jean Gardiner, 'Women's Domestic Labour', New Left Review, no. 89, 1975, pp. 47-58; Barbara Weinbaum and Amy Bridges, 'The Other Side of the Pay Check: Monopoly Capitalism and the Structure of Consumption', Monthly Review, no. 28, 1976, pp. 88-103. Also, more recent non-Marxist accounts of the contribution of domestic labour to Gross National Product, e.g. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) Brisbane, 1993; Sheila Lewenhak, The Revaluation of Women's Work (Earthscan Publications) London, 1992; Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing (Allen & Unwin) Wellington, 1988. See also Michelle Barrett, Women's Oppression Today (Verso) London, 1980 on the contribution of mothering to the reproduction of labour power. On unwaged work of wives for their partners, e.g. Janet Finch, Married to the Job (Allen & Unwin) London, 1983. On informal care, e.g. Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves (eds), A Labour of Lave (Routledge) London, 1983; Martin Mowbray and Lois Bryson, 'Women Really Care', Australian Journal of Social Issues, no. 19, 1984, pp. 261-72; Clare Ungerson, Gender and Caring (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Hemel Hempstead, 1990.
13. Iris M. Young, 'On the Politicization of the Social in Recent Western Political Theory', Paper presented at the XVth World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Berlin, August 1994, p. 14.
14. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Voluntary Work, June 1995 (Australian Government Printing Service) Canberra, 1996, Cat. 4441.0 as quoted in A. Jamrozik, 'Voluntary Work in the 1990s. Comments on the ABS 1995 Survey', Australian Journal of Volunteering, vol. 1, no. 2, August 1996, p. 16.
15. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Voluntary Work, June 1995 (Australian Government Printing Service) Canberra, 1996, Cat. 4441.0 as quoted in A. Jamrozik, 'Voluntary Work in the 1990s. Comments on the ABS 1995 Survey', Australian Journal of Volunteering, vol. 1, no. 2, August 1996, p. 16.
16. Jamrozik, 'Voluntary Work in the 1990s', p. 17.
17. Cora V. Baldock, Volunteers in Welfare (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990, pp. 45-61.
18. See L. Wheeler, Close to Home: the Community Services Industry, NSW (NCOSS) Sydney, 1986; Baldock, Volunteers in Welfare, p. 33.
19. See L. Wheeler, Close to Home: the Community Services Industry, NSW (NCOSS) Sydney, 1986; Baldock, Volunteers in Welfare, p. 33.
20. See, for example, Evatt Research Centre, State of Siege, Renewal or Privatisation for Australia's State Public Services (Pluto Press) Sydney, 1989; Anna Yeatman, Bureaucrats, Technocrats, Femocrats. Essays on the Contemporary Australian State (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990.
21. See, for example, Evatt Research Centre, State of Siege, Renewal or Privatisation for Australia's State Public Services (Pluto Press) Sydney, 1989; Anna Yeatman, Bureaucrats, Technocrats, Femocrats. Essays on the Contemporary Australian State (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990.
22. Following Julian Le Grand and Ray Robinson (eds), Privatisation and the Welfare State (Allen & Unwin) London, 1984, p. 3, I define privatisation as 'rolling back the activities of the state'. As pointed out by Yeatman, Bureaucrats, Technocrats, Femocrats, in most western nations this implies privatisation of services, partial privatisation of funding, but not privatisation of regulation and control. In other words, when governments contract-out services, they retain tight control over the community organisations that deliver the services.
23. Following Julian Le Grand and Ray Robinson (eds), Privatisation and the Welfare State (Allen & Unwin) London, 1984, p. 3, I define privatisation as 'rolling back the activities of the state'. As pointed out by Yeatman, Bureaucrats, Technocrats, Femocrats, in most western nations this implies privatisation of services, partial privatisation of funding, but not privatisation of regulation and control. In other words, when governments contract-out services, they retain tight control over the community organisations that deliver the services.
24. See Baldock, Volunteers in Welfare, pp. 109-12; Gary Johns, 'The Role and Scope of Volunteerism in Australia in Relation to Commonwealth Programs - a Discussion Paper', presented at the 4th National Conference, Australian Association for Volunteering, Brisbane, July 1992.
