Exceptionalism and internationalism: The origins of American social science reconsidered

Journal of Historical Sociology

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-36

  Goldman, Lawrence ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032361076     PISSN: 09521909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-6443.00052     Document Type: Article

References (243)

1. Thomas L. Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth Century Crisis of Authority (Urbana, Ill., 1977).
2. Mary O. Furner, Advocacy and Objectivity: A Crisis in the Professionalisation of American Social Science 1865-1905 (Lexington, Kentucky, 1975).
3. William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (1980) (London, 1981 edn.), pp. 263-346.
4. Eric Foner, Reconstruction 1863-1877. America's Unfinished Revolution (New York, 1988), pp. 488-499.
5. Dorothy Ross, The Origins of American Social Science (Cambridge, 1991). Quotation at p. xiv.
6. The Origins of American Social Science, pp. xviii, 476.
7. The Origins of American Social Science, pp. 54, 96.
8. The Origins of American Social Science, p. 64.
9. The Origins of American Social Science, p. 250.
10. For examples of recent work taking a similar institutional-comparative approach to the history of social science in this period, see Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Ronan Van Rossem, "The Verein fur Sozialpolitik and the Fabian Society: A Study in the Sociology of Policy-Relevant Knowledge" and Libby Schweber, "Progressive Reformers, Unemployment, and the Transformation of Social Inquiry in Britain and the United States, 1880s-1920s' in Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol (eds.), States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Politics (Princeton, 1996), pp. 117-62; 163-200.
11. For examples of recent work taking a similar institutional-comparative approach to the history of social science in this period, see Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Ronan Van Rossem, "The Verein fur Sozialpolitik and the Fabian Society: A Study in the Sociology of Policy-Relevant Knowledge" and Libby Schweber, "Progressive Reformers, Unemployment, and the Transformation of Social Inquiry in Britain and the United States, 1880s-1920s' in Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol (eds.), States, Social Knowledge, and the Origins of Modern Social Politics (Princeton, 1996), pp. 117-62; 163-200.
12. Ralph Waldo Emerson, English Traits (1856) (Boston, 1898 edn.) pp. 38-9. The portrait of England was based on Emerson's experiences there in 1847-8.
13. Whitelaw Reid, "The Scholar in Politics," Scribner's Magazine, vi, 1873, p. 608, quoted in Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought (Boston, 1955 edn.), p. 21.
14. Whitelaw Reid, "The Scholar in Politics," Scribner's Magazine, vi, 1873, p. 608, quoted in Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought (Boston, 1955 edn.), p. 21.
15. Charles Francis Adams, Charles Francis Adams 1835-1915. An Autobiography (Boston, 1916), p. 179.
16. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams. An Autobiography (1918) (New York, 1928), pp. 224-
17. Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams (Cambridge. Mass., 1989), pp. 61-64.
18. Quoted in David Duncan, The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer (London, 1908), p. 128.
19. Charles H. Cooley, "Reflection Upon the Sociology of Herbert Spencer," The American Journal of Sociology, xxvi, 2, Sept. 1920, p. 129.
20. Lawrence Goldman, "The Social Science Association: A Context for mid-Victorian Liberalism," English Historical Review, c, 1986, pp. 95-134. On the SSA and women's place in it, see also Eileen Janes Yeo, The Contest for Social Science. Relations and Representations of Gender and Class (London, 1996), pp. 120-80.
21. Lawrence Goldman, "The Social Science Association: A Context for mid-Victorian Liberalism," English Historical Review, c, 1986, pp. 95-134. On the SSA and women's place in it, see also Eileen Janes Yeo, The Contest for Social Science. Relations and Representations of Gender and Class (London, 1996), pp. 120-80.
22. See Annales de L'Association pour le progres des Sciences Sociales, 1862-5, 4 vols. (Brussels and Paris, 1863-6); Edouard Seve, Galerie de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864); idem, Vade Mecum des Membres de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864).
23. See Annales de L'Association pour le progres des Sciences Sociales, 1862-5, 4 vols. (Brussels and Paris, 1863-6); Edouard Seve, Galerie de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864); idem, Vade Mecum des Membres de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864).
24. See Annales de L'Association pour le progres des Sciences Sociales, 1862-5, 4 vols. (Brussels and Paris, 1863-6); Edouard Seve, Galerie de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864); idem, Vade Mecum des Membres de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864).
25. E.L. Godkin to John Bigelow (editor of the New York Evening Post), [?] 1859, in William M. Armstrong (ed.), The Gilded Age Letters of E.L. Godkin (New York, 1974), p. 5.
26. E.L. Godkin to John Bigelow (editor of the New York Evening Post), [?] 1859, in William M. Armstrong (ed.), The Gilded Age Letters of E.L. Godkin (New York, 1974), p. 5.
27. In 1869 Godkin was given the task of organizing a committee of the American Social Science Association in New York. See Godkin to James M. McKim, one of the founders of The Nation, 19 March 1869, in Armstrong (ed.), Letters of E.L. Godkin, p. 134.
28. In 1869 Godkin was given the task of organizing a committee of the American Social Science Association in New York. See Godkin to James M. McKim, one of the founders of The Nation, 19 March 1869, in Armstrong (ed.), Letters of E.L. Godkin, p. 134.
29. Edward Jarvis, Ms. Autobiography (1873) Jarvis Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Ms Am 51, f. 241.
30. Boston Daily Advertiser, 5 Oct. 1865, p. 4.
31. The Commonwealth: A Journal of Politics, Literature, Art and News (Boston), 7 Oct. 1865, p. 3.
32. F.B. Sanborn, "History of the American Social Science Association in a Letter to its Present Secretary," Journal of Social Science, 46, 1909, p. 2.
33. Caroline Healey Dall to commit her recollections to paper and she estimated that "600 persons met there and founded the Association." Journal, vol. 45, Pt. iii, 3 April 1910, Caroline Healey Dall Collection, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
34. The Commonwealth, 7 Oct. 1865, p. 3. See also F. B. Sanborn to Theodore Dwight Woolsey, 5 Oct. 1865: "The officers were chosen by a meeting consisting of about a hundred enrolled members from Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Michigan and New Brunswick." Woolsey Papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, Box 19, File 348.
35. See especially Caroline Dall's scrapbook, "Notes and Contributions, C. H. D., from 1861 to 1865, vol. 2" and her Journal entries for 21 Sept. 1865 and 3 April 1910. Dall Collection, Mass. Hist. Soc., 22.10 and 45.3.
