The Battle of the Somme and British Strategy

Journal of Strategic Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 79-95

  Strachan, Hew ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032381884     PISSN: 01402390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402399808437709     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. General Ludendorff, My War Memories 1914-1918, 2 vols (London: Hutchinson 1919) I, p.265, gives 5 Sept.; Reichskriegsministerium, Der Weltkrieg, XI (Berlin: Mittler 1938) p.10, gives 6 Sept.
2. General Ludendorff, My War Memories 1914-1918, 2 vols (London: Hutchinson 1919) I, p.265, gives 5 Sept.; Reichskriegsministerium, Der Weltkrieg, XI (Berlin: Mittler 1938) p.10, gives 6 Sept.
3. Friedrich Altrichter, Die seelischen Kräfte des Deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege (Berlin: Mittler 1933) pp 91-2; Erich Otto Volkmann, Der Marxismus und das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege (Berlin: Hobbing 1925) p.161.
4. Friedrich Altrichter, Die seelischen Kräfte des Deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege (Berlin: Mittler 1933) pp 91-2; Erich Otto Volkmann, Der Marxismus und das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege (Berlin: Hobbing 1925) p.161.
5. For the use of this word see Reichskriegsministerium, Der Weltkrieg, X (Berlin: Mittler 1936), p.384; Ernst von Wrisberg, Wehr und Waffen (Leipzig: Koehler 1922) p.90.
6. For the use of this word see Reichskriegsministerium, Der Weltkrieg, X (Berlin: Mittler 1936), p.384; Ernst von Wrisberg, Wehr und Waffen (Leipzig: Koehler 1922) p.90.
7. Michael Geyer, Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860-1980 (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1984) pp.13, 91-2, 99-103; also 'German strategy in the age of machine warfare, 1914-1945', in Peter Paret (ed), Makers of modern strategy from Machiavelli to the nuclear age (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1986).
8. Michael Geyer, Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860-1980 (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1984) pp.13, 91-2, 99-103; also 'German strategy in the age of machine warfare, 1914-1945', in Peter Paret (ed), Makers of modern strategy from Machiavelli to the nuclear age (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1986).
9. Tim Travers, The Killing Ground: the British Army, the Western Front and the Emergence of Modern Warfare, 1900-1918 (London: Allen & Unwin 1987).
10. Reichskriegsministerium, Der Weltkrieg, XI, pp.2-3.
11. George H. Cassar, Asquith as War Leader (London: Hambledon 1994) p.119.
12. David French, 'The Meaning of Attrition, 1914-1916', English Historical Review 103 (1988) pp.385-405.
13. Lance E. Davis and Robert A. Huttenback, Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire: the Political Economy of British Imperialism 1860-1912 (Cambridge: CUP 1986) p.160; David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904-1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1996) p.6 points out that defence expenditure in relation to net national product is a more realistic indication of the actual defence burden. By this standard Britain lagged behind the other great powers.
14. Lance E. Davis and Robert A. Huttenback, Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire: the Political Economy of British Imperialism 1860-1912 (Cambridge: CUP 1986) p.160; David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904-1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1996) p.6 points out that defence expenditure in relation to net national product is a more realistic indication of the actual defence burden. By this standard Britain lagged behind the other great powers.
15. Jon Tetsuro Sumida, In Defence of Naval Supremacy Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1899-1914 (Boston: Unwin Hyman 1989) esp. pp.290-3; Sumida, 'British capital ship design and fire control in the Dreadnought era: Sir John Fisher, Arthur Hungerford Pollen and the battle cruiser', Journal of Modern History 51 (1979) pp.205-30.
16. Jon Tetsuro Sumida, In Defence of Naval Supremacy Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1899-1914 (Boston: Unwin Hyman 1989) esp. pp.290-3; Sumida, 'British capital ship design and fire control in the Dreadnought era: Sir John Fisher, Arthur Hungerford Pollen and the battle cruiser', Journal of Modern History 51 (1979) pp.205-30.
17. David French, The British Way in Warfare 1688-2000 (London: Unwin Hyman 1990) p.120.
18. David Herrmann, The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War (Princeton, 1996) p.20.
19. C. Reboul, Mobilisation industrielle; tome 1. Des fabrications de guerre en France de 1914 à 1918 (Paris 1925).
20. Volker Mollin, Auf dem Wege zur 'Materialschlacht'. Vorgeschichte und Funktionen des Artillerie - Industrie - Komplexen im Deutschen Kaiserreich (Pfaffenweiler 1986) p.329.
21. Reboul, Mobilisation industrielle (note 13) p.50.
22. Wrisberg, Wehr und Waffen (note 3) pp 53-5.
23. History of the Ministry of Munitions, 12 vols (London: HMSO 1922) X, Part 1, pp.6-27.
24. R.J.Q. Adams, Arms and the Wizard: Lloyd George and the Ministry of Munitions (London: Cassell 1978) p.172.
25. Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, '15 September 1916: the dawn of the tank', Journal of the Royal United Services Institute 136/4 (Autumn 1991) pp.61-5; J.P. Harris, Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903-1939 (Manchester UP 1995) pp.58-9, 63; David Childs, 'British Tanks 1915-1918: Manufacture and Employment', Glasgow University PhD, 1996; Jackson Hughes, 'The Monstrous Anger of the Guns: the Development of British Artillery Tactics 1914-1918', Adelaide University PhD 1992.
26. Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, '15 September 1916: the dawn of the tank', Journal of the Royal United Services Institute 136/4 (Autumn 1991) pp.61-5; J.P. Harris, Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903-1939 (Manchester UP 1995) pp.58-9, 63; David Childs, 'British Tanks 1915-1918: Manufacture and Employment', Glasgow University PhD, 1996; Jackson Hughes, 'The Monstrous Anger of the Guns: the Development of British Artillery Tactics 1914-1918', Adelaide University PhD 1992.
27. Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, '15 September 1916: the dawn of the tank', Journal of the Royal United Services Institute 136/4 (Autumn 1991) pp.61-5; J.P. Harris, Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903-1939 (Manchester UP 1995) pp.58-9, 63; David Childs, 'British Tanks 1915-1918: Manufacture and Employment', Glasgow University PhD, 1996; Jackson Hughes, 'The Monstrous Anger of the Guns: the Development of British Artillery Tactics 1914-1918', Adelaide University PhD 1992.
28. Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, '15 September 1916: the dawn of the tank', Journal of the Royal United Services Institute 136/4 (Autumn 1991) pp.61-5; J.P. Harris, Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903-1939 (Manchester UP 1995) pp.58-9, 63; David Childs, 'British Tanks 1915-1918: Manufacture and Employment', Glasgow University PhD, 1996; Jackson Hughes, 'The Monstrous Anger of the Guns: the Development of British Artillery Tactics 1914-1918', Adelaide University PhD 1992.
29. Ministry of Munitions (note 17), X, Part 1, p.96.
30. J.E. Edmonds, Military Operations: France and Belgium 1916, Vol. I (London: Macmillan 1932) pp.300-1; Reichskriegsministerium, Der Weltkrieg X (note 1) p.62.
31. J.E. Edmonds, Military Operations: France and Belgium 1916, Vol. I (London: Macmillan 1932) pp.300-1; Reichskriegsministerium, Der Weltkrieg X (note 1) p.62.
32. Shelford Bidwell and Dominick Graham, Fire-Power: British Army Weapons and Theories of War 1904-1945 (London: Allen & Unwin 1982) pp.98-9; John Terraine, The Smoke and the Fire Myths and Anti-Myths of War 1861-1945 (London: Sidgwick 1980) p.113; Travers, Killing Ground (note 4) pp.138-42.
33. Shelford Bidwell and Dominick Graham, Fire-Power: British Army Weapons and Theories of War 1904-1945 (London: Allen & Unwin 1982) pp.98-9; John Terraine, The Smoke and the Fire Myths and Anti-Myths of War 1861-1945 (London: Sidgwick 1980) p.113; Travers, Killing Ground (note 4) pp.138-42.
34. Shelford Bidwell and Dominick Graham, Fire-Power: British Army Weapons and Theories of War 1904-1945 (London: Allen & Unwin 1982) pp.98-9; John Terraine, The Smoke and the Fire Myths and Anti-Myths of War 1861-1945 (London: Sidgwick 1980) p.113; Travers, Killing Ground (note 4) pp.138-42.
35. Edmonds, Military Operations: France and Belgium 1916 (note 21) I, pp.273, 286.
36. Cassar, Asquith (note 7) pp.151, 154.
37. David French, British Strategy and War Aims 1914-1916 (London: Allen & Unwin 1986) p.187.
38. Elizabeth Johnson (ed.) The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Vol. XVI (London: Macmillan 1971) pp.110-11. Much of what follows has been developed in discussion with my doctoral pupil, Martin Farr, who is working on McKenna as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
39. Ibid. p.159.
40. David French, British Economic and Strategic Planning 1905-1915 (London: Allen & Unwin 1982).
41. Sydney H. Zebel, Balfour: A Political Biography (Cambridge: CUP 1973) p.215.
42. Trevor Wilson (ed.), The Political Diaries of C.P. Scott 1911-1928 (London: Collins 1970) p.157.
43. Ibid. pp.144-5; Keith Grieves, The Politics of Manpower, 1914-18 (Manchester UP 1988) p.20.
44. Ibid. pp.144-5; Keith Grieves, The Politics of Manpower, 1914-18 (Manchester UP 1988) p.20.
45. Hankey, 29 April 1916, quoted in Stephen Roskill, Hankey: Man of Secrets, I (London: Collins 1970) p.269.
46. Ibid. pp.240-1.
47. French, British Strategy and War Aims (note 25) p.172.
48. David Woodward (ed.), The Military Correspondence of Field-Marshal Sir William Robertson. Chief of the Imperial General Staff, December 1915-Febniary 1918 (London: Army Records Soc. 1989) p.25.
49. French, English Historical Review (note 8) pp.397-8; also David Woodward, Lloyd George and the Generals (Newark, NJ: U. of Delaware Press 1983) pp.76-7.
50. French, English Historical Review (note 8) pp.397-8; also David Woodward, Lloyd George and the Generals (Newark, NJ: U. of Delaware Press 1983) pp.76-7.
51. Robertson to A.J. Murray, 8 March 1916, in Woodward, Military Correspondence of Robertson (note 35) p.41.
52. Ibid. p.53.
53. Robertson to Kiggell, 5 July 1916, ibid, pp.64-5.
54. Johnson, Collected Writings of Keynes, XVI, p.124; see also Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes I (London 1983) pp.312-13.
55. Johnson, Collected Writings of Keynes, XVI, p.124; see also Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes I (London 1983) pp.312-13.
56. This is also developed in relation to 1917 by Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War 1914-1918 (Cambridge: Polity Press 1986) pp.462-4.
57. Kathleen Burk, Britain, America and the Sinews of War, 1914-1918 (Boston: Allen & Unwin 1985) pp.81-2.