Putting labor's house in order: The transport workers union and labor anti-communism in Miami during the 1940s

Labor History

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 7-23

  Lichtenstein, Alex ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032371662     PISSN: 0023656X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00236679812331387266     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Miami Daily News, May 9-19, 1949.
2. H.B. Fletcher to D.M. Ladd, May 26, 1949, June 3, 1949, File #61-6547-206; FBI-FOIA.
3. US House, Committee on Unamerican Activities, Testimony of Paul Crouch, May 6, 1949, 81st cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1949), 216; US Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization, Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950), 143; Frank Donner, "Paul Crouch," The Nation, Apr 10, 1954, 304-305 on Crouch's unreliability.
4. US House, Committee on Unamerican Activities, Testimony of Paul Crouch, May 6, 1949, 81st cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1949), 216; US Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization, Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950), 143; Frank Donner, "Paul Crouch," The Nation, Apr 10, 1954, 304-305 on Crouch's unreliability.
5. US House, Committee on Unamerican Activities, Testimony of Paul Crouch, May 6, 1949, 81st cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1949), 216; US Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization, Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950), 143; Frank Donner, "Paul Crouch," The Nation, Apr 10, 1954, 304-305 on Crouch's unreliability.
6. There exists a wide range of material on the internal CIO fight over Communism; the most useful (and pertinent to Quill's role) were Joseph Starobin, American Communism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 144-148, 166-177, 293n35, 233n36; Edward P. Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism: the life of William Z. Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 314-332; Josh Freeman, In Transit: The Transport Workers Union In New York City (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 286-317; Harvey Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 208-209, 227, 253, 270; Shirley Quill, Mike Quill - Himself: a memoir (Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1985), 194-207; L.H. Whittemore, The Man Who Ran the Subways: the story of Mike Quill (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1968), 143; Curtis D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army, 3 vols. (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1965), vol. 1, 259-263; Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 253-293; Steve Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 1-16. For Quill's discussion of his reasons see Michael J. Quill to Dear Friend [Luigi Longo], Apr 16, 1948, reprinted in Philip Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism (New York: Horizon Press, 1975), 144-151.
7. There exists a wide range of material on the internal CIO fight over Communism; the most useful (and pertinent to Quill's role) were Joseph Starobin, American Communism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 144-148, 166-177, 293n35, 233n36; Edward P. Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism: the life of William Z. Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 314-332; Josh Freeman, In Transit: The Transport Workers Union In New York City (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 286-317; Harvey Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 208-209, 227, 253, 270; Shirley Quill, Mike Quill - Himself: a memoir (Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1985), 194-207; L.H. Whittemore, The Man Who Ran the Subways: the story of Mike Quill (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1968), 143; Curtis D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army, 3 vols. (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1965), vol. 1, 259-263; Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 253-293; Steve Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 1-16. For Quill's discussion of his reasons see Michael J. Quill to Dear Friend [Luigi Longo], Apr 16, 1948, reprinted in Philip Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism (New York: Horizon Press, 1975), 144-151.
8. There exists a wide range of material on the internal CIO fight over Communism; the most useful (and pertinent to Quill's role) were Joseph Starobin, American Communism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 144-148, 166-177, 293n35, 233n36; Edward P. Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism: the life of William Z. Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 314-332; Josh Freeman, In Transit: The Transport Workers Union In New York City (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 286-317; Harvey Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 208-209, 227, 253, 270; Shirley Quill, Mike Quill - Himself: a memoir (Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1985), 194-207; L.H. Whittemore, The Man Who Ran the Subways: the story of Mike Quill (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1968), 143; Curtis D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army, 3 vols. (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1965), vol. 1, 259-263; Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 253-293; Steve Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 1-16. For Quill's discussion of his reasons see Michael J. Quill to Dear Friend [Luigi Longo], Apr 16, 1948, reprinted in Philip Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism (New York: Horizon Press, 1975), 144-151.
9. There exists a wide range of material on the internal CIO fight over Communism; the most useful (and pertinent to Quill's role) were Joseph Starobin, American Communism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 144-148, 166-177, 293n35, 233n36; Edward P. Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism: the life of William Z. Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 314-332; Josh Freeman, In Transit: The Transport Workers Union In New York City (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 286-317; Harvey Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 208-209, 227, 253, 270; Shirley Quill, Mike Quill - Himself: a memoir (Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1985), 194-207; L.H. Whittemore, The Man Who Ran the Subways: the story of Mike Quill (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1968), 143; Curtis D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army, 3 vols. (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1965), vol. 1, 259-263; Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 253-293; Steve Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 1-16. For Quill's discussion of his reasons see Michael J. Quill to Dear Friend [Luigi Longo], Apr 16, 1948, reprinted in Philip Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism (New York: Horizon Press, 1975), 144-151.
10. There exists a wide range of material on the internal CIO fight over Communism; the most useful (and pertinent to Quill's role) were Joseph Starobin, American Communism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 144-148, 166-177, 293n35, 233n36; Edward P. Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism: the life of William Z. Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 314-332; Josh Freeman, In Transit: The Transport Workers Union In New York City (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 286-317; Harvey Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 208-209, 227, 253, 270; Shirley Quill, Mike Quill - Himself: a memoir (Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1985), 194-207; L.H. Whittemore, The Man Who Ran the Subways: the story of Mike Quill (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1968), 143; Curtis D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army, 3 vols. (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1965), vol. 1, 259-263; Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 253-293; Steve Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 1-16. For Quill's discussion of his reasons see Michael J. Quill to Dear Friend [Luigi Longo], Apr 16, 1948, reprinted in Philip Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism (New York: Horizon Press, 1975), 144-151.