36. Sanborn, "History of the American Social Science Association," 2.
37. [James Clarke White] Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, lxxiii, 12 Oct. 1865, p. 221. The circular, dated 2 Aug. 1865, was reprinted by the ASSA in the official account of its origins issued as Constitution, Address and List of Members of the American Association for the Promotion of Social Science, With Questions Proposed for Discussion (Boston, 1866), p. 10.
38. [James Clarke White] Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, lxxiii, 12 Oct. 1865, p. 221. The circular, dated 2 Aug. 1865, was reprinted by the ASSA in the official account of its origins issued as Constitution, Address and List of Members of the American Association for the Promotion of Social Science, With Questions Proposed for Discussion (Boston, 1866), p. 10.
39. Constitution, Address and List of Members, pp. 6-9.
40. "Report of the General Secretary," Journal of Social Science, 35, 1897, p. 21.
41. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams. An Autobiography (1918) (New York, 1928), pp. 224-
42. Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams (Cambridge. Mass., 1989), pp. 61-64.
43. Quoted in David Duncan, The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer (London, 1908), p. 128.
44. Charles H. Cooley, "Reflection Upon the Sociology of Herbert Spencer," The American Journal of Sociology, xxvi, 2, Sept. 1920, p. 129.
45. Lawrence Goldman, "The Social Science Association: A Context for mid-Victorian Liberalism," English Historical Review, c, 1986, pp. 95-134. On the SSA and women's place in it, see also Eileen Janes Yeo, The Contest for Social Science. Relations and Representations of Gender and Class (London, 1996), pp. 120-80.
46. Lawrence Goldman, "The Social Science Association: A Context for mid-Victorian Liberalism," English Historical Review, c, 1986, pp. 95-134. On the SSA and women's place in it, see also Eileen Janes Yeo, The Contest for Social Science. Relations and Representations of Gender and Class (London, 1996), pp. 120-80.
47. See Annales de L'Association pour le progres des Sciences Sociales, 1862-5, 4 vols. (Brussels and Paris, 1863-6); Edouard Seve, Galerie de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864); idem, Vade Mecum des Membres de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864).
48. See Annales de L'Association pour le progres des Sciences Sociales, 1862-5, 4 vols. (Brussels and Paris, 1863-6); Edouard Seve, Galerie de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864); idem, Vade Mecum des Membres de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864).
49. See Annales de L'Association pour le progres des Sciences Sociales, 1862-5, 4 vols. (Brussels and Paris, 1863-6); Edouard Seve, Galerie de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864); idem, Vade Mecum des Membres de L'Association Internationale pour le progres des Sciences Sociales (Brussels, 1864).
50. E.L. Godkin to John Bigelow (editor of the New York Evening Post), [?] 1859, in William M. Armstrong (ed.), The Gilded Age Letters of E.L. Godkin (New York, 1974), p. 5.
51. E.L. Godkin to John Bigelow (editor of the New York Evening Post), [?] 1859, in William M. Armstrong (ed.), The Gilded Age Letters of E.L. Godkin (New York, 1974), p. 5.
52. In 1869 Godkin was given the task of organizing a committee of the American Social Science Association in New York. See Godkin to James M. McKim, one of the founders of The Nation, 19 March 1869, in Armstrong (ed.), Letters of E.L. Godkin, p. 134.
53. In 1869 Godkin was given the task of organizing a committee of the American Social Science Association in New York. See Godkin to James M. McKim, one of the founders of The Nation, 19 March 1869, in Armstrong (ed.), Letters of E.L. Godkin, p. 134.
54. Edward Jarvis, Ms. Autobiography (1873) Jarvis Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Ms Am 51, f. 241.
55. Boston Daily Advertiser, 5 Oct. 1865, p. 4.
56. The Commonwealth: A Journal of Politics, Literature, Art and News (Boston), 7 Oct. 1865, p. 3.
57. F.B. Sanborn, "History of the American Social Science Association in a Letter to its Present Secretary," Journal of Social Science, 46, 1909, p. 2. (The Journal of Social Science, first published in 1869 and at irregular intervals thereafter, was the ASSA's principal publication). Sanborn's account in 1909 drew Caroline Healey Dall to commit her recollections to paper and she estimated that "600 persons met there and founded the Association." Journal, vol. 45, Pt. iii, 3 April 1910, Caroline Healey Dall Collection, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
58. F.B. Sanborn, "History of the American Social Science Association in a Letter to its Present Secretary," Journal of Social Science, 46, 1909, p. 2. (The Journal of Social Science, first published in 1869 and at irregular intervals thereafter, was the ASSA's principal publication). Sanborn's account in 1909 drew Caroline Healey Dall to commit her recollections to paper and she estimated that "600 persons met there and founded the Association." Journal, vol. 45, Pt. iii, 3 April 1910, Caroline Healey Dall Collection, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
59. The Commonwealth, 7 Oct. 1865, p. 3. See also F. B. Sanborn to Theodore Dwight Woolsey, 5 Oct. 1865: "The officers were chosen by a meeting consisting of about a hundred enrolled members from Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Michigan and New Brunswick." Woolsey Papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, Box 19, File 348.
60. The Commonwealth, 7 Oct. 1865, p. 3. See also F. B. Sanborn to Theodore Dwight Woolsey, 5 Oct. 1865: "The officers were chosen by a meeting consisting of about a hundred enrolled members from Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Michigan and New Brunswick." Woolsey Papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, Box 19, File 348.
61. See especially Caroline Dall's scrapbook, "Notes and Contributions, C. H. D., from 1861 to 1865, vol. 2" and her Journal entries for 21 Sept. 1865 and 3 April 1910. Dall Collection, Mass. Hist. Soc., 22.10 and 45.3.
62. Sanborn, "History of the American Social Science Association," 2.
63. [James Clarke White] Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, lxxiii, 12 Oct. 1865, p. 221. The circular, dated 2 Aug. 1865, was reprinted by the ASSA in the official account of its origins issued as Constitution, Address and List of Members of the American Association for the Promotion of Social Science, With Questions Proposed for Discussion (Boston, 1866), p. 10.
64. [James Clarke White] Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, lxxiii, 12 Oct. 1865, p. 221. The circular, dated 2 Aug. 1865, was reprinted by the ASSA in the official account of its origins issued as Constitution, Address and List of Members of the American Association for the Promotion of Social Science, With Questions Proposed for Discussion (Boston, 1866), p. 10.
65. Constitution, Address and List of Members, pp. 6-9.
66. "Report of the General Secretary," Journal of Social Science, 35, 1897, p. 21.
