Orientalism and world history: Representing Middle Eastern nationalism and Islamism in the twentieth century

Theory and Society

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 489-507

  Burke III, Edmund ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032373797     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006862829197     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. See my Orientalism Observed: France and the Sociology of Islam, 1798-1962 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, in preparation).
2. Robert Malley, The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution and the Turn to Islam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
3. Li madha takhkhar al-muslimun wa li madha taqaddam ghayrahum? Why are Muslims Backward While Others Are Advanced? 3rd edition (Cairo, 1358/1939). On Arslan, see William L. Cleveland, Islam Against the West: Shakib Arslan and the Campaign for Islamic Nationalism (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985).
4. Li madha takhkhar al-muslimun wa li madha taqaddam ghayrahum? Why are Muslims Backward While Others Are Advanced? 3rd edition (Cairo, 1358/1939). On Arslan, see William L. Cleveland, Islam Against the West: Shakib Arslan and the Campaign for Islamic Nationalism (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985).
5. On pre-1908 Ottoman social movements, see Donald Quataert, Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881-1908 (New York: New York University Press, 1983). On the Persian Constitutional Revolution, see Janet Afary. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy & the Origins of Feminism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), and Nikki R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981). On the Moroccan abortive revolution of 1908, see my Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial Protest and Resistance, 1860-1912 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976). For an overview of Middle Eastern patterns of collective action, see my essays "Changing Patterns of Peasant Protest in the Middle East, 1750-1950," in John Waterbury and Farhad Kazemi, editors, Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East (Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991) and "Towards a History of Urban Collective Action in the Middle East: Continuities and Change, 1750-1980," in Kenneth Brown et al., editors, Etat, ville et mouvements sociaux au Maghreb et au Moyen Orient (Paris: Harmattan, 1989), 42-56.
6. On pre-1908 Ottoman social movements, see Donald Quataert, Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881-1908 (New York: New York University Press, 1983). On the Persian Constitutional Revolution, see Janet Afary. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy & the Origins of Feminism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), and Nikki R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981). On the Moroccan abortive revolution of 1908, see my Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial Protest and Resistance, 1860-1912 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976). For an overview of Middle Eastern patterns of collective action, see my essays "Changing Patterns of Peasant Protest in the Middle East, 1750-1950," in John Waterbury and Farhad Kazemi, editors, Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East (Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991) and "Towards a History of Urban Collective Action in the Middle East: Continuities and Change, 1750-1980," in Kenneth Brown et al., editors, Etat, ville et mouvements sociaux au Maghreb et au Moyen Orient (Paris: Harmattan, 1989), 42-56.
7. On pre-1908 Ottoman social movements, see Donald Quataert, Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881-1908 (New York: New York University Press, 1983). On the Persian Constitutional Revolution, see Janet Afary. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy & the Origins of Feminism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), and Nikki R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981). On the Moroccan abortive revolution of 1908, see my Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial Protest and Resistance, 1860-1912 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976). For an overview of Middle Eastern patterns of collective action, see my essays "Changing Patterns of Peasant Protest in the Middle East, 1750-1950," in John Waterbury and Farhad Kazemi, editors, Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East (Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991) and "Towards a History of Urban Collective Action in the Middle East: Continuities and Change, 1750-1980," in Kenneth Brown et al., editors, Etat, ville et mouvements sociaux au Maghreb et au Moyen Orient (Paris: Harmattan, 1989), 42-56.
8. On pre-1908 Ottoman social movements, see Donald Quataert, Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881-1908 (New York: New York University Press, 1983). On the Persian Constitutional Revolution, see Janet Afary. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy & the Origins of Feminism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), and Nikki R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981). On the Moroccan abortive revolution of 1908, see my Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial Protest and Resistance, 1860-1912 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976). For an overview of Middle Eastern patterns of collective action, see my essays "Changing Patterns of Peasant Protest in the Middle East, 1750-1950," in John Waterbury and Farhad Kazemi, editors, Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East (Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991) and "Towards a History of Urban Collective Action in the Middle East: Continuities and Change, 1750-1980," in Kenneth Brown et al., editors, Etat, ville et mouvements sociaux au Maghreb et au Moyen Orient (Paris: Harmattan, 1989), 42-56.
9. On pre-1908 Ottoman social movements, see Donald Quataert, Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881-1908 (New York: New York University Press, 1983). On the Persian Constitutional Revolution, see Janet Afary. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy & the Origins of Feminism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), and Nikki R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981). On the Moroccan abortive revolution of 1908, see my Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial Protest and Resistance, 1860-1912 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976). For an overview of Middle Eastern patterns of collective action, see my essays "Changing Patterns of Peasant Protest in the Middle East, 1750-1950," in John Waterbury and Farhad Kazemi, editors, Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East (Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991) and "Towards a History of Urban Collective Action in the Middle East: Continuities and Change, 1750-1980," in Kenneth Brown et al., editors, Etat, ville et mouvements sociaux au Maghreb et au Moyen Orient (Paris: Harmattan, 1989), 42-56.