11. There exists a wide range of material on the internal CIO fight over Communism; the most useful (and pertinent to Quill's role) were Joseph Starobin, American Communism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 144-148, 166-177, 293n35, 233n36; Edward P. Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism: the life of William Z. Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 314-332; Josh Freeman, In Transit: The Transport Workers Union In New York City (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 286-317; Harvey Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 208-209, 227, 253, 270; Shirley Quill, Mike Quill - Himself: a memoir (Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1985), 194-207; L.H. Whittemore, The Man Who Ran the Subways: the story of Mike Quill (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1968), 143; Curtis D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army, 3 vols. (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1965), vol. 1, 259-263; Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 253-293; Steve Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 1-16. For Quill's discussion of his reasons see Michael J. Quill to Dear Friend [Luigi Longo], Apr 16, 1948, reprinted in Philip Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism (New York: Horizon Press, 1975), 144-151.
12. There exists a wide range of material on the internal CIO fight over Communism; the most useful (and pertinent to Quill's role) were Joseph Starobin, American Communism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 144-148, 166-177, 293n35, 233n36; Edward P. Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism: the life of William Z. Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 314-332; Josh Freeman, In Transit: The Transport Workers Union In New York City (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 286-317; Harvey Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 208-209, 227, 253, 270; Shirley Quill, Mike Quill - Himself: a memoir (Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1985), 194-207; L.H. Whittemore, The Man Who Ran the Subways: the story of Mike Quill (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1968), 143; Curtis D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army, 3 vols. (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1965), vol. 1, 259-263; Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 253-293; Steve Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 1-16. For Quill's discussion of his reasons see Michael J. Quill to Dear Friend [Luigi Longo], Apr 16, 1948, reprinted in Philip Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism (New York: Horizon Press, 1975), 144-151.
13. There exists a wide range of material on the internal CIO fight over Communism; the most useful (and pertinent to Quill's role) were Joseph Starobin, American Communism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 144-148, 166-177, 293n35, 233n36; Edward P. Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism: the life of William Z. Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 314-332; Josh Freeman, In Transit: The Transport Workers Union In New York City (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 286-317; Harvey Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 208-209, 227, 253, 270; Shirley Quill, Mike Quill - Himself: a memoir (Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1985), 194-207; L.H. Whittemore, The Man Who Ran the Subways: the story of Mike Quill (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1968), 143; Curtis D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army, 3 vols. (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1965), vol. 1, 259-263; Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 253-293; Steve Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 1-16. For Quill's discussion of his reasons see Michael J. Quill to Dear Friend [Luigi Longo], Apr 16, 1948, reprinted in Philip Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism (New York: Horizon Press, 1975), 144-151.
14. There exists a wide range of material on the internal CIO fight over Communism; the most useful (and pertinent to Quill's role) were Joseph Starobin, American Communism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 144-148, 166-177, 293n35, 233n36; Edward P. Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism: the life of William Z. Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 314-332; Josh Freeman, In Transit: The Transport Workers Union In New York City (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 286-317; Harvey Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 208-209, 227, 253, 270; Shirley Quill, Mike Quill - Himself: a memoir (Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1985), 194-207; L.H. Whittemore, The Man Who Ran the Subways: the story of Mike Quill (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1968), 143; Curtis D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army, 3 vols. (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1965), vol. 1, 259-263; Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 253-293; Steve Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 1-16. For Quill's discussion of his reasons see Michael J. Quill to Dear Friend [Luigi Longo], Apr 16, 1948, reprinted in Philip Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism (New York: Horizon Press, 1975), 144-151.
15. There exists a wide range of material on the internal CIO fight over Communism; the most useful (and pertinent to Quill's role) were Joseph Starobin, American Communism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 144-148, 166-177, 293n35, 233n36; Edward P. Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism: the life of William Z. Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 314-332; Josh Freeman, In Transit: The Transport Workers Union In New York City (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989), 286-317; Harvey Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 208-209, 227, 253, 270; Shirley Quill, Mike Quill - Himself: a memoir (Greenwich, CT: Devin-Adair, 1985), 194-207; L.H. Whittemore, The Man Who Ran the Subways: the story of Mike Quill (New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, 1968), 143; Curtis D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army, 3 vols. (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1965), vol. 1, 259-263; Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 253-293; Steve Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 1-16. For Quill's discussion of his reasons see Michael J. Quill to Dear Friend [Luigi Longo], Apr 16, 1948, reprinted in Philip Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism (New York: Horizon Press, 1975), 144-151.
16. Freeman, passim, Starobin, 174.
17. Freeman, 295-296.
18. Maurice Forge to Michael Quill, Feb 1948, Folder 22, Maurice Forge Papers, Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, NYU.
19. Smolikoff's background is pieced together from the Miami Herald, Dec 26, 1944, 8-B; John Steedman (ed.), Who's Who in Labor (New York: Dryden Press, 1946), 334; "Smolikoff identified as a key man for reds," Miami Daily News, Mar 1, 1948, 1; author's interview with Berthe Small (Smolikoff), Dec 8, 1995; "Survey Report of Miami Florida", nd (c.Dec, 1942), Series VI, Subseries 3, Box 6, Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America (IUMSWA) Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, University of Maryland.