67. The Nation, 12 Oct. 1865, p. 449.
68. Geoffrey Blodgett, "Reform Thought and the Genteel Tradition" in H. Wayne Morgan (ed.), The Gilded Age (Syracuse, N. Y., 1970 edn.) p. 64.
69. [James Clarke White] Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 31 Aug. 1865, lxxiii, p. 106.
70. Boston Daily Advertiser, 3 Oct. 1865, p. 2.
71. The Commonwealth, 30 Sept. 1865, p.3.
72. Frank Thistlethwaite, The Anglo-American Connection in the Early Nineteenth Century (Philadelphia, 1959), esp. ch. 3.
73. Birmingham Daily Press, 13 Oct. 1857, p. 2; Henry Richard, Memoirs of Joseph Sturge (London, 1864).
74. Birmingham Daily Press, 13 Oct. 1857, p. 2; Henry Richard, Memoirs of Joseph Sturge (London, 1864).
75. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans (4th edn., New York, 1974), pp. 196-7.
76. Sarah Parker Remond, "American Slavery and Its Influence on Britain," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1861 (London, 1862), pp. 689-91. See also her paper to the 1862 London Congres International de Bienfaisance, "The Negroes of the United States of America," Congres International de Bienfaisance de Londres. Session de 1862. Tome II (London, 1863), pp. 222-4. The Congres International de Bienfaisance was a pan-European organisation which had met twice before in Brussels (1856) and Frankfurt (1857). It was a union of philanthropists, concerned with "questions of benevolence" as opposed to legislation as its President in1862, the earl of Shaftesbury, explained. See ibid, p. 4. The organisation is another example of the international context in which the related histories of social reform and emergent social science in the mid-nineteenth century may be situated.
77. Sarah Parker Remond, "American Slavery and Its Influence on Britain," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1861 (London, 1862), pp. 689-91. See also her paper to the 1862 London Congres International de Bienfaisance, "The Negroes of the United States of America," Congres International de Bienfaisance de Londres. Session de 1862. Tome II (London, 1863), pp. 222-4. The Congres International de Bienfaisance was a pan-European organisation which had met twice before in Brussels (1856) and Frankfurt (1857). It was a union of philanthropists, concerned with "questions of benevolence" as opposed to legislation as its President in1862, the earl of Shaftesbury, explained. See ibid, p. 4. The organisation is another example of the international context in which the related histories of social reform and emergent social science in the mid-nineteenth century may be situated.
78. Sarah Parker Remond, "American Slavery and Its Influence on Britain," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1861 (London, 1862), pp. 689-91. See also her paper to the 1862 London Congres International de Bienfaisance, "The Negroes of the United States of America," Congres International de Bienfaisance de Londres. Session de 1862. Tome II (London, 1863), pp. 222-4. The Congres International de Bienfaisance was a pan-European organisation which had met twice before in Brussels (1856) and Frankfurt (1857). It was a union of philanthropists, concerned with "questions of benevolence" as opposed to legislation as its President in1862, the earl of Shaftesbury, explained. See ibid, p. 4. The organisation is another example of the international context in which the related histories of social reform and emergent social science in the mid-nineteenth century may be situated.
79. On Jarvis, see Gerald N. Grob, Edward Jarvis and the Medical World of Nineteenth Century America (Knoxville, 1978). John Koren, "The American Statistical Association 1839-1914" in idem (ed.), The History of Statistics. Their Development and Progress In Many Countries (New York, 1918).
80. On Jarvis, see Gerald N. Grob, Edward Jarvis and the Medical World of Nineteenth Century America (Knoxville, 1978). John Koren, "The American Statistical Association 1839-1914" in idem (ed.), The History of Statistics. Their Development and Progress In Many Countries (New York, 1918).
81. Jarvis to William Farr, 10 June 1850, Jarvis Letterbooks, vol. 1, Jarvis Papers, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass., B Ms b 56. 4. 1. ff. 133-4; Jarvis to Edwin Chadwick, 10 June 1853, Jarvis Letterbooks, vol. 3, ff. 15-20. For Jarvis's letters to Chadwick, see the Chadwick Papers, University College, London, item 1096. There are eight letters in all covering the period 1853-77.
82. Jarvis to William Farr, 10 June 1850, Jarvis Letterbooks, vol. 1, Jarvis Papers, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass., B Ms b 56. 4. 1. ff. 133-4; Jarvis to Edwin Chadwick, 10 June 1853, Jarvis Letterbooks, vol. 3, ff. 15-20. For Jarvis's letters to Chadwick, see the Chadwick Papers, University College, London, item 1096. There are eight letters in all covering the period 1853-77.
83. Jarvis to William Farr, 10 June 1850, Jarvis Letterbooks, vol. 1, Jarvis Papers, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass., B Ms b 56. 4. 1. ff. 133-4; Jarvis to Edwin Chadwick, 10 June 1853, Jarvis Letterbooks, vol. 3, ff. 15-20. For Jarvis's letters to Chadwick, see the Chadwick Papers, University College, London, item 1096. There are eight letters in all covering the period 1853-77.
84. William Farr to Edward Jarvis, 9 April 1863; 9 June 1863; 15 June 1864; 24 April 1865, Jarvis Papers, Countway Library, B Ms C 11. 2. Fredrick Farr enlisted in the 7th Maine Volunteers. He was taken prisoner at the end of November 1863 and died in Richmond on 23 March 1864. On William Farr, see John M. Eyler, Victorian Social Medicine. The Ideas and Methods of William Farr (London and Baltimore, 1979).
85. William Farr to Edward Jarvis, 9 April 1863; 9 June 1863; 15 June 1864; 24 April 1865, Jarvis Papers, Countway Library, B Ms C 11. 2. Fredrick Farr enlisted in the 7th Maine Volunteers. He was taken prisoner at the end of November 1863 and died in Richmond on 23 March 1864. On William Farr, see John M. Eyler, Victorian Social Medicine. The Ideas and Methods of William Farr (London and Baltimore, 1979).
86. A detailed record of Jarvis's visit to Britain is preserved in his Ms. Autobiography, ff. 255-322 and in his "European Letters" (3 vols.) in the Concord Free Public Library, Concord, Mass. See also Lawrence Goldman, "Experts, Investigators and the State in 1860: British Social Scientists Through American Eyes" in Michael J. Lacey and Mary O. Furner (eds.), The State and Social Investigation in Britain and the United States (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 95-126.
87. On Brougham, see Jarvis, "Autobiography," ff. 291-3; European Letters, 3, ff. 132, 145. On Hastings, see Jarvis, "Autobiography," f. 312; European Letters, 3, f. 133; Hastings to Jarvis, 11 July 1860, Concord Public Library, Foreign Letters, Folder 3.