25. See Baldock, Volunteers in Welfare, pp. 109-12; Gary Johns, 'The Role and Scope of Volunteerism in Australia in Relation to Commonwealth Programs - a Discussion Paper', presented at the 4th National Conference, Australian Association for Volunteering, Brisbane, July 1992.
26. Sha Cordingley, 'Unemployment and Volunteering', Australian Journal on Volunteering, vol. 2, no. 1, February 1997, pp. 4-8.
27. See, for example, Nancy Fraser, 'Women, Welfare and the Politics of Needs Interpretation', Thesis Eleven, vol. 17, 1987, pp. 88-106; 1990; Toby O'Connor and Marise Sacco, 'Market Principles and Welfare', Family Matters, vol. 36, December 1993, pp. 50-7; Cora V. Baldock, 'The Family and the Australian Welfare State', Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 29, no. 2, May 1994, pp. 105-19.
28. See, for example, Nancy Fraser, 'Women, Welfare and the Politics of Needs Interpretation', Thesis Eleven, vol. 17, 1987, pp. 88-106; 1990; Toby O'Connor and Marise Sacco, 'Market Principles and Welfare', Family Matters, vol. 36, December 1993, pp. 50-7; Cora V. Baldock, 'The Family and the Australian Welfare State', Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 29, no. 2, May 1994, pp. 105-19.
29. See, for example, Nancy Fraser, 'Women, Welfare and the Politics of Needs Interpretation', Thesis Eleven, vol. 17, 1987, pp. 88-106; 1990; Toby O'Connor and Marise Sacco, 'Market Principles and Welfare', Family Matters, vol. 36, December 1993, pp. 50-7; Cora V. Baldock, 'The Family and the Australian Welfare State', Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 29, no. 2, May 1994, pp. 105-19.
30. G. Manser and R.H. Cass, Voluntarism at the Crossroads (Family Services Association of America) New York, 1976, p. 59.
31. Alexander Thompson, Women Volunteering: Super-exploitation or Self-actualization?, Working Paper no. 29 (Vassar College) New York, 1993, p. 1.
32. This is regardless of the fact that - counter to the decree from NOW - volunteers are being used by feminist organisations. See, for example, Diane Metzendorf and Ram A. Cnaan, 'Volunteers in Feminist Organizations', Nonprofit Management and Leadership, vol. 2, 1992, pp. 255-69.
33. Barrett, Women's Oppression Today, Veronica Beechey, Unequal Work (Verso) London, 1987.
34. Barrett, Women's Oppression Today, Veronica Beechey, Unequal Work (Verso) London, 1987.
35. Anne Showstack Sassoon, Women and the State (Hutchinson) London, 1987, p. 179.
36. Christine Delphy and Diana Leonard, Familiar Exploitations: a New Analysis of Marriage in Contemporary Western Societies (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1992, p. 96.
37. Nona Y. Glazer, Women's Paid and Unpaid Labor: the Work Transfer in Health Care and Retailing (Temple University Press) Philadelphia, 1993.
38. Chris Beasley, Sexual Economyths: Concealing a Feminist Economics (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1994, p. 33.
39. Glazer, Women's Paid and Unpaid Labor, see also Yeatman, Bureaucrats, Technocrats, Femocrats, p. 93; Lois Bryson, Welfare and the State: Who Benefits? (Macmillan) London, 1992, p. 211.
40. Glazer, Women's Paid and Unpaid Labor, see also Yeatman, Bureaucrats, Technocrats, Femocrats, p. 93; Lois Bryson, Welfare and the State: Who Benefits? (Macmillan) London, 1992, p. 211.
41. Glazer, Women's Paid and Unpaid Labor, see also Yeatman, Bureaucrats, Technocrats, Femocrats, p. 93; Lois Bryson, Welfare and the State: Who Benefits? (Macmillan) London, 1992, p. 211.
42. Sylvia Walby, Patriarchy at Work (Polity Press) Oxford, 1986; Walby, Theorising Patriarchy (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1990.
43. Sylvia Walby, Patriarchy at Work (Polity Press) Oxford, 1986; Walby, Theorising Patriarchy (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1990.