20. Smolikoff's background is pieced together from the Miami Herald, Dec 26, 1944, 8-B; John Steedman (ed.), Who's Who in Labor (New York: Dryden Press, 1946), 334; "Smolikoff identified as a key man for reds," Miami Daily News, Mar 1, 1948, 1; author's interview with Berthe Small (Smolikoff), Dec 8, 1995; "Survey Report of Miami Florida", nd (c.Dec, 1942), Series VI, Subseries 3, Box 6, Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America (IUMSWA) Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, University of Maryland.
21. Smolikoff's background is pieced together from the Miami Herald, Dec 26, 1944, 8-B; John Steedman (ed.), Who's Who in Labor (New York: Dryden Press, 1946), 334; "Smolikoff identified as a key man for reds," Miami Daily News, Mar 1, 1948, 1; author's interview with Berthe Small (Smolikoff), Dec 8, 1995; "Survey Report of Miami Florida", nd (c.Dec, 1942), Series VI, Subseries 3, Box 6, Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America (IUMSWA) Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, University of Maryland.
22. Smolikoff's background is pieced together from the Miami Herald, Dec 26, 1944, 8-B; John Steedman (ed.), Who's Who in Labor (New York: Dryden Press, 1946), 334; "Smolikoff identified as a key man for reds," Miami Daily News, Mar 1, 1948, 1; author's interview with Berthe Small (Smolikoff), Dec 8, 1995; "Survey Report of Miami Florida", nd (c.Dec, 1942), Series VI, Subseries 3, Box 6, Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America (IUMSWA) Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, University of Maryland.
23. Alexander Trainor to Charles Smolikoff, June 8, 1942, reprinted in the Miami Daily News, Feb 25, 1948 (probably acquired by the FBI, which had a "highly confidential source" with access to Trainor's correspondence, "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report #100-7319-241, Dec 31, 1943, FBI-FOIA); "Survey Report of Miami Florida", IUMSWA Papers. My thanks to Josh Freeman for providing the FBI material cited throughout.
24. Alexander Trainor to Charles Smolikoff, June 8, 1942, reprinted in the Miami Daily News, Feb 25, 1948 (probably acquired by the FBI, which had a "highly confidential source" with access to Trainor's correspondence, "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report #100-7319-241, Dec 31, 1943, FBI-FOIA); "Survey Report of Miami Florida", IUMSWA Papers. My thanks to Josh Freeman for providing the FBI material cited throughout.
25. Shipyard Worker, June 4, 1943, 6, Nov 19, 1943, 6; Charles Smolikoff to Allan Haywood, May 20, 1944, Series II, Subseries 4, Box 12, IUMSWA Papers;
26. Miami Herald, Dec 26, 1944, p. 8-B; Smolikoff to Tom Gallagher, May 29, 1944, Series II, Subseries 4, Box 18; Smolikoff to Tom Gallagher, July 31, 1945, Series II, Subseries 4, Box 12, IUMSWA Papers.
27. Telegram from Ross Blood to Jack Livingstone (sic), Mar 19, 1948; Telegram from John Green to Hoke Welch, Feb 24, 1948, Series II, Subseries 4, Box 12; William Smith to Thomas Gallagher, "Report and Recommendations of Survey of Florida Area," 28 Jan, 1946, Series II, Subseries 4, Box 18, IUMSWA Papers; Charles Smolikoff to Douglas MacMahon, May 8, 1946, TWU-500 Papers, Transport Workers Union Collection, Robert F. Wagner Archives, NYU.
28. Aaron Spiegel to Richard Downes, Nov 13, 1944, TWU-500; "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report, Dec 31, 1943, Apr 4, 1944, Oct 22, 1945, File #100-7319-241, FBI-FOIA;
29. "Mediator's Report on Case R-1311," Box 205, RG13, National Archives II, 29.
30. On changes in CP policy in 1945-46 see Maurice Isserman, Which Side Were You On?: the American Communist Party during the Second World War, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 214-243; Starobin, 71-120; Johanningsmeier, 293-313.
31. Charles Smolikoff to Douglas MacMahon, June 29, 1946, Smolikoff to Maurice Forge, Nov 2, 1946, "Extra," flyer, c.Sept 13, 1946, TWU-500.
32. Charles Smolikoff to Maurice Forge, July 2, 1946, "TACA Grievances Settled to date by CIO - July 10" (1946), TWU-500; Miami Herald, Aug 2, 1946, 1-B; Aug 3, 1946, 1-B; "Union Plans Ultimatum Against PAA," news clipping, nd; Smolikoff to Forge, Aug 14, 1946, Oct 21, 1946, TWU-500.
33. Charles Smolikoff to Maurice Forge, July 2, 1946, "TACA Grievances Settled to date by CIO - July 10" (1946), TWU-500; Miami Herald, Aug 2, 1946, 1-B; Aug 3, 1946, 1-B; "Union Plans Ultimatum Against PAA," news clipping, nd; Smolikoff to Forge, Aug 14, 1946, Oct 21, 1946, TWU-500.
34. Charles Smolikoff to Maurice Forge, July 2, 1946, "TACA Grievances Settled to date by CIO - July 10" (1946), TWU-500; Miami Herald, Aug 2, 1946, 1-B; Aug 3, 1946, 1-B; "Union Plans Ultimatum Against PAA," news clipping, nd; Smolikoff to Forge, Aug 14, 1946, Oct 21, 1946, TWU-500.
