Factors moderating the effect of televised aggression on viewer behavior

Communication Research

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 220-247

  Hogben, Matthew ^a  

^a SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032372530     PISSN: 00936502     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009365098025002005     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. American Psychological Association (1985). Violence on TV: A social issue release from the board of social and ethical responsibility for psychology. Washington, DC: Author.
2. Anderson, C. A. (1983). Abstract and concrete data in the perseverance of social theories: When weak data lead to unshakable beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 93-108.
3. Andison, F. S. (1977). TV violence and viewer aggression: A cumulation of study results. Public Opinion Quarterly, 41, 314-331.
4. Baker, R. K., & Ball, S. J. (1969). Violence and the media: A staff report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
5. Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (1972). The legitimation of violence. In J. Short Jr. & M. Wolfgang (Eds.), Collective violence (pp. 100-111). Chicago: Aldine.
6. Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
7. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
9. Baron, J. N., & Reiss, P. C. (1985). Same time next year: Aggregate analyses of the mass media and violent behavior. American Sociological Review, 50, 347-363.
10. Baron, L., Straus, M. A., & Jaffe, D. (1987). Legitimate violence, violent attitudes and rape: A test of the cultural spillover theory. In R. A. Prentky & V. L. Quinsey (Eds.), Human sexual aggression: Current perspectives: Vol. 528. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (pp. 123-132). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
11. Baron, R. A. (1977). Human aggression. New York: Plenum.
12. Belson, W. (1978). Television violence and the adolescent boy. London: Saxon House.
13. Botha, M. P., & Mels, G. (1990). Television exposure and aggression among adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 16, 361-380.
14. Cairns, E. (1990). Impact of television news exposure on children's perceptions of violence in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Psychology, 130, 447-452.
15. Cairns, E., Hunter, D., & Herring, L. (1980). Young children's awareness of violence in Northern Ireland: The influence of Northern Irish television in Scotland and Northern Ireland. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 3-6.
16. Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
17. Cohen, J. (1994). The Earth is round: p < .05. American Psychologist, 49, 997-1003.
18. Comstock, G. (1977). Types of portrayal and aggressive behavior. Journal of Communication, 27(3), 189-198.
19. Comstock, G. (1986). Television and film violence. In S. J. Apter & A. P. Goldstein (Eds.), Youth violence: Programs and prospects (pp. 178-218). Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
20. Comstock, G., & Paik, H. (1991). Television and the American child. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
21. Cook, T. D., Kendzierski, D. A., & Thomas, S. V. (1983). The implicit assumptions of television research: An analysis of the 1982 NIMH report on television and behavior. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 161-201.
22. Crocker, J., Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1984). Schematic bases of belief change. In J. R. Eiser (Ed.), Attitudinal judgment (pp. 197-226). New York: Springer-Verlag.
23. Diener, E., & DeFour, D. (1978). Does television violence enhance program popularity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 333-341.
24. Dodge, K. A., & Crick, N. R. (1990). Social information-processing bases of aggressive behavior in children. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 8-22.
25. Dominick, J. R. (1986). Media effects: Video games, television violence and aggression. Journal of Communication, 34(2), 136-147.
26. Eron, L. D. (1987). The development of aggressive behavior from the perspective of a developing behaviorism. American Psychologist, 42, 435-442.
27. Eron, L. D. (1994). Theories of aggression: From drives to cognitions. In L. R. Huesmann (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 3-12). New York: Plenum.
28. Eron, L. D., Huesmann, L. R., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1972). Does television violence cause aggression? American Psychologist, 27, 253-263.
29. Fehr, L. A. (1979). Media violence and catharsis in college females. Journal of Social Psychology, 109, 307-308.
30. Feshbach, S., & Singer, R. D. (1971). Television and aggression. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
31. Freedman, J. L. (1984). Effects of television violence upon aggressiveness. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 227-246.
32. Freedman, J. L. (1988). Television violence and aggression: What the evidence shows. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Television as a social issue (pp. 144-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
33. Friedrich-Cofer, L., & Huston, A. C. (1986). Television violence and aggression: The debate continues. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 364-371.