44. As argued by Maria Brenton, The Voluntary Sectors in British Social Services (Longman) London, 1985, their Marxist and socialist brothers have now accepted volunteerism, where they did not in the past, but only because they associate it with self-help and direct social action, and ignore the continuation of traditional voluntary agencies.
45. Arlene Kaplan Daniels, Invisible Careers: Women Civic Leaders from the Volunteer World (University of Chicago Press) Chicago, 1988, p. xxvii.
46. Leticia M. Smith, 'Women as Volunteers: the Double Subsidy', Journal of Voluntary Action Research, vol. 4, 1975, pp. 119-36.
47. Smith, 'Women as Volunteers', p. 119.
48. Smith, 'Women as Volunteers', pp. 119-20.
49. Smith, 'Women as Volunteers', p. 120.
50. Jill Hardwick and Adam Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations in Australia: a Working Paper, SWRC Reports and Proceedings, No. 25 (University of New South Wales, Social Welfare Research Centre) Sydney, 1982.
51. Judith Godden, 'The Work for Them, and the Glory for Us! Sydney Women's Philanthropy, 1880-1900' in Richard Kennedy (ed.), Australian Welfare History (Macmillan) Melbourne, 1982, pp. 84-102.
52. Kathleen D. McCarthy (ed.), Lady Bountiful Revisited: Women, Philanthropy and Power (Rutgers University Press) New Brunswick, 1990, p. 1.
53. Anne Summers, 'A Home from Home - Women's Philanthropic Work in the Nineteenth Century' in Sue Burman (ed.), Fit Work for Women (Croom Helm) London, 1979, pp. 33-63.
54. One exception is an article by Marnie W. Mueller, 'Economic Determinants of Volunteer Work by Women', Signs, vol. 1, 1975, pp. 325-8, which argues that volunteer work provides useful vocational training for women who have lost paid labour market skills owing to their full-time unwaged work as wives and mothers. Mueller writes from the perspective of rational choice theory.
55. Sassoon, Women and the State, p. 174.
56. The term 'Lady Bountiful', commonly used in the literature, epitomises this rather cynical view of volunteerism. As suggested by Giles Darvill and Brian Munday (eds), Volunteers in the Personal Social Services (Tavistock) London, 1984, p. 15, the term derived from a principle applied in a nineteenth-century Scottish welfare scheme that 'he who seeks another's bounty shall also submit to another's scrutiny'.
57. Baldock, Volunteers in Welfare
58. Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; O. Hawrylyshin , 'The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada', Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1978, pp. 1-71; James E. Curtis, Edward G. Grabb and Douglas E. Baer, 'Voluntary Association Membership in Fifteen Countries: a Comparative Analysis', American Sociological Review, vol. 57, 1992, pp. 139-52; Katharine Gaskin and Justin Davis Smith, A New Civic Europe, a Study of the Extent and Role of Volunteering (Volunteer Centre UK) London, 1995. For statistical accounts of the economic contribution of other unwaged work see, for example, Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont, Economic Evaluations of Unpaid Household Work (International Labour Office) Geneva, 1987; Waring, Counting for Nothing, Duncan Ironmonger, Households Work (Allen & Unwin), Sydney, 1989; Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour, G.D. Snooks, Portrait of the Family within the Total Economy 1788-1990 (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1994.
59. Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; O. Hawrylyshin , 'The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada', Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1978, pp. 1-71; James E. Curtis, Edward G. Grabb and Douglas E. Baer, 'Voluntary Association Membership in Fifteen Countries: a Comparative Analysis', American Sociological Review, vol. 57, 1992, pp. 139-52; Katharine Gaskin and Justin Davis Smith, A New Civic Europe, a Study of the Extent and Role of Volunteering (Volunteer Centre UK) London, 1995. For statistical accounts of the economic contribution of other unwaged work see, for example, Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont, Economic Evaluations of Unpaid Household Work (International Labour Office) Geneva, 1987; Waring, Counting for Nothing, Duncan Ironmonger, Households Work (Allen & Unwin), Sydney, 1989; Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour, G.D. Snooks, Portrait of the Family within the Total Economy 1788-1990 (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1994.
60. Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; O. Hawrylyshin , 'The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada', Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1978, pp. 1-71; James E. Curtis, Edward G. Grabb and Douglas E. Baer, 'Voluntary Association Membership in Fifteen Countries: a Comparative Analysis', American Sociological Review, vol. 57, 1992, pp. 139-52; Katharine Gaskin and Justin Davis Smith, A New Civic Europe, a Study of the Extent and Role of Volunteering (Volunteer Centre UK) London, 1995. For statistical accounts of the economic contribution of other unwaged work see, for example, Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont, Economic Evaluations of Unpaid Household Work (International Labour Office) Geneva, 1987; Waring, Counting for Nothing, Duncan Ironmonger, Households Work (Allen & Unwin), Sydney, 1989; Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour, G.D. Snooks, Portrait of the Family within the Total Economy 1788-1990 (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1994.
61. Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; O. Hawrylyshin , 'The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada', Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1978, pp. 1-71; James E. Curtis, Edward G. Grabb and Douglas E. Baer, 'Voluntary Association Membership in Fifteen Countries: a Comparative Analysis', American Sociological Review, vol. 57, 1992, pp. 139-52; Katharine Gaskin and Justin Davis Smith, A New Civic Europe, a Study of the Extent and Role of Volunteering (Volunteer Centre UK) London, 1995. For statistical accounts of the economic contribution of other unwaged work see, for example, Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont, Economic Evaluations of Unpaid Household Work (International Labour Office) Geneva, 1987; Waring, Counting for Nothing, Duncan Ironmonger, Households Work (Allen & Unwin), Sydney, 1989; Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour, G.D. Snooks, Portrait of the Family within the Total Economy 1788-1990 (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1994.
62. Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; O. Hawrylyshin , 'The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada', Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1978, pp. 1-71; James E. Curtis, Edward G. Grabb and Douglas E. Baer, 'Voluntary Association Membership in Fifteen Countries: a Comparative Analysis', American Sociological Review, vol. 57, 1992, pp. 139-52; Katharine Gaskin and Justin Davis Smith, A New Civic Europe, a Study of the Extent and Role of Volunteering (Volunteer Centre UK) London, 1995. For statistical accounts of the economic contribution of other unwaged work see, for example, Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont, Economic Evaluations of Unpaid Household Work (International Labour Office) Geneva, 1987; Waring, Counting for Nothing, Duncan Ironmonger, Households Work (Allen & Unwin), Sydney, 1989; Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour, G.D. Snooks, Portrait of the Family within the Total Economy 1788-1990 (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1994.
63. Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; O. Hawrylyshin , 'The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada', Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1978, pp. 1-71; James E. Curtis, Edward G. Grabb and Douglas E. Baer, 'Voluntary Association Membership in Fifteen Countries: a Comparative Analysis', American Sociological Review, vol. 57, 1992, pp. 139-52; Katharine Gaskin and Justin Davis Smith, A New Civic Europe, a Study of the Extent and Role of Volunteering (Volunteer Centre UK) London, 1995. For statistical accounts of the economic contribution of other unwaged work see, for example, Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont, Economic Evaluations of Unpaid Household Work (International Labour Office) Geneva, 1987; Waring, Counting for Nothing, Duncan Ironmonger, Households Work (Allen & Unwin), Sydney, 1989; Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour, G.D. Snooks, Portrait of the Family within the Total Economy 1788-1990 (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1994.
64. Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; O. Hawrylyshin , 'The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada', Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1978, pp. 1-71; James E. Curtis, Edward G. Grabb and Douglas E. Baer, 'Voluntary Association Membership in Fifteen Countries: a Comparative Analysis', American Sociological Review, vol. 57, 1992, pp. 139-52; Katharine Gaskin and Justin Davis Smith, A New Civic Europe, a Study of the Extent and Role of Volunteering (Volunteer Centre UK) London, 1995. For statistical accounts of the economic contribution of other unwaged work see, for example, Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont, Economic Evaluations of Unpaid Household Work (International Labour Office) Geneva, 1987; Waring, Counting for Nothing, Duncan Ironmonger, Households Work (Allen & Unwin), Sydney, 1989; Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour, G.D. Snooks, Portrait of the Family within the Total Economy 1788-1990 (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1994.
65. Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; O. Hawrylyshin , 'The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada', Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1978, pp. 1-71; James E. Curtis, Edward G. Grabb and Douglas E. Baer, 'Voluntary Association Membership in Fifteen Countries: a Comparative Analysis', American Sociological Review, vol. 57, 1992, pp. 139-52; Katharine Gaskin and Justin Davis Smith, A New Civic Europe, a Study of the Extent and Role of Volunteering (Volunteer Centre UK) London, 1995. For statistical accounts of the economic contribution of other unwaged work see, for example, Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont, Economic Evaluations of Unpaid Household Work (International Labour Office) Geneva, 1987; Waring, Counting for Nothing, Duncan Ironmonger, Households Work (Allen & Unwin), Sydney, 1989; Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour, G.D. Snooks, Portrait of the Family within the Total Economy 1788-1990 (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1994.
66. Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; O. Hawrylyshin , 'The Economic Nature and Value of Volunteer Activity in Canada', Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 1978, pp. 1-71; James E. Curtis, Edward G. Grabb and Douglas E. Baer, 'Voluntary Association Membership in Fifteen Countries: a Comparative Analysis', American Sociological Review, vol. 57, 1992, pp. 139-52; Katharine Gaskin and Justin Davis Smith, A New Civic Europe, a Study of the Extent and Role of Volunteering (Volunteer Centre UK) London, 1995. For statistical accounts of the economic contribution of other unwaged work see, for example, Luisella Goldschmidt-Clermont, Economic Evaluations of Unpaid Household Work (International Labour Office) Geneva, 1987; Waring, Counting for Nothing, Duncan Ironmonger, Households Work (Allen & Unwin), Sydney, 1989; Baxter, Work at Home: the Domestic Division of Labour, G.D. Snooks, Portrait of the Family within the Total Economy 1788-1990 (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1994.
67. In some instances such efforts are inspired by feminism, for example in New Zealand where feminists argued for inclusion of questions on volunteerism in the national census.
68. See Brenton, The Voluntary Sector in British Social Services; Carmen Lawrence, 'Views on Volunteering', Australian Journal on Volunteering, vol. 1, no. 1, February 1996, pp. 9-11; Christopher du Boulay, 'What Does it Take to Manage Volunteers?', Australian Journal of Volunteering, vol. 1, no. 2, August 1996, pp. 4-14.
69. See Brenton, The Voluntary Sector in British Social Services; Carmen Lawrence, 'Views on Volunteering', Australian Journal on Volunteering, vol. 1, no. 1, February 1996, pp. 9-11; Christopher du Boulay, 'What Does it Take to Manage Volunteers?', Australian Journal of Volunteering, vol. 1, no. 2, August 1996, pp. 4-14.
70. See Brenton, The Voluntary Sector in British Social Services; Carmen Lawrence, 'Views on Volunteering', Australian Journal on Volunteering, vol. 1, no. 1, February 1996, pp. 9-11; Christopher du Boulay, 'What Does it Take to Manage Volunteers?', Australian Journal of Volunteering, vol. 1, no. 2, August 1996, pp. 4-14.
71. M. Curtis and J. Noble, Volunteer Management: a Resource Manual (Volunteer Centre of South Australia) Adelaide, 1988, p. 22.
72. In recent years, various writers have pointed to the scarcity of younger female volunteers because of their ever-increasing participation in paid work. This had led to a renewed interest in attracting 'senior' volunteers. See, for example, Susan M. Chambré, 'Volunteerism by Elders: Past Trends and Future Prospects', The Gerontalogist, vol. 2, no. 33, 1993, pp. 221-8.
73. See, for example, Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations in Australia.
74. See Adrienne Rich, 'Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence', Signs, vol. 5, no. 4, 1980, pp. 631-60; Betsy Wearing, The Ideology of Motherhood (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1983; Hilary Land and Hilary Rose, 'Compulsory Altruism for Some or an Altruistic Society for All?' in Ph. Bean, J. Ferris and D. Whynes (eds), In Defense of Welfare (Tavistock) London, 1985, pp. 74-99.