35. Smolikoff to Miami Central Labor Union and Railroad Brotherhoods of Miami, July 1946, TWU-500; Miami Daily News, July 24, 1946, 1; Miami Daily News, July 25, 1946, 4-B; Smolikoff to Quill, Apr 15, 1947, TWU-500; TWU Bulletin, June 19, 1948, 6, Nov., 1947, 7; HUAC, Investigation of Communist Activities in the State of Florida, Part 1, 7292-7298; Transcript of Hearing, Leah Adler Benemovsky vs. Jimmy Sullivan, Sheriff of Dade County, Apr 27, 1948, Dade County Circuit Court, Box 31, Folder 38, John M. Coe Papers, Special Collections, Emory Univ., 20-26 (hereafter Coe Papers); Robert McNally to Father Charles Rice, Aug 11, 1947, Box 25, Rice Papers, Hillman Library, University of Pittsburgh.
36. Smolikoff to Miami Central Labor Union and Railroad Brotherhoods of Miami, July 1946, TWU-500; Miami Daily News, July 24, 1946, 1; Miami Daily News, July 25, 1946, 4-B; Smolikoff to Quill, Apr 15, 1947, TWU-500; TWU Bulletin, June 19, 1948, 6, Nov., 1947, 7; HUAC, Investigation of Communist Activities in the State of Florida, Part 1, 7292-7298; Transcript of Hearing, Leah Adler Benemovsky vs. Jimmy Sullivan, Sheriff of Dade County, Apr 27, 1948, Dade County Circuit Court, Box 31, Folder 38, John M. Coe Papers, Special Collections, Emory Univ., 20-26 (hereafter Coe Papers); Robert McNally to Father Charles Rice, Aug 11, 1947, Box 25, Rice Papers, Hillman Library, University of Pittsburgh.
37. Smolikoff to Miami Central Labor Union and Railroad Brotherhoods of Miami, July 1946, TWU-500; Miami Daily News, July 24, 1946, 1; Miami Daily News, July 25, 1946, 4-B; Smolikoff to Quill, Apr 15, 1947, TWU-500; TWU Bulletin, June 19, 1948, 6, Nov., 1947, 7; HUAC, Investigation of Communist Activities in the State of Florida, Part 1, 7292-7298; Transcript of Hearing, Leah Adler Benemovsky vs. Jimmy Sullivan, Sheriff of Dade County, Apr 27, 1948, Dade County Circuit Court, Box 31, Folder 38, John M. Coe Papers, Special Collections, Emory Univ., 20-26 (hereafter Coe Papers); Robert McNally to Father Charles Rice, Aug 11, 1947, Box 25, Rice Papers, Hillman Library, University of Pittsburgh.
38. Smolikoff to Miami Central Labor Union and Railroad Brotherhoods of Miami, July 1946, TWU-500; Miami Daily News, July 24, 1946, 1; Miami Daily News, July 25, 1946, 4-B; Smolikoff to Quill, Apr 15, 1947, TWU-500; TWU Bulletin, June 19, 1948, 6, Nov., 1947, 7; HUAC, Investigation of Communist Activities in the State of Florida, Part 1, 7292-7298; Transcript of Hearing, Leah Adler Benemovsky vs. Jimmy Sullivan, Sheriff of Dade County, Apr 27, 1948, Dade County Circuit Court, Box 31, Folder 38, John M. Coe Papers, Special Collections, Emory Univ., 20-26 (hereafter Coe Papers); Robert McNally to Father Charles Rice, Aug 11, 1947, Box 25, Rice Papers, Hillman Library, University of Pittsburgh.
39. Smolikoff to Miami Central Labor Union and Railroad Brotherhoods of Miami, July 1946, TWU-500; Miami Daily News, July 24, 1946, 1; Miami Daily News, July 25, 1946, 4-B; Smolikoff to Quill, Apr 15, 1947, TWU-500; TWU Bulletin, June 19, 1948, 6, Nov., 1947, 7; HUAC, Investigation of Communist Activities in the State of Florida, Part 1, 7292-7298; Transcript of Hearing, Leah Adler Benemovsky vs. Jimmy Sullivan, Sheriff of Dade County, Apr 27, 1948, Dade County Circuit Court, Box 31, Folder 38, John M. Coe Papers, Special Collections, Emory Univ., 20-26 (hereafter Coe Papers); Robert McNally to Father Charles Rice, Aug 11, 1947, Box 25, Rice Papers, Hillman Library, University of Pittsburgh.
40. Douglas MacMahon to Smolikoff, Oct 31, 1946, TWU-500; John Brophy to all Industrial Union Councils, Nov 26, 1946, NAACP Papers, Part 13, Series A, Reel 14, frame 303, University Publications of America; "Communist infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 4; Resolution Passed by Local 500, Aug 12, 1946, TWU-500; TWU Bulletin, Aug 1946, 12; Smolikoff to Aaron Spiegel, Feb 2, 1948, folder 26, Forge Papers, University Publications of America.
41. Douglas MacMahon to Smolikoff, Oct 31, 1946, TWU-500; John Brophy to all Industrial Union Councils, Nov 26, 1946, NAACP Papers, Part 13, Series A, Reel 14, frame 303, University Publications of America; "Communist infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 4; Resolution Passed by Local 500, Aug 12, 1946, TWU-500; TWU Bulletin, Aug 1946, 12; Smolikoff to Aaron Spiegel, Feb 2, 1948, folder 26, Forge Papers, University Publications of America.