88. On Brougham, see Jarvis, "Autobiography," ff. 291-3; European Letters, 3, ff. 132, 145. On Hastings, see Jarvis, "Autobiography," f. 312; European Letters, 3, f. 133; Hastings to Jarvis, 11 July 1860, Concord Public Library, Foreign Letters, Folder 3.
89. On Brougham, see Jarvis, "Autobiography," ff. 291-3; European Letters, 3, ff. 132, 145. On Hastings, see Jarvis, "Autobiography," f. 312; European Letters, 3, f. 133; Hastings to Jarvis, 11 July 1860, Concord Public Library, Foreign Letters, Folder 3.
90. On Brougham, see Jarvis, "Autobiography," ff. 291-3; European Letters, 3, ff. 132, 145. On Hastings, see Jarvis, "Autobiography," f. 312; European Letters, 3, f. 133; Hastings to Jarvis, 11 July 1860, Concord Public Library, Foreign Letters, Folder 3.
91. On Brougham, see Jarvis, "Autobiography," ff. 291-3; European Letters, 3, ff. 132, 145. On Hastings, see Jarvis, "Autobiography," f. 312; European Letters, 3, f. 133; Hastings to Jarvis, 11 July 1860, Concord Public Library, Foreign Letters, Folder 3.
92. Jarvis to Hastings, 31 July 1860. G.W. Hastings Papers in the possession of Professor Adrian Hastings, University of Leeds.
93. The Times (London), 30 Sept. 1864, p. 11; Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1864 (London, 1865), xxix-xxxi.
94. The Times (London), 30 Sept. 1864, p. 11; Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1864 (London, 1865), xxix-xxxi.
95. Leach, True Love and Perfect Union, pp. 263-351.
96. "Caroline Healey Dall," in Edward T. James (ed.) Notable American Women 1607-1950. A Biographical Dictionary (3 vols., Cambridge, Mass., 1971) 1, pp. 428-9.
97. See Barbara Bodichon to Caroline Dall, 19 Sept. 1858; 27 May 1860; 22 March 1861; 28 Feb. 1862; 21 June 1865. Bessie Rayner Parkes to Caroline Dall, 18 Jan. 1859; 4 Nov. 1859; 20 Jan. 1860; 17 July 1861; 29 Sept. 1861. Dall Collection, Mass. Hist. Soc.
98. Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, An American Diary 1857-8 (ed. Joseph W. Reed Jr.) (London, 1972), pp. 153-62.
99. Isa Craig to Caroline Dall, 27 July 1859, Dall Collection, Mass. Hist. Soc., 2.19.
100. Caroline Dall, Woman's Rights Under the Law: In Three Lectures, Delivered in Boston, January 1861 (Boston, 1861), p. 107.
101. See one of Dall's notebooks entitled "Boston Anniversary, Progress, May 26, 1859," f. 10, containing notes for an address. Caroline Healey Dall Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge Mass., Mc 351 46.
102. See "Progress of the Cause (Fraternity Lecture) Oct. 23rd 1860," Dall Papers, Schlesinger Library, Mc 351 47, p. 24.
103. "Progress of the Cause", p. 24. Mary Carpenter was a notable female reformer of the mid-Victorian era, prominent in the movement for the care and education of destitute children. Lord John Russell was a leader of the Liberal Party, and twice prime minister between 1846-52 and 1865-6. He attended the Social Science Association congresses in Birmingham and Liverpool in 1857 and 1858. Lord Stanley was the son of the fourteenth earl of Derby, leader of the Conservative Party and prime minister for short periods in the 1850s and 1860s. As fifteenth earl, Stanley was a senior cabinet minister in both Conservative and, after 1880, when he crossed the floor of the House of Commons, Liberal administrations.
104. "Progress of the Cause", p. 25.
105. "Report of the Director of the Library," p. 1. Dall Papers, Schlesinger Library, Mc 351 57. For a summary of the report as read to the ASSA on 27 Dec. 1865, see Constitution, Address and List of Members, 39.
106. "Report of the Director of the Library," p. 1. Dall Papers, Schlesinger Library, Mc 351 57. For a summary of the report as read to the ASSA on 27 Dec. 1865, see Constitution, Address and List of Members, 39.
107. Dall, "Report of the Director of the Library," p. 3.
108. Letters to and from the Librarian and Trustees of the Library dating from the spring of 1859 are in the Dall Papers, Schlesinger Library, Mc 351 57.
109. See Dall's Journal, 4 Oct. 1873, and a file entitled "1865, 1869. Typewritten notes and by-laws concerning the American Social Science Association," Dall Collection, Mass. Hist. Soc., 22.11.
110. For Dall's debts to the Englishwoman's Journal, see Caroline Dall, Women's Right to Labor, or Low Wages and Hard Work (Boston, 1860) pp. xi-xii.
111. For Dall's debts to the Englishwoman's Journal, see Caroline Dall, Women's Right to Labor, or Low Wages and Hard Work (Boston, 1860) pp. xi-xii.
112. For Dall's composition of White's Address, see her Journal, 21 Sept. 1865 and 4 Oct. 1865. Next to a copy of the ASSA's Constitution, pasted into a scrapbook, are the words, in Dall's hand, "I wrote this Constitution, & afterwards with ex-Gov. Washburn framed the By-Laws." See "Notes and Contributions, C.H.D., from 1861 to 1865, vol. 2," Dall Collection, Mass. Hist. Soc.
113. Harold Silver, Education as History. Interpreting Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Education (London, 1983), p. 125.
114. Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science, pp. 108-9.
115. Samuel Eliot, "Presidential Address" (19 Nov. 1867), Documents Published by the Association with an Abridgement of the Transactions, Pt. II (Boston, 1867), p. 67.
116. Samuel Eliot, "Presidential Address" (19 Nov. 1867), Documents Published by the Association with an Abridgement of the Transactions, Pt. II (Boston, 1867), p. 67.
117. [F.B. Sanborn] Second Annual Report, Massachusetts Board of State Charities, 1866, xii-xiii, p. 213, cited in Furner, Advocacy and Objectivity, p. 25.
118. [F.B. Sanborn] Second Annual Report, Massachusetts Board of State Charities, 1866, xii-xiii, p. 213, cited in Furner, Advocacy and Objectivity, p. 25.
119. "Address of the Executive Committee of the American Social Science Association," Constitution, Address and List of Members, 12.
120. Samuel Eliot, "Presidential Address," Documents Published by the Association, II, p.72.
121. Sessional Proceedings of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1869-70 (London, 1870), p. 445.
122. Annales de l'Association Internationale pour le progrès des Sciences Sociales, Premiere Session, Congrès de Bruxelles, 1862 (Brussels and Paris, 1863), p. 35.