75. See Adrienne Rich, 'Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence', Signs, vol. 5, no. 4, 1980, pp. 631-60; Betsy Wearing, The Ideology of Motherhood (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1983; Hilary Land and Hilary Rose, 'Compulsory Altruism for Some or an Altruistic Society for All?' in Ph. Bean, J. Ferris and D. Whynes (eds), In Defense of Welfare (Tavistock) London, 1985, pp. 74-99.
76. See Adrienne Rich, 'Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence', Signs, vol. 5, no. 4, 1980, pp. 631-60; Betsy Wearing, The Ideology of Motherhood (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1983; Hilary Land and Hilary Rose, 'Compulsory Altruism for Some or an Altruistic Society for All?' in Ph. Bean, J. Ferris and D. Whynes (eds), In Defense of Welfare (Tavistock) London, 1985, pp. 74-99.
77. See, for example, Jane Lewis and Barbara Meredith, Daughters who Care (Routledge) London, 1988; V.A. Braithwaite, Bound to Care (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990.
78. See, for example, Jane Lewis and Barbara Meredith, Daughters who Care (Routledge) London, 1988; V.A. Braithwaite, Bound to Care (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1990.
79. Delphy and Leonard, Familiar Exploitation; Walby, Theorising Patriarchy.
80. Delphy and Leonard, Familiar Exploitation; Walby, Theorising Patriarchy.
81. Land and Rose, 'Compulsory Altruism'.
82. D.L. Krebs, 'Altruism - an Examination of the Concept and a Review of the Literature', Psychological Bulletin, vol. 73, 1970, pp. 258-302, especially p. 259.
83. Richard Titmuss, The Gift Relationship (Pantheon) New York, 1971.
84. See, for example, P. Abrams, S. Abrams, R. Humphrey and R. Snaith, Creating Care in the Neighbourhood (Neighbourhood Care Action Programme) London, 1986; Merte Watt Boolsen and Helle Holt, Voluntary Action in Denmark and Britain (Danish Institute of Social Research) Copenhagen, 1988.
85. See, for example, P. Abrams, S. Abrams, R. Humphrey and R. Snaith, Creating Care in the Neighbourhood (Neighbourhood Care Action Programme) London, 1986; Merte Watt Boolsen and Helle Holt, Voluntary Action in Denmark and Britain (Danish Institute of Social Research) Copenhagen, 1988.
86. Thompson, Women Volunteering, p. 11.
87. See, for example, Joy Noble, Volunteers and Paid Workers: a Collaborative Approach (Volunteer Centre of South Australia) Adelaide, 1997; du Boulay, 'What Does it Take to Manage Volunteers?'
88. See, for example, Joy Noble, Volunteers and Paid Workers: a Collaborative Approach (Volunteer Centre of South Australia) Adelaide, 1997; du Boulay, 'What Does it Take to Manage Volunteers?'
89. The idea that the notion of altruism was invoked by volunteers as part of an 'accepted vocabulary of motives' was developed by D. Horton Smith, 'Altruism, Volunteers and Volunteerism' in J. Harman (ed.), Volunteerism in the Eighties (University Press of America) Washington, DC, 1982, pp. 21-36.
90. See, for example, Diana Leat and Pat Gay, Paying for Care (Policy Studies Institute) London, 1987; John Baldock and Clare Ungerson, 'What d'ya Want if you don' Want Money' in Mavis Maclean and Dulde Groves (eds), Women's Issues in Social Polity (Routledge) London, 1991, pp. 136-58. This is matched only, possibly, by discussion of wages for housework in the domestic labour debate.
91. See, for example, Diana Leat and Pat Gay, Paying for Care (Policy Studies Institute) London, 1987; John Baldock and Clare Ungerson, 'What d'ya Want if you don' Want Money' in Mavis Maclean and Dulde Groves (eds), Women's Issues in Social Polity (Routledge) London, 1991, pp. 136-58. This is matched only, possibly, by discussion of wages for housework in the domestic labour debate.
92. See, for example, Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-governmental Welfare Organisations.
93. See, for example, Titmuss, The Gift Relationship.
94. Baldock and Ungerson, 'What d'ya Want if you don' Want Money' describe the payment of money in a British setting; Chambré, 'Volunteerism by Elders' describes the use of stipends in American Senior Companion and Foster Grandparent Schemes.