42. Smolikoff to Forge, July 14, Aug 14, 1946, Ed Cheresh to Smolikoff, Sept 2, 1946, Smolikoff to Cheresh, Sept 4, 1946, TWU-500.
43. US House, Committee on Unamerican Activities, Testimony of Paul Crouch, May 6, 1949, 81st cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1949), 213; Smolikoff to Douglas MacMahon, May 30, 1946; Smolikoff to MacMahon, June 9, 1946, TWU-500.
44. "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of Amenca," Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 5; Carey Heigler to Smolikoff, Oct 4, 1946, TWU-500; Smolikoff to MacMahon and Force, June 1, 1947, TWU-257. On this sort of short-lived cooperation between Communists and non-Communists in the South see Barbara S. Griffith, The Crisis of American Labor: Operation Dixie and the defeat of the CIO (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), 139-160.
45. "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of Amenca," Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 5; Carey Heigler to Smolikoff, Oct 4, 1946, TWU-500; Smolikoff to MacMahon and Force, June 1, 1947, TWU-257. On this sort of short-lived cooperation between Communists and non-Communists in the South see Barbara S. Griffith, The Crisis of American Labor: Operation Dixie and the defeat of the CIO (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), 139-160.
46. Smolikoff to MacMahon, July 25, 1946, TWU-500.
47. Robert McNally to Charles Rice, Apr 7, 1947, Aug 11, 1947; Newspaper clipping on McNally, nd, Box 22, Rice Papers; Smolikoff to M.L. Edwards et al., July 2, 1946, TWU-500. On the impact of Rice's Catholic anti-Communism on the CIO see Steve Rosswurm, "The Catholic Church and the left-led unions," in Rosswurm (ed.), The CIO's Left-led Unions, 130-133.
48. Robert McNally to Charles Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; TWU Bulletin, Jan 3, 1948, 3; Miami Daily News, Jan 11, 1948, 11-A, Jan 26, 1948, 8-B, Feb 20, 1948, 1-A, Forge to Quill, Feb 1948, Folder 22, Forge Papers; Clark Foreman to Leo Sheiner, June 10, 1947, Box 18, Folder 3(2); SCHW Board of Representatives Minutes, Oct 16, 1947, Box 18, Folder 6, 4, Carl and Anne Braden Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
49. Robert McNally to Charles Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; TWU Bulletin, Jan 3, 1948, 3; Miami Daily News, Jan 11, 1948, 11-A, Jan 26, 1948, 8-B, Feb 20, 1948, 1-A, Forge to Quill, Feb 1948, Folder 22, Forge Papers; Clark Foreman to Leo Sheiner, June 10, 1947, Box 18, Folder 3(2); SCHW Board of Representatives Minutes, Oct 16, 1947, Box 18, Folder 6, 4, Carl and Anne Braden Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
50. Miami Daily News, Jan 26, 1948, 8-B, Feb 20, 1948, 1-A; Forge to Quill, Feb 1948, Folder 22, Forge Papers. For a graphic description of mob harassment of Wallace in Florida see John Coe to Charlie and Mansy, Oct 21, 1948, Box 22, Folder 20, Coe Papers.
51. Miami Daily News, Jan 16, 1948, 1-A, Jan 18, 1948, 10-B, Feb 16, 1948, p. 1-A, Feb 17, 1948, 1-A; Mar 4, 1948, 1-A; Mar 5, 1-A; Mar 30, 1948, 1-B;
52. Paul Crouch, "Broken Chains," unpublished autobiography mss, Box 17, Paul Crouch Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, chap. 22;
53. "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 5.
54. Miami Daily News, Feb 18, 1948, Feb 22, 1948, Feb 25, 1948;
55. Crouch, "Broken Chains," chap. 22; Freeman, 294-295;
56. TWU Bulletin, Apr 3, 1948, 8, June 19, 1948, 6.
57. Telegram from John Green to Hoke Welch, Feb 24, 1948, Series II, Subseries 4, Box 12, IUMSWA Papers.
58. "Michael J. Quill Answers The Rantings of the Edwards-Smolikoff Open Letter," pamphlet, Sept 30, 1948 TWU-500, 4; Mike Quill to Dear Friend, Apr 16, 1948, in Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism; Freeman, 286-302. Shirley Quill puts the exact date of Quill's decision to break at Mar 28; Shirley Quill, 196.
59. "Michael J. Quill Answers The Rantings of the Edwards-Smolikoff Open Letter," pamphlet, Sept 30, 1948 TWU-500, 4; Mike Quill to Dear Friend, Apr 16, 1948, in Jaffe, The Rise and Fall of American Communism; Freeman, 286-302. Shirley Quill puts the exact date of Quill's decision to break at Mar 28; Shirley Quill, 196.