123. Handbook for Immigrants to the United States. Prepared by the American Social Science Association (New York, 1871). F. B. Sanborn, "American Poor Laws and Public Charity," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1874 (London, 1875), pp. 879-80. See also, Silver, Education as History, p. 113.
124. Handbook for Immigrants to the United States. Prepared by the American Social Science Association (New York, 1871). F. B. Sanborn, "American Poor Laws and Public Charity," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1874 (London, 1875), pp. 879-80. See also, Silver, Education as History, p. 113.
125. Handbook for Immigrants to the United States. Prepared by the American Social Science Association (New York, 1871). F. B. Sanborn, "American Poor Laws and Public Charity," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1874 (London, 1875), pp. 879-80. See also, Silver, Education as History, p. 113.
126. Constitution, Address and List of Members, pp. 44-7. See also Boston Daily Advertiser, 29 Dec. 1865, p. 1. See C. L. Brace, "An Account of the Children's Aid Society, New York," Congrès International de Bienfaisance de Londres, Session de 1862, II (London, 1863), pp. 219-221.
127. Constitution, Address and List of Members, pp. 44-7. See also Boston Daily Advertiser, 29 Dec. 1865, p. 1. See C. L. Brace, "An Account of the Children's Aid Society, New York," Congrès International de Bienfaisance de Londres, Session de 1862, II (London, 1863), pp. 219-221.
128. Constitution, Address and List of Members, pp. 44-7. See also Boston Daily Advertiser, 29 Dec. 1865, p. 1. See C. L. Brace, "An Account of the Children's Aid Society, New York," Congrès International de Bienfaisance de Londres, Session de 1862, II (London, 1863), pp. 219-221.
129. D.F. Schloss, "The "Sweating System" in the United Kingdom," Journal of Social Science, 30, 1892, 65-72.
130. Rev. James McCosh, "On Compulsory Education"; "The Arts Course in the Queen's University and Queen's Colleges"; "The Present State of the Intermediate Education Question in Ireland," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1867 (London, 1868), 379-85; 447-8; 456-9.
131. Mundella addressed a General Meeting of the ASSA in Philadelphia in October 1870; Hughes gave an address on "Co-operation as Exemplified by the English Experience Since 1870" in Sept. 1881. See J.G.Rosengarten, "Work of the Philadelphia Social Science Association," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1, 1890-1, p. 709; Journal of Social Science, 13, 1881, vi.
132. Mundella addressed a General Meeting of the ASSA in Philadelphia in October 1870; Hughes gave an address on "Co-operation as Exemplified by the English Experience Since 1870" in Sept. 1881. See J.G.Rosengarten, "Work of the Philadelphia Social Science Association," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1, 1890-1, p. 709; Journal of Social Science, 13, 1881, vi.
133. Goldwin Smith, "On the Adaptation of the Old Universities to the Requirements of the Present Day," Transactions of the National Association...1867 (London, 1868), 350-58; "University Education," Journal of Social Science, 1, 1869, 24-55; "Address on Economy and Trade," Transactions of the National Association...1881 (London, 1882), pp. 89-113.
134. Goldwin Smith, "On the Adaptation of the Old Universities to the Requirements of the Present Day," Transactions of the National Association...1867 (London, 1868), 350-58; "University Education," Journal of Social Science, 1, 1869, 24-55; "Address on Economy and Trade," Transactions of the National Association...1881 (London, 1882), pp. 89-113.
135. Goldwin Smith, "On the Adaptation of the Old Universities to the Requirements of the Present Day," Transactions of the National Association...1867 (London, 1868), 350-58; "University Education," Journal of Social Science, 1, 1869, 24-55; "Address on Economy and Trade," Transactions of the National Association...1881 (London, 1882), pp. 89-113.
136. Journal of Social Science, 7, 1874, 339-40.
137. "Miss Carpenter's Visit to America," Journal of Social Science, 5, 1873, pp. 160-1.
138. Rachel Chadwick to Edward Jarvis, 23 Nov. 1866, Jarvis Papers, Countway Library, B Ms C 11. 2.
139. See Caroline Dall's Journal, "Letters from New York," 19 Nov. 1867, Dall Collection, Mass. Hist Soc. 22.10.
140. E. Harris, "The Health of American Cities"; F. B. Sanborn, "American Poor Laws and Public Charities," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1874 (London, 1875), pp. 628-75; 878-97.
141. E. Harris, "The Health of American Cities"; F. B. Sanborn, "American Poor Laws and Public Charities," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1874 (London, 1875), pp. 628-75; 878-97.
142. Harris, "Health of American Cities," p. 675. For other examples of explicit comparison between the United States and Europe, see pp. 628 and 672.
143. "Report of a Committee of the American Social Science Association at Boston," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1875 (London, 1876), pp. 602-4.
144. "Special Meeting of the Council," Sessional Proceedings of the National Association, 1869-70, pp. 445-9.
145. Sessional Proceedings of the National Association, 1880-1, p. 135; The Times, 7 Oct. 1881, p. 5.
146. Sessional Proceedings of the National Association, 1880-1, p. 135; The Times, 7 Oct. 1881, p. 5.
147. Sessional Proceedings of the National Association, 1882-3, p. 239. On Gilman's role in the abortive attempt to reconstitute the American Social Science Association in the late 1870s as an affiliate of the new Johns Hopkins University, see Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science, ch. 7, pp. 144-67.
148. Sessional Proceedings of the National Association, 1882-3, p. 239. On Gilman's role in the abortive attempt to reconstitute the American Social Science Association in the late 1870s as an affiliate of the new Johns Hopkins University, see Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science, ch. 7, pp. 144-67.
149. Leach, True Love and Perfect Union, pp. 312-3.
150. Springfield Daily Republican, 10 Oct. 1866, p.4.
151. Eliot, "Presidential Address," Documents Published by the Association, pp. 79, 77.
152. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage (eds.), History of Woman Suffrage, (5 vols.) vol. 3, 1876-1885 (Rochester, N.Y., 1886), p. 306.
153. Leach, True Love and Perfect Union, p. 290.
154. Sessional Proceedings of the National Association, 1867-8, p. 75.
155. Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 3rd series, cxcii, 1375.
156. See D.D. Field to "Sir Erskine Perry and others - Committee of the Law Amendment Society," 29 Jan. 1857, Field-Musgrave Papers, Manuscript Department, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University. Sessional Proceedings of the National Association, 1867-8, p. 197; Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1867 (London, 1868), p. 292.