34. Gerbner, G. (1972). Communication and social environment. Scientific American, 227, 153-160.
35. Glass, G. (1983). Synthesizing empirical research: Meta-analysis. In S. A. Ward & L. J. Reed (Eds.), Knowledge structure and use: Implications for synthesis and interpretation (pp. 112-133). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
36. Greenberg, B. S. (1974). British children and televised violence. Public Opinion Quarterly, 38, 531-547.
37. Gunter, B. (1983). Personality and perceptions of harmful and harmless TV violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 665-670.
38. Gunter, B., & Furnham, A. (1983). Personality and the perception of TV violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 315-321.
39. Gunter, B., & Furnham, A. (1984). Perceptions of television violence: Effects of program genre and type of violence on viewers' judgments of violent portrayals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 155-164.
40. Gunter, B., & McAleer, J. L. (1990). Children and television: The one-eyed monster? London: Routledge.
41. Gunter, B., & Wober, M. (1988). Violence on television: What the viewers think. London: John Libbey.
42. Hartnagel, T. F., Teevan, J., & McIntyre, J. (1975). Television violence and violent behavior. Social Forces, 4, 341-351.
43. Hearold, S. (1979). Meta-analysis of the effects of television upon social behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado.
44. Hearold, S. (1986). A synthesis of 1043 effects of television on social behavior. In G. Comstock (Ed.), Public communication and behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 65-133). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
45. Hedges, L. V. (1994). Fixed effects models. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 285-299). New York: Russell Sage.
46. Himmelweit, H., Oppenheim, A. N., & Vince, P. (1958). Television and the child: An empirical study of television viewing on the young. New York: Oxford University Press.
47. Hirschmann, E. C. (1987). Consumer preferences in literature, motion pictures and television programs. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 5, 31-46.
48. Hogben, M. (1994). A report on the frequency and variation by sex of coercive sexual behaviors. Unpublished master's thesis, State University of New York, Albany.
49. Huesmann, L. R. (1986). Psychological processes promoting the relation between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior by the viewer. Journal of Social Issues, 42(3), 125-140.
50. Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (1986). Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national sample. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
51. Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Klein, R., Brice, P., & Fisher, P. (1983). Mitigating the imitation of aggressive behaviors by changing children's attitudes about media violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 899-910.
52. Huesmann, L. R., Lagerspetz, K., & Eron, L. D. (1984). Intervening variables in the TV violence-aggression relation: Evidence from two countries. Developmental Psychology, 30, 746-775.
53. Huesmann, L. R., & Miller, L. S. (1994). Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. In L. R. Huesmann (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 153-186). New York: Plenum.
54. Intons-Peterson, M. J., Roskos-Ewoldsen, B., Thomas, L., & Shirley, M. (1989). Will educational materials reduce negative effects of exposure to sexual violence? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 256-275.
55. Johnson, B. T. (1989). DSTAT: Software for the meta-analytic review of research literatures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
56. Kihlstrom, J. F., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1990). An evolutionary milestone in the psychology of personality. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 86-92.
57. Kornadt, H. J. (1984). Motivation theory of aggression and its relation to social psychological approaches. In A. Mummendy (Ed.), Social psychology of aggression: From individual behavior to social interaction (pp. 21-31). New York: Springer-Verlag.
58. Lefkowitz, M. M., Eron, L. D., Walder, L. O., & Huesmann, L. R. (1977). Growing up to be violent: A longitudinal study of the development of aggression. New York: Pergamon.
59. Maletzke, G. (1959). Television in the lives of youth. Hamburg, Germany: Hans Bredow Institute.
60. McCarthy, E. D., Langner, T. S., Gersten, J. C., Eisenberg, J. G., & Orzeck, L. (1975). Violence and behavior disorders. Journal of Communication, 25(4), 71-85.
61. Messner, S. (1986). Television violence and violent crime. Social Problems, 33, 218-235.
62. Milavsky, J. R. (1988). Television and aggression once again. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Television as a social issue (pp. 163-170). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
63. Milavsky, J. R., Kessler, R. C., Stipp, H. H., & Rubens, W. S. (1982). Television and aggression: A panel study. New York: Academic Press.
64. Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review, 80, 252-283.
65. Mustonen, A., & Pulkkinen, L. (1993). Aggression in television programs in Finland. Aggressive Behavior, 19, 175-183.
66. Osborn, D., & Osborn, J. D. (1977). Television violence revisited. Childhood Education, 53, 309-311.
67. Paik, H., & Comstock, G. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 21, 516-546.
68. Phillips, D. P. (1982). The impact of fictional television stories on U.S. adult fatalities: New evidence on the effect of the mass media on violence. American Journal of Sociology, 87, 1340-1356.
69. Phillips, D. P. (1983). The behavioral impact of violence in the mass media: A review of the evidence from laboratory and nonlaboratory investigations. Sociology and Social Research, 66, 387-398.
70. Phillips, D. P., & Hensley, J. E. (1984). When violence is rewarded or punished: The impact of mass media stories on homicide. Journal of Communication, 34, 101-115.
71. Philo, G. (1990). Seeing and believing: The influence of television. London: Routledge.
72. Potter, W. J., & Ware, W. (1987). An analysis of the contexts of antisocial acts on prime-time television. Communication Research, 14, 664-686.
73. Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II: Current theory and research (pp. 64-99). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
74. Roberts, D. F., & Maccoby, N. (1985). Effects of mass communication. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 539-598). New York: Random House.
75. Rosenthal, R. (1986). Media violence, antisocial behavior, and the social consequences of small effects. Journal of Social Issues, 42(3), 141-154.
76. Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
77. Rule, B. G., & Ferguson, T. J. (1986). The effects of media violence on attitudes, emotions, and cognitions. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 29-50.
78. Schramm, W., Lyle, J., & Parker, E. B. (1961). Television in the lives of our children. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
79. Scientific Advisory Committee on TV and Social Behavior. (1972). Hearings on the Surgeon General's Report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on TVand Social Behavior. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
80. Signorielli, N., Gross, L., & Morgan, M. (1982). Violence in television programs: Ten years later. In D. Pearl, L. Bouthilet, & J. Lazar (Eds.), Television and social behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the Eighties (pp. 158-173). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
81. Singer, J. L., Singer, D. G., & Rapaczynski, W. S. (1984). Family patterns and television viewing as predictors of children's beliefs and aggression. Journal of Communication, 34(3), 163-173.
82. Smith, M. E. (1993). Television violence and behavior: A research summary. Syracuse, NY: ERIC Digest.
83. Stipp, H., & Milavsky, J. R. (1988). U.S. television programming's effects on aggressive behavior of children and adolescents. Current Psychology: Research and Reviews, 7, 79-92.
84. Tulloch, M. I., & Tulloch, J. C. (1992). Attitudes to domestic violence: School students' responses to a television drama. Australian Journal of Marriage and the Family, 13(2), 62-69.
85. Turkat, I. D. (1977). Affinity for violent television and approval of violent behavior. Psychological Reports, 41, 1070.
86. Van der Voort, T.H.A. (1986). Television violence: A child's eye view. New York: North-Holland.
87. Viemero, V., & Paajanen, S. (1992). The role of fantasies and dreams in the TV viewing-aggression relationship. Aggressive Behavior, 18, 109-116.
88. Vooijs, M. W., & Van der Voort, T.H.A. (1993). Learning about television violence: The impact of a critical viewing curriculum on children's critical judgments of a crime series. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 26, 133-142.
89. Watt, J. H., & Krull, R. (1977). An examination of three models of television viewing and aggression. Human Communication Research, 3(2), 99-112.
90. Wiegman, O., Kuttschreuter, M., & Baarda, B. (1992). A longitudinal study of the effects of television viewing on aggressive and prosocial behaviors. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 147-164.
91. Wolf, F. M. (1986). Meta-analysis: Quantitative methods for research synthesis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
92. Wood, W., Wong, F. Y., & Chachere, J. G. (1991). Effects of media violence on viewers' aggression in unconstrained social interaction. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 371-383.
93. Zuckerman, M., & Litle, P. (1986). Personality and curiosity about morbid and sexual events. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 49-56.