60. McNally to Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; "Empty Chairs Mark UAW Meeting," TWU flyer, nd [March, 1948?], TWU-500; "Program of the T.W.U. Committee for Democratic Action," nd, provided to author by Milton Zatinsky; UAW Temporary Steering Committee, "Fellow PAA Employees," nd, provided to author by Milton Zatinsky;
61. McNally to Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; "Empty Chairs Mark UAW Meeting," TWU flyer, nd [March, 1948?], TWU-500; "Program of the T.W.U. Committee for Democratic Action," nd, provided to author by Milton Zatinsky; UAW Temporary Steering Committee, "Fellow PAA Employees," nd, provided to author by Milton Zatinsky;
62. McNally to Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; "Empty Chairs Mark UAW Meeting," TWU flyer, nd [March, 1948?], TWU-500; "Program of the T.W.U. Committee for Democratic Action," nd, provided to author by Milton Zatinsky; UAW Temporary Steering Committee, "Fellow PAA Employees," nd, provided to author by Milton Zatinsky;
63. Thomas Starling to Emil Mazey, Apr 12, 1948, Emil Mazey Papers, Box 21, Folder 1; Walter Reuther to Philip Murray, June 21, 1946, Box 61, Folder 1, Walter Reuther Papers, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University (ALUA-WSU), Detroit. On the UAW's anti-Communism see Martin Halpern, UAW Politics in the Cold War Era (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988).
64. McNally to Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; Zatinsky interview with author, Dec 19, 1994; Zatinsky to author, Jan 10, 1995; Zatinsky to Robert Repus, June 24, 1949, provided to author by Zatinsky; Testimony of Paul Crouch, 216; US Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization, Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950), 143, Crouch testimony; Frank Donner, "Paul Crouch," 304-305 on Crouch's unreliability. In correspondence that used transparent euphemisms to refer to Party business there is no direct evidence of such a network in the TWU papers. There is, however, plenty of evidence of close ties forged between Local 500 and its "down the line" Latin American affiliates. The UAW counselled Zatinsky not to use the courier charge in the organizing drive, perhaps to protect the original source, he speculates. On the neglected Socialist Party role in driving Communists from the CIO see William C. Pratt, "The Socialist Party, Socialist Unionists, and organized labor, 1936-1950," in Maurice Zeitlin, (ed.), Political Power and Social Theory, 4 (1984), 63-99, 76-90.
65. McNally to Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; Zatinsky interview with author, Dec 19, 1994; Zatinsky to author, Jan 10, 1995; Zatinsky to Robert Repus, June 24, 1949, provided to author by Zatinsky; Testimony of Paul Crouch, 216; US Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization, Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950), 143, Crouch testimony; Frank Donner, "Paul Crouch," 304-305 on Crouch's unreliability. In correspondence that used transparent euphemisms to refer to Party business there is no direct evidence of such a network in the TWU papers. There is, however, plenty of evidence of close ties forged between Local 500 and its "down the line" Latin American affiliates. The UAW counselled Zatinsky not to use the courier charge in the organizing drive, perhaps to protect the original source, he speculates. On the neglected Socialist Party role in driving Communists from the CIO see William C. Pratt, "The Socialist Party, Socialist Unionists, and organized labor, 1936-1950," in Maurice Zeitlin, (ed.), Political Power and Social Theory, 4 (1984), 63-99, 76-90.
66. McNally to Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; Zatinsky interview with author, Dec 19, 1994; Zatinsky to author, Jan 10, 1995; Zatinsky to Robert Repus, June 24, 1949, provided to author by Zatinsky; Testimony of Paul Crouch, 216; US Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization, Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950), 143, Crouch testimony; Frank Donner, "Paul Crouch," 304-305 on Crouch's unreliability. In correspondence that used transparent euphemisms to refer to Party business there is no direct evidence of such a network in the TWU papers. There is, however, plenty of evidence of close ties forged between Local 500 and its "down the line" Latin American affiliates. The UAW counselled Zatinsky not to use the courier charge in the organizing drive, perhaps to protect the original source, he speculates. On the neglected Socialist Party role in driving Communists from the CIO see William C. Pratt, "The Socialist Party, Socialist Unionists, and organized labor, 1936-1950," in Maurice Zeitlin, (ed.), Political Power and Social Theory, 4 (1984), 63-99, 76-90.
67. McNally to Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; Zatinsky interview with author, Dec 19, 1994; Zatinsky to author, Jan 10, 1995; Zatinsky to Robert Repus, June 24, 1949, provided to author by Zatinsky; Testimony of Paul Crouch, 216; US Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization, Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups, 81st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950), 143, Crouch testimony; Frank Donner, "Paul Crouch," 304-305 on Crouch's unreliability. In correspondence that used transparent euphemisms to refer to Party business there is no direct evidence of such a network in the TWU papers. There is, however, plenty of evidence of close ties forged between Local 500 and its "down the line" Latin American affiliates. The UAW counselled Zatinsky not to use the courier charge in the organizing drive, perhaps to protect the original source, he speculates. On the neglected Socialist Party role in driving Communists from the CIO see William C. Pratt, "The Socialist Party, Socialist Unionists, and organized labor, 1936-1950," in Maurice Zeitlin, (ed.), Political Power and Social Theory, 4 (1984), 63-99, 76-90.
68. Zatinsky to J.L. McFarland, Apr 16, 1948, Airline Facts, Mar 29, April 7, May 7, 1948, "Program of the T.W.U. Committee for Democratic Action," nd, all provided to author by Milton Zatinsky; Miami Daily News, Mar 21, 1948, 12-A.
69. Zatinsky to J.L. McFarland, Apr 16, 1948, Airline Facts, Mar 29, April 7, May 7, 1948, "Program of the T.W.U. Committee for Democratic Action," nd, all provided to author by Milton Zatinsky; Miami Daily News, Mar 21, 1948, 12-A.