157. See D.D. Field to "Sir Erskine Perry and others - Committee of the Law Amendment Society," 29 Jan. 1857, Field-Musgrave Papers, Manuscript Department, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University. Sessional Proceedings of the National Association, 1867-8, p. 197; Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1867 (London, 1868), p. 292.
158. See D.D. Field to "Sir Erskine Perry and others - Committee of the Law Amendment Society," 29 Jan. 1857, Field-Musgrave Papers, Manuscript Department, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University. Sessional Proceedings of the National Association, 1867-8, p. 197; Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1867 (London, 1868), p. 292.
159. Special Report from the Select Committee on Married Women's Property Bill, Parliamentary Papers 1867-8, vol. vii, pp. 339-465.
160. Edward Atkinson to Caroline Dall, 8 May 1868, Dall Collection, Mass. Hist. Soc. For Atkinson's reply to Shaw-Lefevre, dated 25 May 1868, see P.P. 1867-8, vol. vii, p. 441.
161. Edward Atkinson to Caroline Dall, 8 May 1868, Dall Collection, Mass. Hist. Soc. For Atkinson's reply to Shaw-Lefevre, dated 25 May 1868, see P.P. 1867-8, vol. vii, p. 441.
162. For general surveys of Field's life see H. M. Field, The Life of David Dudley Field (New York, 1898); Helen K. Hoy, "David Dudley Field 1805-1894" in W. D. Lewis (ed.), Great American Lawyers. A History of the Legal Profession In America, vol. v, (Philadelphia, 1908); A. P. Sprague and T. M. Coan (eds.), Speeches, Arguments and Miscellaneous Papers of David Dudley Field (3 vols.) (New York, 1884-90); David Dudley Field, A Third of a Century Given to Law Reform (New York, 1873).
163. For general surveys of Field's life see H. M. Field, The Life of David Dudley Field (New York, 1898); Helen K. Hoy, "David Dudley Field 1805-1894" in W. D. Lewis (ed.), Great American Lawyers. A History of the Legal Profession In America, vol. v, (Philadelphia, 1908); A. P. Sprague and T. M. Coan (eds.), Speeches, Arguments and Miscellaneous Papers of David Dudley Field (3 vols.) (New York, 1884-90); David Dudley Field, A Third of a Century Given to Law Reform (New York, 1873).
164. For general surveys of Field's life see H. M. Field, The Life of David Dudley Field (New York, 1898); Helen K. Hoy, "David Dudley Field 1805-1894" in W. D. Lewis (ed.), Great American Lawyers. A History of the Legal Profession In America, vol. v, (Philadelphia, 1908); A. P. Sprague and T. M. Coan (eds.), Speeches, Arguments and Miscellaneous Papers of David Dudley Field (3 vols.) (New York, 1884-90); David Dudley Field, A Third of a Century Given to Law Reform (New York, 1873).
165. For general surveys of Field's life see H. M. Field, The Life of David Dudley Field (New York, 1898); Helen K. Hoy, "David Dudley Field 1805-1894" in W. D. Lewis (ed.), Great American Lawyers. A History of the Legal Profession In America, vol. v, (Philadelphia, 1908); A. P. Sprague and T. M. Coan (eds.), Speeches, Arguments and Miscellaneous Papers of David Dudley Field (3 vols.) (New York, 1884-90); David Dudley Field, A Third of a Century Given to Law Reform (New York, 1873).
166. H. M. Field, Life of Field, pp. 136-40; Hoy, "David Dudley Field," p. 144.
167. H. M. Field, Life of Field, pp. 136-40; Hoy, "David Dudley Field," p. 144.
168. Charles M. Cook, The American Codification Movement. A Study of Antebellum Legal Reform (Westport, Ct., 1981), pp. 185-198; Alison Reppy, "The Field Codification Concept" in A. Reppy (ed.), David Dudley Field. Centenary Essays Celebrating One Hundred Years of Legal Reform (New York, 1949), pp. 17-54; M. V. Coe and L. W. Morse, "Chronology of the Development of the David Dudley Field Code," Cornell Law Quarterly, 27, 1941-2, pp. 238-45; David Dudley Field, A Third of a Century Given to Law Reform (New York, 1873).
169. Charles M. Cook, The American Codification Movement. A Study of Antebellum Legal Reform (Westport, Ct., 1981), pp. 185-198; Alison Reppy, "The Field Codification Concept" in A. Reppy (ed.), David Dudley Field. Centenary Essays Celebrating One Hundred Years of Legal Reform (New York, 1949), pp. 17-54; M. V. Coe and L. W. Morse, "Chronology of the Development of the David Dudley Field Code," Cornell Law Quarterly, 27, 1941-2, pp. 238-45; David Dudley Field, A Third of a Century Given to Law Reform (New York, 1873).
170. Charles M. Cook, The American Codification Movement. A Study of Antebellum Legal Reform (Westport, Ct., 1981), pp. 185-198; Alison Reppy, "The Field Codification Concept" in A. Reppy (ed.), David Dudley Field. Centenary Essays Celebrating One Hundred Years of Legal Reform (New York, 1949), pp. 17-54; M. V. Coe and L. W. Morse, "Chronology of the Development of the David Dudley Field Code," Cornell Law Quarterly, 27, 1941-2, pp. 238-45; David Dudley Field, A Third of a Century Given to Law Reform (New York, 1873).
171. Charles M. Cook, The American Codification Movement. A Study of Antebellum Legal Reform (Westport, Ct., 1981), pp. 185-198; Alison Reppy, "The Field Codification Concept" in A. Reppy (ed.), David Dudley Field. Centenary Essays Celebrating One Hundred Years of Legal Reform (New York, 1949), pp. 17-54; M. V. Coe and L. W. Morse, "Chronology of the Development of the David Dudley Field Code," Cornell Law Quarterly, 27, 1941-2, pp. 238-45; David Dudley Field, A Third of a Century Given to Law Reform (New York, 1873).
172. See the speech of Robert Lowe, later Chancellor of the Exchequer, at a dinner in London in Field's honour, The Morning Chronicle, 22 Dec. 1851, p. 3.
173. "Address by David Dudley Field...on a Project for an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1866 (London, 1867), pp. 42-52; "Address to the Department of Jurisprudence and the Amendment of the Law on the Opening of the Session 1866-7," Social Science (London), pp. 20-30; "Address by David Dudley Field on the Community of Nations," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1867 (London, 1868), pp. 63-9; "Address on an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1873, pp. 219-225; "An International Code," Journal of Social Science, 2, 1870, pp. 188-99; "Representation of Minorities," Journal of Social Science, 3, 1871, pp. 133-47.