10. On pre-1908 Ottoman social movements, see Donald Quataert, Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881-1908 (New York: New York University Press, 1983). On the Persian Constitutional Revolution, see Janet Afary. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy & the Origins of Feminism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), and Nikki R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981). On the Moroccan abortive revolution of 1908, see my Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial Protest and Resistance, 1860-1912 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976). For an overview of Middle Eastern patterns of collective action, see my essays "Changing Patterns of Peasant Protest in the Middle East, 1750-1950," in John Waterbury and Farhad Kazemi, editors, Peasants and Politics in the Modern Middle East (Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991) and "Towards a History of Urban Collective Action in the Middle East: Continuities and Change, 1750-1980," in Kenneth Brown et al., editors, Etat, ville et mouvements sociaux au Maghreb et au Moyen Orient (Paris: Harmattan, 1989), 42-56.
11. The canonical text is George Antonius, The Arab Awakening (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1946). Reprinted many times.
12. On Amir Khaled, see Ahmed Koulakssis and Gilbert Meynier, L'Emir Khaled Premier Zaim? Identité algérienne et colonialisme francais (Paris: Harmattan, 1987).
13. Arab nationalism is still studied primarily in its ideological dimension, with little attention to the connections between the congeries of earlier social movements and later nationalism. For some examples, see Rashid Khalidi, Lisa Anderson, Muhammad Muslih, and Reeva S. Simon, editors. The Origins of Arab Nationalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), and James Jankowski and Israel Gershoni, editors. Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). For an important exception, see James Gelvin, "The Social Origins of Popular Nationalism in Syria," International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 26 (1994): 645-662.
14. Arab nationalism is still studied primarily in its ideological dimension, with little attention to the connections between the congeries of earlier social movements and later nationalism. For some examples, see Rashid Khalidi, Lisa Anderson, Muhammad Muslih, and Reeva S. Simon, editors. The Origins of Arab Nationalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), and James Jankowski and Israel Gershoni, editors. Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). For an important exception, see James Gelvin, "The Social Origins of Popular Nationalism in Syria," International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 26 (1994): 645-662.
15. Arab nationalism is still studied primarily in its ideological dimension, with little attention to the connections between the congeries of earlier social movements and later nationalism. For some examples, see Rashid Khalidi, Lisa Anderson, Muhammad Muslih, and Reeva S. Simon, editors. The Origins of Arab Nationalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), and James Jankowski and Israel Gershoni, editors. Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). For an important exception, see James Gelvin, "The Social Origins of Popular Nationalism in Syria," International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 26 (1994): 645-662.
16. On the influence of Leon Cahun, see Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), 156. On the influence of Gobineau, see Mostafa Vaziri, Iran as Imagined Nation: the Construction of National Identity (New York: Paragon House, 1993).
17. On the influence of Leon Cahun, see Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), 156. On the influence of Gobineau, see Mostafa Vaziri, Iran as Imagined Nation: the Construction of National Identity (New York: Paragon House, 1993).
18. For two examples, see Marvin Zonis, "He Took All the Credit, Now He Gets the Blame," New York Times (January 14, 1979), and James Bill, "Iran and the Crisis of 1978," Foreign Affairs Quarterly 57 (Winter 1978-79). See their earlier works: Marvin Zonis, The Political Elite of Iran (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971) and James Bill, The Politics of Iran: Groups, Classes and Modernization (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1972).
19. For two examples, see Marvin Zonis, "He Took All the Credit, Now He Gets the Blame," New York Times (January 14, 1979), and James Bill, "Iran and the Crisis of 1978," Foreign Affairs Quarterly 57 (Winter 1978-79). See their earlier works: Marvin Zonis, The Political Elite of Iran (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971) and James Bill, The Politics of Iran: Groups, Classes and Modernization (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1972).
20. For two examples, see Marvin Zonis, "He Took All the Credit, Now He Gets the Blame," New York Times (January 14, 1979), and James Bill, "Iran and the Crisis of 1978," Foreign Affairs Quarterly 57 (Winter 1978-79). See their earlier works: Marvin Zonis, The Political Elite of Iran (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971) and James Bill, The Politics of Iran: Groups, Classes and Modernization (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1972).
21. For two examples, see Marvin Zonis, "He Took All the Credit, Now He Gets the Blame," New York Times (January 14, 1979), and James Bill, "Iran and the Crisis of 1978," Foreign Affairs Quarterly 57 (Winter 1978-79). See their earlier works: Marvin Zonis, The Political Elite of Iran (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971) and James Bill, The Politics of Iran: Groups, Classes and Modernization (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1972).
