Designing obedience: The architecture and landscape of welfare capitalism, 1880-1930

International Labor and Working-Class History

Volumn , Issue 53, 1998, Pages 88-114

  Littmann, William ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032384111     PISSN: 01475479     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0147547900013685     Document Type: Article

References (18)

1. "M'Cormick Branch of International Harvester Builds $75,000 Clubhouse," Chicago Evening American, August 2, 1904.
2. On the clubhouse, see B. R. Woolrich, "The Club Houses at Deering and McCormick," Harvester World, September 1914; "Fine Club for Employes," Chicago Tribune, January 19, 1906; Aaron Betsky, James Gamble Rogers and the Architecture of Pragmatism (New York, 1994), 75-78.
3. On the clubhouse, see B. R. Woolrich, "The Club Houses at Deering and McCormick," Harvester World, September 1914; "Fine Club for Employes," Chicago Tribune, January 19, 1906; Aaron Betsky, James Gamble Rogers and the Architecture of Pragmatism (New York, 1994), 75-78.
4. On the clubhouse, see B. R. Woolrich, "The Club Houses at Deering and McCormick," Harvester World, September 1914; "Fine Club for Employes," Chicago Tribune, January 19, 1906; Aaron Betsky, James Gamble Rogers and the Architecture of Pragmatism (New York, 1994), 75-78.
5. On Progressive era environmentalist beliefs, see Paul Boyer, Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920 (Cambridge, 1978), 125-31, 179-87, 220-51.
6. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
7. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
8. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
9. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
10. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
11. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
12. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
13. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
14. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
15. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
16. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
17. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).
18. Histories of the era of welfare capitalism include Daniel Nelson, Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920 (Madison, 1975), 101-21; Stuart D. Brandes, American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940 (Chicago, 1976), passim; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), 48-81; Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge, 1990), 159-211; and Stephen Meyer, "Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914-1921," Journal of Social History 14 (1980):67-82. Examinations of some of the spatial aspects of welfare architecture include such fine studies as Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory (Baltimore, 1996), 55-75; Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915" in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens, 1986), 261-78; Margaret Crawford, Building the Workingman's Paradise: The Design of American Company Towns (London, 1995). Some of the more notable books published between 1900 and 1930 that describe welfare efforts are Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing (London, 1905); George Price, The Modern Factory (New York, 1914); Edwin L. Shuey, Factory People and their Employers (New York, 1900); Nicholas Paine Gilman, A Dividend to Labor (Boston, 1899); Charles M. Ripley, Life in a Large Manufacturing Plant (Schenectady, 1919).