174. "Address by David Dudley Field...on a Project for an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1866 (London, 1867), pp. 42-52; "Address to the Department of Jurisprudence and the Amendment of the Law on the Opening of the Session 1866-7," Social Science (London), pp. 20-30; "Address by David Dudley Field on the Community of Nations," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1867 (London, 1868), pp. 63-9; "Address on an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1873, pp. 219-225; "An International Code," Journal of Social Science, 2, 1870, pp. 188-99; "Representation of Minorities," Journal of Social Science, 3, 1871, pp. 133-47.
175. "Address by David Dudley Field...on a Project for an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1866 (London, 1867), pp. 42-52; "Address to the Department of Jurisprudence and the Amendment of the Law on the Opening of the Session 1866-7," Social Science (London), pp. 20-30; "Address by David Dudley Field on the Community of Nations," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1867 (London, 1868), pp. 63-9; "Address on an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1873, pp. 219-225; "An International Code," Journal of Social Science, 2, 1870, pp. 188-99; "Representation of Minorities," Journal of Social Science, 3, 1871, pp. 133-47.
176. "Address by David Dudley Field...on a Project for an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1866 (London, 1867), pp. 42-52; "Address to the Department of Jurisprudence and the Amendment of the Law on the Opening of the Session 1866-7," Social Science (London), pp. 20-30; "Address by David Dudley Field on the Community of Nations," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1867 (London, 1868), pp. 63-9; "Address on an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1873, pp. 219-225; "An International Code," Journal of Social Science, 2, 1870, pp. 188-99; "Representation of Minorities," Journal of Social Science, 3, 1871, pp. 133-47.
177. "Address by David Dudley Field...on a Project for an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1866 (London, 1867), pp. 42-52; "Address to the Department of Jurisprudence and the Amendment of the Law on the Opening of the Session 1866-7," Social Science (London), pp. 20-30; "Address by David Dudley Field on the Community of Nations," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1867 (London, 1868), pp. 63-9; "Address on an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1873, pp. 219-225; "An International Code," Journal of Social Science, 2, 1870, pp. 188-99; "Representation of Minorities," Journal of Social Science, 3, 1871, pp. 133-47.
178. "Address by David Dudley Field...on a Project for an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1866 (London, 1867), pp. 42-52; "Address to the Department of Jurisprudence and the Amendment of the Law on the Opening of the Session 1866-7," Social Science (London), pp. 20-30; "Address by David Dudley Field on the Community of Nations," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1867 (London, 1868), pp. 63-9; "Address on an International Code," Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1873, pp. 219-225; "An International Code," Journal of Social Science, 2, 1870, pp. 188-99; "Representation of Minorities," Journal of Social Science, 3, 1871, pp. 133-47.
179. David Dudley Field, Draft Outlines of an International Code (New York, 1872)
180. Field, "An International Code" (1870), p. 191.
181. Field, "An International Code" (1870), p. 194.
182. Field, "Address by David Dudley Field" (1866), p. 52.
183. This interpretation of Field is advanced by Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America. From the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1965), pp. 254-265.
184. Field, "Representation of Minorities," passim.
185. Sessional Proceedings of the National Association, 1869-70, pp. 447.
186. See Christopher Harvie, The Lights of Liberalism. University Liberals and the Challenge of Democracy 1860-1886 (London, 1976), ch. 5, "University Men and Foreign Politics," pp. 97-115.
187. See Christopher Harvie, The Lights of Liberalism. University Liberals and the Challenge of Democracy 1860-1886 (London, 1976), ch. 5, "University Men and Foreign Politics," pp. 97-115.
188. G. W. Hastings to Edward Jarvis, 8 Feb. 1867, Jarvis Papers, Countway Library, B Ms C 11. 2.
189. John G. Sproat, "The Best Men," Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age (Chicago, 1982 edn.), p. 14.
190. Michael Les Benedict, "Reform Republicans and the Retreat from Reconstruction" in Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss Jr., The Facts of Reconstruction. Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin (Baton Rouge, 1991), pp. 55-64.
191. Michael Les Benedict, "Reform Republicans and the Retreat from Reconstruction" in Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss Jr., The Facts of Reconstruction. Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin (Baton Rouge, 1991), pp. 55-64.
192. Trades' Societies and Strikes (London, 1860). On the different attitudes to labor of British and American social science in this period, see Sanford Elwitt and Lawrence Goldman, "Debate: Social Science, Social Reform and Sociology," Past and Present, 121, Nov. 1988., pp. 209-219.
193. Trades' Societies and Strikes (London, 1860). On the different attitudes to labor of British and American social science in this period, see Sanford Elwitt and Lawrence Goldman, "Debate: Social Science, Social Reform and Sociology," Past and Present, 121, Nov. 1988., pp. 209-219.
194. Sproat, "The Best Men," p. 145.
195. Goldman, "Experts, Investigators and the State" passim.
196. Geoffrey Blodgett, "Reform Thought and the Genteel Tradition" in H. Wayne Morgan (ed.) The Gilded Age (1963) (Syracuse, 1970 edn.), p. 57.
197. I am grateful to one of the referees who read this article for the JHS for reminding me of these individual cases.
198. The Times (London), 3 Oct. 1881, p. 9.
199. Samuel Eliot, "Presidential Address" (1867), Documents Published by the Association, II, p.80.
200. Transactions of the American Social Science Association for 1876 and 1877, with the Constitution and List of Members for 1878 (Boston, 1878), p. 3.
201. "From the Report of the General Secretary", JSS, 11 (1880), p. vi.
202. Jarvis, Ms Autobiography, f. 241.
203. "Communication from Dr. Jarvis," Sessional Proceedings of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, 1868-9, (London, 1869) p. 360.
204. See entries in Caroline Dall's Journal for 14 Oct. 9 Nov. 1872; 28 March 1874; 31 March 1877. Dall Collection, Mass. Hist. Soc. 22.16/17.
205. F. B. Sanborn, "Report of the General Secretary," Journal of Social Science, xxxv (1897), pp. 26-30.
206. For further development of this argument, see Lawrence Goldman "The Social Science Association and the Absence of Sociology in Nineteenth Century Britain," Past and Present, 114, Feb 1987, pp. 154-161. See also Schweber, "Progressive Reformers, Unemployment and the Transformation of Social Inquiry," pp. 180-92.