22. The only two Iran experts to see the significance of the Islamic challenge to the Shah's regime were Hamid Algar and Nikki Keddie. See the former's "The Oppositional Role of the Ulama in Twentieth Century Iran," in N. R. Keddie, editor, Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions Since 1500 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 231-255, and Keddie's "Iran de l'independence religieuse à l'opposition politique," Le Monde Diplomatique (Aout 1977): 11-12.
23. The only two Iran experts to see the significance of the Islamic challenge to the Shah's regime were Hamid Algar and Nikki Keddie. See the former's "The Oppositional Role of the Ulama in Twentieth Century Iran," in N. R. Keddie, editor, Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions Since 1500 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 231-255, and Keddie's "Iran de l'independence religieuse à l'opposition politique," Le Monde Diplomatique (Aout 1977): 11-12.
24. Roots of Revolution.
25. See, among a large and important literature, Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), Farhad Kazemi, Poverty and Revolution in Iran (New York: New York University Press, 1980), and Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Iran (New York: New York University Press, 1981).
26. See, among a large and important literature, Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), Farhad Kazemi, Poverty and Revolution in Iran (New York: New York University Press, 1980), and Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Iran (New York: New York University Press, 1981).
27. See, among a large and important literature, Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), Farhad Kazemi, Poverty and Revolution in Iran (New York: New York University Press, 1980), and Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Iran (New York: New York University Press, 1981).
28. Among the most important works on Sh'ism and revolution in Iran are: Shahrough Akhavi, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran (New York: State University of New York Press, 1980), Michael M. J. Fischer, Iran From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), and N. R. Keddie, editor, Religion and Politics in Iran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983).
29. Among the most important works on Sh'ism and revolution in Iran are: Shahrough Akhavi, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran (New York: State University of New York Press, 1980), Michael M. J. Fischer, Iran From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), and N. R. Keddie, editor, Religion and Politics in Iran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983).
30. Among the most important works on Sh'ism and revolution in Iran are: Shahrough Akhavi, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran (New York: State University of New York Press, 1980), Michael M. J. Fischer, Iran From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), and N. R. Keddie, editor, Religion and Politics in Iran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983).
31. Skocpol's alleged neglect of culture is also the theme of an important exchange with William Sewell in The Journal of Modern History 57 (1985): 57-96.
32. Said Amir Arjomand, World Politics 38/3 (April 1986). It was subsequently reprinted as the conclusion to his The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).
33. Said Amir Arjomand, World Politics 38/3 (April 1986). It was subsequently reprinted as the conclusion to his The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988).
34. Turban, 204-206.
35. For one view, see my "Islam and Social Movements: Methodological Reflections," in E. Burke, III and I. M. Lapidus, editors, Islam, Politics and Social Movements (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 17-35.
36. John Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
37. See his Islam: The Straight Path (Oxford: 1988), Voices of Resurgent Islam (Oxford: 1983),
38. See his Islam: The Straight Path (Oxford: 1988), Voices of Resurgent Islam (Oxford: 1983),
39. and Islam and Politics, 3rd edition. (Syracuse: 1991).
40. Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
41. See, for example, Sami Zubaida, "Is There a Muslim Society: Ernest Gellner's Sociology of Islam," Economy & Society 24/2 (May 1995).
42. He further develops these reflections in his recent Postmodernism, Reason and Religion (London: 1992). For more on his theory of world history, see his Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History (London: 1988).
43. He further develops these reflections in his recent Postmodernism, Reason and Religion (London: 1992). For more on his theory of world history, see his Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History (London: 1988).
44. Jamil Abun-Nasr, "The Salafiyya Movement In Morocco: The Religious Bases of the Moroccan Nationalist Movement (1963)," in Immanuel Wallerstein, editor, Social Change: The Colonial Situation, 489-502.
45. On Ibn Badis, see Ali Merad, Le Réformisme musuluman en Algérie de 1925 à 1940 (Paris: Mouton, 1967).
46. Sami Zubaida, Islam, the People and the State (London: I. Tauris, 1989).
47. See Hamid Algar, "The Oppositional Role of the Iranian Ulama."
48. Zubaida, Islam, 33.
49. Talal Asad, Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1993).
50. Fanny Colonna, "Islam in the French Sociology of Religion," Economy & Society 24/2 (May 1995), 225-244. See also the same author's Les Versets de l'Invincibilité (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1995).
51. Fanny Colonna, "Islam in the French Sociology of Religion," Economy & Society 24/2 (May 1995), 225-244. See also the same author's Les Versets de l'Invincibilité (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1995).
52. For further discussions of these issues, see my Orientalism Observed: France and the Sociology of Islam, 1798-1962 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, in preparation).