95. Baldock and Ungerson, 'What d'ya Want if you don' Want Money' describe the payment of money in a British setting; Chambré, 'Volunteerism by Elders' describes the use of stipends in American Senior Companion and Foster Grandparent Schemes.
96. See Cordingley, 'Unemployment and Volunteering'.
97. Curtis and Noble, Volunteer Management', R. McCashney, Report on the Feasibility Study on Volunteer Insurance (W.A. Department for Community Services) Perth, 1988; Olga Bursian, Policy on Volunteer Training (Social and Community Services Industry Training Board) Melbourne, 1992; Du Boulay, 'What Does it Take to Manage Volunteers?; Noble, Volunteers and Paid Workers.
98. Curtis and Noble, Volunteer Management', R. McCashney, Report on the Feasibility Study on Volunteer Insurance (W.A. Department for Community Services) Perth, 1988; Olga Bursian, Policy on Volunteer Training (Social and Community Services Industry Training Board) Melbourne, 1992; Du Boulay, 'What Does it Take to Manage Volunteers?; Noble, Volunteers and Paid Workers.
99. Curtis and Noble, Volunteer Management', R. McCashney, Report on the Feasibility Study on Volunteer Insurance (W.A. Department for Community Services) Perth, 1988; Olga Bursian, Policy on Volunteer Training (Social and Community Services Industry Training Board) Melbourne, 1992; Du Boulay, 'What Does it Take to Manage Volunteers?; Noble, Volunteers and Paid Workers.
100. Curtis and Noble, Volunteer Management', R. McCashney, Report on the Feasibility Study on Volunteer Insurance (W.A. Department for Community Services) Perth, 1988; Olga Bursian, Policy on Volunteer Training (Social and Community Services Industry Training Board) Melbourne, 1992; Du Boulay, 'What Does it Take to Manage Volunteers?; Noble, Volunteers and Paid Workers.
101. Curtis and Noble, Volunteer Management', R. McCashney, Report on the Feasibility Study on Volunteer Insurance (W.A. Department for Community Services) Perth, 1988; Olga Bursian, Policy on Volunteer Training (Social and Community Services Industry Training Board) Melbourne, 1992; Du Boulay, 'What Does it Take to Manage Volunteers?; Noble, Volunteers and Paid Workers.
102. But note Dorothy Broom, 'The Occupational Health of Houseworkers', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 2, 1986, pp. 15-34, for one of the very few studies on the occupational health and safety of housewives.
103. Volunteer work was seen as not quite the same as waged work because of the lack of an employee-employer relationship. In this regard, it is comparable with the work of being a wife, in the terms discussed by Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Polity Press) Oxford, 1988. This is why volunteers do not share some of the rights granted to waged workers - access to equal employment opportunity legislation or industrial protection in case of dismissal, and guaranteed annual leave would be some of those rights.
104. Heidi Hartmann, 'Comment on M.W. Mueller's "The Economic Determinants of Volunteer Work by Women"', Signs, vol. 1, no. 3, 1975, pp. 773-6; see also note 32.
105. Hartmann, 'Comment on M.W. Mueller', p. 775.
106. See, for example, Evatt Research Centre, State of Siege, pp. 311-68.
107. I. Yates and A. Graycar, 'Non-governmental Welfare: Issues and Perspectives' in A. Graycar (ed.), Retreat from the Welfare State (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1983, p. 159.
108. Boolsen and Holt, Voluntary Action in Denmark and Britain, pp. 23-4. See also Gaskin and Smith, A New Civic Europe, pp. 28 and 35, for statistics about the number of male and female volunteers in social services in both countries.
109. Boolsen and Holt, Voluntary Action in Denmark and Britain, pp. 23-4. See also Gaskin and Smith, A New Civic Europe, pp. 28 and 35, for statistics about the number of male and female volunteers in social services in both countries.
110. These include Smith, 'Women as Volunteers'; Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; Cora V. Baldock, 'Volunteer Work as Work: Some Theoretical Considerations' in Cora V. Baldock and Bettina Cass (eds), Women, Social Welfare and the State (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988, 2nd edition, pp. 279-97; Daniels, Invisible Careers.