70. Zatinsky to J.L. McFarland, Apr 16, 1948, Airline Facts, Mar 29, April 7, May 7, 1948, "Program of the T.W.U. Committee for Democratic Action," nd, all provided to author by Milton Zatinsky; Miami Daily News, Mar 21, 1948, 12-A.
71. Airline Facts, Apr 21, 1948. On the CP's emphasis on "workers control" see Stephen Meyer, "Stalin Over Wisconsin": the making and unmaking of militant unionism (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992); James Prickett, " 'Stalin Over Wisconsin': the left and the CIO," Radical History Review, 61 (Winter 1995), 161-165.
72. Airline Facts, Apr 21, 1948. On the CP's emphasis on "workers control" see Stephen Meyer, "Stalin Over Wisconsin": the making and unmaking of militant unionism (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992); James Prickett, " 'Stalin Over Wisconsin': the left and the CIO," Radical History Review, 61 (Winter 1995), 161-165.
73. Airline Facts, Apr 21, 1948. On the CP's emphasis on "workers control" see Stephen Meyer, "Stalin Over Wisconsin": the making and unmaking of militant unionism (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992); James Prickett, " 'Stalin Over Wisconsin': the left and the CIO," Radical History Review, 61 (Winter 1995), 161-165.
74. Airline Facts, Apr 21, 1948; "Fellow PAA Employees," nd, provided to author by Milton Zatinsky; Thomas Starling to Emil Mazey, Apr 12, 1948, Mazey Papers, Box 21, Folder 1, ALUA-WSU.
75. Airline Facts, Apr 21, 1948; "Fellow PAA Employees," nd, provided to author by Milton Zatinsky; Thomas Starling to Emil Mazey, Apr 12, 1948, Mazey Papers, Box 21, Folder 1, ALUA-WSU.
76. Zatinsky to "Dear Friend"; [the NAACP], Aug 13, 1945, NAACP Papers, Part 13, Series A, Reel 14, frame 271.
77. Zatinsky interview, Dec 19, 1994; TWU-Local 500, "Bulletin," Aug 1948, TWU-500.
78. Transcript, State of Florida v. Leo Sheiner, Dade County Circuit Court, Case No. 167991, July 2, 1956, Box 54, Folder 1, case file #5897B, Coe Papers, Emory Univ., 630-32; Investigation of Communist Activities in the State of Florida, Part 2, 7444;
79. "THIS IS IT", Local 500 Committee for Defense of Airline Workers Rights, flyer/petition, Sept 30, 1949, TWU-500.
80. Zatinsky interview, Dec 19, 1994; Zatinsky to Author, Dec 28, 1994; William Oliver to Zatinsky, June 15, 1948, provided to author by Zatinsky; Zatinsky to Author, Oct 10, 1994; Zatinsky, phone conversation with author, Nov 1, 1994.
81. Forge to Smolikoff, Mar 9, 1948, folder 26, Forge Papers; Florida Industrial Union Council to Dear Sirs and Brothers, Mar 22, 1948, TWU-257; "Empty Chairs Mark UAW Meeting," TWU flyer, nd, TWU-500; Miami Daily News, Mar 21, 1948, 1-A; Robert McNally to Charles Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Rice Papers; Forge to Smolikoff, May 25, 1948, Smolikoff to Forge, Aug 16, 1948, folder 26, Forge Papers.
82. Forge to Smolikoff, Mar 9, 1948, folder 26, Forge Papers; Florida Industrial Union Council to Dear Sirs and Brothers, Mar 22, 1948, TWU-257; "Empty Chairs Mark UAW Meeting," TWU flyer, nd, TWU-500; Miami Daily News, Mar 21, 1948, 1-A; Robert McNally to Charles Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Rice Papers; Forge to Smolikoff, May 25, 1948, Smolikoff to Forge, Aug 16, 1948, folder 26, Forge Papers.
83. Zatinsky interview, Dec 19, 1994; McNally to Rice, Mar 16, 1948, Rice Papers; Milton Zatinsky to Robert Repus, June 24, 1949, provided to author by Zatinsky; US National Mediation Board, Twenty Years Under the Railway Act, Amended and The National Mediation Board, 1934-1954 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1955), 32.
84. Van Bittner to Michael Quill, UAW Raid unprocessed folder, TWU papers; Charles Rice to Robert McNally, Sept 11, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; Miami Daily News, Sept 14, 1948, 1-A; Daily Worker, Sept 17, 1948, 5; "Michael J. Quill Answers The Rantings of the Edwards-Smolikoff Open Letter," pamphlet, Sept 30, 1948, TWU-500, 8.
85. Van Bittner to Michael Quill, UAW Raid unprocessed folder, TWU papers; Charles Rice to Robert McNally, Sept 11, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; Miami Daily News, Sept 14, 1948, 1-A; Daily Worker, Sept 17, 1948, 5; "Michael J. Quill Answers The Rantings of the Edwards-Smolikoff Open Letter," pamphlet, Sept 30, 1948, TWU-500, 8.
86. Van Bittner to Michael Quill, UAW Raid unprocessed folder, TWU papers; Charles Rice to Robert McNally, Sept 11, 1948, Box 22, Rice Papers; Miami Daily News, Sept 14, 1948, 1-A; Daily Worker, Sept 17, 1948, 5; "Michael J. Quill Answers The Rantings of the Edwards-Smolikoff Open Letter," pamphlet, Sept 30, 1948, TWU-500, 8.
