Determination of vitamins D, A, and E in Sera and vitamin D in milk from captive and free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus), and 7-dehydrocholesterol levels in skin from captive polar bears

Zoo Biology

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 285-293

  Kenny, David E ^a   Irlbeck, Nancy A ^b   Chen, Tai C ^c   Lu, Zhiren ^c   Holick, Michael F ^c  

^a DENVER ZOO   (United States)

^b Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability   (United States)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

25 hydroxyvitamin D; Polar bear; Retinol; Ursus maritimus; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; tocopherol

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032378367     PISSN: 07333188     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1998)17:4<285::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-5     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Aurbach, G.D.; Marx, S.J.; Spiegel, A.M. Metabolic bone disease. Pp. 1397-1518 in TEXTBOOK OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, 8th ed. J.D. Wilson; D.W. Foster, eds. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1992.
2. Bikle, D.D. Osteomalacia and rickets. Pp. 1406-1409 in TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th ed. Vol. 2. J.B. Wyngaarden; L.H. Smith; J.C. Bennett, eds. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1992.
3. Blank, I.H.; Griesemer, R.D.; Gould E. The penetration of an anticholinesterase agent (sarin) into skin. I. Rate of penetration into excised human skin. JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 29:299-309, 1957.
4. Chen, T.C.; Turner, A.K.; Holick, M.F. A method for the determination of the circulating concentration of vitamin D. JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY 1:272-276, 1990a.
5. Chen, T.C.; Turner, A.K.; Holick, M.F. Methods for the determination of the circulating concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY 1:315-319, 1990b.
6. Craft, N.B.; Brown, E.D.; Smith, J.C. Effects of storage and handling condition on concentrations of individual carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherol in plasma. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 34:44-48, 1988.
7. Derocher, A.E.; Andriashek, D.; Arnould, J.P.Y. Aspects of milk composition and lactation in polar bears. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 71:561-567, 1993.
8. Engelhardt, F.R.; Geraci, J.R.; Walker, B.L. Tocopherol distribution in the harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus. COMPENDIUM OF BIOCHEMICAL PHYSIOLOGY 52B:561-562, 1975.
9. 3: a unique photoendocrine system. JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 76:51-58, 1981.
10. Holick, M.F. Vitamin D: Biosynthesis, metabolism, and mode of action. Pp. 902-926 in ENDOCRINOLOGY, 2nd ed., Vol. 2. L.J. DeGroot, ed. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1989a.
11. Holick, M.F. Phylogenetic and evolutionary aspects of vitamin D from phytoplankton to humans. Pp. 7-44 in VERTEBRATE ENDOCRINOLOGY: FUNDAMENTALS AND BIOMEDICAL IMPLICATION, Vol. 3, REGULATION OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE. P. K. T. Pang; M.P. Schreibman, eds. San Diego, Academic Press, 1989b.
12. 3 and sunlight: An intimate beneficial relationship. Pp. 11-33 in BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LIGHT. M.F. Holick; A.M. Kingman, eds. New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1992.
13. Holick, M.F. McCollum award lecture, 1994: Vitamin D - new horizons for the 21st century. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 60:619-630, 1994.
14. 3 in human milk. ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 131:211-219, 1983.
15. Kenny, D.E.; Irlbeck, N.A.; Eller, J.L. Rickets in two hand-reared polar bear cubs (Ursus maritimus). JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE, in press.
16. Krane, S.M.; Holick, M.F. Metabolic bone disease, pp. 2172-2183 in PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, 13th ed., Vol. 2. E. Braunwald; J.D. Wilson; J.B. Martin; A.S. Fauci; D.L. Kasper, eds. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1994.
17. Leighton, F.A.; Cattet, M., Norstrom, R.; Trudeau, S. A cellular basis for high levels of vitamin A in livers of polar bears (Ursus maritimus): The Ito cell. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 66:480-482, 1988.
18. Lewis, R.W.; Lentfer, J.W. The vitamin A content of polar bear liver: range and variability. COMPENDIUM OF BIOCHEMICAL PHYSIOLOGY 22:923-926, 1967.
19. Machlin, L.J. Vitamin E, P. 131 in HANDBOOK OF VITAMINS: NUTRITIONAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND CLINICAL ASPECTS. L.J. Machlin, ed. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1984.
20. McDonald, P.; Edwards, R.A.; Greenhalgh, J.F.D. Vitamins. Pp. 58-89 in ANIMAL NUTRITION, 4th ed., P. McDonald; R.A. Edwards; J.F.D. Greenhalgh, eds. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
21. Miller, K.W.; Lorr, N.A.; Yang, C.S. Simultaneous determination of plasma retinol, α-tocopherol, lycopene, α-carotene, and β-carotene by high-performance liquid chromatography. ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 138:340-345, 1984.
22. Morris, J.G. Vitamin D synthesis in kittens. Pp. 13-17 in VETERINARY CLINICAL NUTRITION: 1996. Santa Barbara, Purina Forum on Small Animal Nutrition. Veterinary Practice Publishing, 1997.
23. Perry. T.W. I. Fat-soluble vitamins. Pp. 44-51 in ANIMAL LIFE-CYCLE FEEDING AND NUTRITION. T.W. Perry, ed. New York, Academic Press, 1984.
24. Puls, R. Vitamin levels in animal health. P. 87 in HEALTH: DIAGNOSTIC DATA AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES. R. Puls, ed. Clearbrook, British Columbia, Canada, Sherpa International, 1994.
25. Robertson, D.R., Regulation of calcium and phosphate by intestine. Pp. 243-275 in VERTEBRATE ENDOCRINOLOGY: FUNDAMENTALS AND BIOCHEMICAL IMPLICATIONS, Vol. 3. REGULATION OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE. P.K.T. Pang; M.P. Schreibman, eds. San Diego, Academic Press, 1989.
26. Rodahl, K; Moore, T. The vitamin A content and toxicity of bear and seal liver. BIOCHEMISTRY JOURNAL 37:166-168, 1943.
27. Rodahl, K.; Davies, A.W. Vitamin A in seals. BIOCHEMISTRY JOURNAL 45:408-412, 1949.
28. Sanz, D.C.; Santa-Cruz, M.C. Simultaneous measurement of retinol and α-tocopherol in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 380:140-144, 1986.
29. Schweigen, F.J.; Ryder, O.A.; Rambeck, W.A.; Zucker, H. The majority of vitamin A is transported as retinyl esters in the blood of most carnivores. COMPENDIUM OF BIOCHEMICAL PHYSIOLOGY 95A:573-578, 1990.
30. Sokal, R.R.; Rohlf, F.J. Assumptions of analysis of variance. Pp. 400-453 in BIOMETRY, 2nd ed. R.R. Sokal; F.J. Rohlf, eds. New York, W. H. Freeman, 1981.
31. Stirling, I. The living bears. Pp. 36-49 in BEARS: MAJESTIC CREATURE OF THE WILD. I. Stirling, ed. Emmaus, PA, Rodale Press, 1993.
32. Stonenberg, R.P.; Jonkel, C.J. Age determination of black bears by cemeritum layers. JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 30:411-414, 1966.
33. Wheatley, R.H.; Sher, D.W. Studies of the lipids of dog skin. JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 36:169-170, 1961.
34. Wilkinson, L. SYSTAT® 6.0 FOR WINDOWS®: STATISTICS. Chicago, SPSS, 1996.
35. Williams, S.R. Fat-soluble vitamins. Pp. 170-194 in NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY, 7th ed. S.R. Williams, ed. Philadelphia, Mosby-Yearbook Inc., 1993.