111. These include Smith, 'Women as Volunteers'; Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; Cora V. Baldock, 'Volunteer Work as Work: Some Theoretical Considerations' in Cora V. Baldock and Bettina Cass (eds), Women, Social Welfare and the State (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988, 2nd edition, pp. 279-97; Daniels, Invisible Careers.
112. These include Smith, 'Women as Volunteers'; Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; Cora V. Baldock, 'Volunteer Work as Work: Some Theoretical Considerations' in Cora V. Baldock and Bettina Cass (eds), Women, Social Welfare and the State (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988, 2nd edition, pp. 279-97; Daniels, Invisible Careers.
113. These include Smith, 'Women as Volunteers'; Hardwick and Graycar, Volunteers in Non-government Welfare Organisations; Cora V. Baldock, 'Volunteer Work as Work: Some Theoretical Considerations' in Cora V. Baldock and Bettina Cass (eds), Women, Social Welfare and the State (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1988, 2nd edition, pp. 279-97; Daniels, Invisible Careers.
114. Walby, Theorising Patriarchy.
115. See, for example, Evatt Research Centre, State of Siege, pp. 311-68; Cora V. Baldock and Denise Mulligan, 'Work Conditions in Home and Community Care: the Case of Western Australia', Labour and Industry, vol. 7, 1996, pp. 69-86.
116. See, for example, Evatt Research Centre, State of Siege, pp. 311-68; Cora V. Baldock and Denise Mulligan, 'Work Conditions in Home and Community Care: the Case of Western Australia', Labour and Industry, vol. 7, 1996, pp. 69-86.
117. Boolsen and Holt, Voluntary Action in Denmark and Britain.
118. See, for example, Bryson, Welfare and the State.
119. See, for example, Baxter, Work at Home; Bryson, Welfare and the State; Cora V. Baldock, 'Working Without Wages in Australian Welfare' in Esther Ngan-ling Chow and Catherine White Berheide (eds), Women, the Family and Policy: a Global Perspective (State University of New York Press) New York, 1994, pp. 99-116.
120. See, for example, Baxter, Work at Home; Bryson, Welfare and the State; Cora V. Baldock, 'Working Without Wages in Australian Welfare' in Esther Ngan-ling Chow and Catherine White Berheide (eds), Women, the Family and Policy: a Global Perspective (State University of New York Press) New York, 1994, pp. 99-116.
121. In this context it has been suggested that volunteer work should be considered within the debates on the gendered nature of citizenship; see, for example, W. Kymlicka and W. Norman, 'Return of the Citizen: a Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory', Ethics, vol. 104, 1994, pp. 352-81; D. Taylor, 'Citizenship and Social Power', Critical Social Policy, vol. 9, 1989, pp. 19-31.
122. In this context it has been suggested that volunteer work should be considered within the debates on the gendered nature of citizenship; see, for example, W. Kymlicka and W. Norman, 'Return of the Citizen: a Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory', Ethics, vol. 104, 1994, pp. 352-81; D. Taylor, 'Citizenship and Social Power', Critical Social Policy, vol. 9, 1989, pp. 19-31.
123. See, for classic statements on this, P.L. Berger and RJ. Neuhauss, To Empower People, the Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy (American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy) Washington, DC, 1977; D. Scott, Don't Mourn for Me ... Organise: the Social and Political Uses of Voluntary Organisations (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1981.
124. See, for classic statements on this, P.L. Berger and RJ. Neuhauss, To Empower People, the Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy (American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy) Washington, DC, 1977; D. Scott, Don't Mourn for Me ... Organise: the Social and Political Uses of Voluntary Organisations (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1981.
125. Ungerson, Gender and Caring, has made this point cogently with reference to the relationship between informal care and formal care. As she notes, a dichotomy is frequently drawn between formal and informal care, as if the quality of care differs, whilst, in reality, no difference exists.
126. Adrienne Rich's account of the difference between the institution of motherhood and the individual experiences of mothering in her Of Woman Born (Norton) New York, 1976, is a notable exception.
127. Baldock and Ungerson hinted at the possibility of combining structural and individual explanations in their paper on paid volunteering when they noted that the work involved 'is apparently both highly satisfying and highly exploitative'. See Baldock and Ungerson, 'What d'ya Want if you don' Want Money', p. 143, emphasis in the original.