87. TWU Express, Dec 26, 1948, 17; "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 7; J.W. Barrett to Emil Mazey, Dec 27, 1948, Richard D. Robb to Mazey, Feb 3, 1949, Box 21, folder 1, Mazey Papers, ALUA-WSU.
88. TWU Express, Dec 26, 1948, 17; "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 7; J.W. Barrett to Emil Mazey, Dec 27, 1948, Richard D. Robb to Mazey, Feb 3, 1949, Box 21, folder 1, Mazey Papers, ALUA-WSU.
89. Ed Waller to Michael Quill, nd, TWU-257; Richard Robb to Quill, Jan 13, 1949, TWU-500.
90. Richard Robb to Quill, Jan 13, 1949, "Bulletin," Jan 10, 1949, TWU-500; Smolikoff to Forge, Feb 5, 1949, folder 41, Forge Papers; "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America." Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 2.
91. Richard Robb to Quill, Jan 13, 1949, "Bulletin," Jan 10, 1949, TWU-500; Smolikoff to Forge, Feb 5, 1949, folder 41, Forge Papers; "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America." Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 2.
92. Robb to Quill, Feb 19, 1949, Robb to Quill, Feb 21, 1949; Howard Page to Quill, Mar 28, 1949, TWU-500; Miami Herald, Mar 9, 1949; Miami Daily News, Mar 9, 1949; "Statement of Resignation," March 7, 1949, TWU-500; "Action on Letter of Resignation," Mar 22, 1949, folder 41, Forge Papers.
93. Robb to Quill, Feb 19, 1949, Robb to Quill, Feb 21, 1949; Howard Page to Quill, Mar 28, 1949, TWU-500; Miami Herald, Mar 9, 1949; Miami Daily News, Mar 9, 1949; "Statement of Resignation," March 7, 1949, TWU-500; "Action on Letter of Resignation," Mar 22, 1949, folder 41, Forge Papers.
94. Robb to Quill, Feb 19, 1949, Robb to Quill, Feb 21, 1949; Howard Page to Quill, Mar 28, 1949, TWU-500; Miami Herald, Mar 9, 1949; Miami Daily News, Mar 9, 1949; "Statement of Resignation," March 7, 1949, TWU-500; "Action on Letter of Resignation," Mar 22, 1949, folder 41, Forge Papers.
95. Robb to Quill, Feb 19, 1949, Robb to Quill, Feb 21, 1949; Howard Page to Quill, Mar 28, 1949, TWU-500; Miami Herald, Mar 9, 1949; Miami Daily News, Mar 9, 1949; "Statement of Resignation," March 7, 1949, TWU-500; "Action on Letter of Resignation," Mar 22, 1949, folder 41, Forge Papers.
96. TWU Express, June 6, 1949, 5; Robb to Quill, Jan 13, 1949, Charles Cowl to Gustav Faber, May 2, 1949, TWU-500.
97. Robert McNally to Mike Quill, May 4, 1949; "Bulletin," Mar 21, 1949, TWU-500.
98. Ed Waller to Quill, May 2, 1949, Waller to Quill, May 8, 1949, TWU-500; Miami Daily News, May 10, 1949; May 11, 1949; Testimony of Paul Crouch, 215; Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups, 142-143, 150-152.
99. Ed Waller to Quill, May 2, 1949, Waller to Quill, May 8, 1949, TWU-500; Miami Daily News, May 10, 1949; May 11, 1949; Testimony of Paul Crouch, 215; Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups, 142-143, 150-152.
100. Ed Waller to Quill, May 2, 1949, Waller to Quill, May 8, 1949, TWU-500; Miami Daily News, May 10, 1949; May 11, 1949; Testimony of Paul Crouch, 215; Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups, 142-143, 150-152.
101. TWU Express, June 6, 1949, July 1, 5, 14, 1949, Sept 1, 2, 4, 1949, 1; Gustav Faber to Allan Haywood, May 23, 1949, TWU-500.
102. Quill to William Grogan, July 2, 1949; Quill to All members of Local 500, July 6, 1949; "Report to the ATD Membership and Other Members of TWU," nd, TWU-500; TWU Express, Oct. 1949, 10; "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 3.
103. Quill to William Grogan, July 2, 1949; Quill to All members of Local 500, July 6, 1949; "Report to the ATD Membership and Other Members of TWU," nd, TWU-500; TWU Express, Oct. 1949, 10; "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 3.
104. Quill to William Grogan, July 2, 1949; Quill to All members of Local 500, July 6, 1949; "Report to the ATD Membership and Other Members of TWU," nd, TWU-500; TWU Express, Oct. 1949, 10; "Communist Infiltration of Transport Workers Union of America," Miami Report #100-7319-491, Oct 27, 1949, FBI-FOIA, 3.
105. Forge to Armand Scala, Dec 21, 1949, folder 34, Forge Papers.
106. For a good list of those committed to Smolikoff through 1949 see "THIS IS IT," Local 500 Committee for Defense of Airline Workers Rights, flyer/petition, Sept 30, 1949, TWU-500, signed by 22 individuals, including Popps, Edwards, Scheffsky, Scala, and a handful of other Pan Am employees labelled as Communists by Crouch.
107. Crouch, "Broken Chains," chap. 21, 4, chap. 22, 6.
108. Daily Worker, Aug 8, 1946.