207. For further development of this argument, see Lawrence Goldman "The Social Science Association and the Absence of Sociology in Nineteenth Century Britain," Past and Present, 114, Feb 1987, pp. 154-161. See also Schweber, "Progressive Reformers, Unemployment and the Transformation of Social Inquiry," pp. 180-92.
208. Ross, Origins of American Social Science, pp. xiv. See also pp. 26, 107.
209. "The Elevation of the Working Classes," The Log Cabin, 18 July 1840, quoted in Roy M. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain 1776-1936 (Princeton, 1942), p. 97. The Log Cabin was a weekly journal edited by Horace Greeley.
210. "The Elevation of the Working Classes," The Log Cabin, 18 July 1840, quoted in Roy M. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain 1776-1936 (Princeton, 1942), p. 97. The Log Cabin was a weekly journal edited by Horace Greeley.
211. "The Elevation of the Working Classes," The Log Cabin, 18 July 1840, quoted in Roy M. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain 1776-1936 (Princeton, 1942), p. 97. The Log Cabin was a weekly journal edited by Horace Greeley.
212. For a brilliant portrait of mid-Victorian Britain in which the term was first coined, see W. L. Burn, The Age of Equipoise. A Study of the Mid-Victorian Generation (London, 1964).
213. "Superficial Notes on American Characteristics, July 1898" in Beatrice Webb, Beatrice Webb's American Diary 1898 (David A. Shannon, ed.) (Madison, 1963), p. 149.
214. E.L. Godkin to Charles Eliot Norton, 28 Feb. 1865, in Armstrong (ed.) The Gilded Age Letters of E. L. Godkin, p. 22.
215. "The Social Science Meeting," The Nation, 9, 4 Nov. 1869, p. 381.
216. Gladstone chaired a famous session of the Social Science Association's "Committee on Labour and Capital" in 1868. He had previously been courted by the Association, and attended the 1863 annual Congress in Edinburgh. See Sessional Proceedings, 1867-8 (London, 1868), pp. 389-432; Goldman, "The Social Science Association", pp. 118-120. On the workingmen's meetings see ibid, p. 108.
217. Gladstone chaired a famous session of the Social Science Association's "Committee on Labour and Capital" in 1868. He had previously been courted by the Association, and attended the 1863 annual Congress in Edinburgh. See Sessional Proceedings, 1867-8 (London, 1868), pp. 389-432; Goldman, "The Social Science Association", pp. 118-120. On the workingmen's meetings see ibid, p. 108.
218. Gladstone chaired a famous session of the Social Science Association's "Committee on Labour and Capital" in 1868. He had previously been courted by the Association, and attended the 1863 annual Congress in Edinburgh. See Sessional Proceedings, 1867-8 (London, 1868), pp. 389-432; Goldman, "The Social Science Association", pp. 118-120. On the workingmen's meetings see ibid, p. 108.
219. Gladstone chaired a famous session of the Social Science Association's "Committee on Labour and Capital" in 1868. He had previously been courted by the Association, and attended the 1863 annual Congress in Edinburgh. See Sessional Proceedings, 1867-8 (London, 1868), pp. 389-432; Goldman, "The Social Science Association", pp. 118-120. On the workingmen's meetings see ibid, p. 108.
220. Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society 1780-1880 (London, 1969), p. 270.
221. James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (3 vols, London, 1888) Vol III, pp. 572-84.
222. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol . III, p. 575.
223. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol . III, p. 582.
224. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol . III, p. 581.
225. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol . III, p. 583.
226. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol . III, p. 583
227. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Vol . III, pp. 583-4.
228. Sally G. Kohlstedt, The Formation of the American Scientific Community. The American Association for the Advancement of Science 1848-60 (Urbana, Ill., 1976), pp. 42-53, 78, 83-4. Jack Morrell and Arnold Thackray, Gentlemen of Science. Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Oxford, 1981), pp. 411-23 ("The Foreign Uses of a National Organization. The United States"). It is noteworthy that the largest national cohort to attend the meetings of the British Association down to 1850 came from the United States.
229. Sally G. Kohlstedt, The Formation of the American Scientific Community. The American Association for the Advancement of Science 1848-60 (Urbana, Ill., 1976), pp. 42-53, 78, 83-4. Jack Morrell and Arnold Thackray, Gentlemen of Science. Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Oxford, 1981), pp. 411-23 ("The Foreign Uses of a National Organization. The United States"). It is noteworthy that the largest national cohort to attend the meetings of the British Association down to 1850 came from the United States.
230. Giuliano Pancaldi, "Scientific Internationalism and the British Association" in Roy MacLeod and Peter Collins (eds.), The Parliament of Science. The British Association for the Advancement of Science 1831-1981 (London, 1981), pp. 145-169. R. von Gizycki, "The Associations for the Advancement of Science: An International Comparative Study," Zeitschrift fur Sociologie, 8, 1979, pp. 28-49.
231. Giuliano Pancaldi, "Scientific Internationalism and the British Association" in Roy MacLeod and Peter Collins (eds.), The Parliament of Science. The British Association for the Advancement of Science 1831-1981 (London, 1981), pp. 145-169. R. von Gizycki, "The Associations for the Advancement of Science: An International Comparative Study," Zeitschrift fur Sociologie, 8, 1979, pp. 28-49.
232. Giuliano Pancaldi, "Scientific Internationalism and the British Association" in Roy MacLeod and Peter Collins (eds.), The Parliament of Science. The British Association for the Advancement of Science 1831-1981 (London, 1981), pp. 145-169. R. von Gizycki, "The Associations for the Advancement of Science: An International Comparative Study," Zeitschrift fur Sociologie, 8, 1979, pp. 28-49.
233. Roy Macleod, "The British Association and its Historians" in Macleod and Collins (eds.), The Parliament of Science, p. 12
234. Roy Macleod, "The British Association and its Historians" in Macleod and Collins (eds.), The Parliament of Science, p. 12
235. Pancaldi, "Scientific Internationalism," p. 160.
236. Pancaldi, "Scientific Internationalism," p. 160.
237. Jarvis, Ms. Autobiography, f. 298. For Jarvis's contributions at the Congress, see Report of the Proceedings of the Fourth Session of the International Statistical Congress, held in London, July 16th, 1860 and the Five Following Days (London, 1861), pp. 51-5; 176; 264-7; 271-2; 277-83; 446-7; 497-9. For his contemporary accounts of his experience at the Congress see Jarvis, European Letters, iii, ff. 173-205.
238. Jarvis, Ms. Autobiography, f. 298. For Jarvis's contributions at the Congress, see Report of the Proceedings of the Fourth Session of the International Statistical Congress, held in London, July 16th, 1860 and the Five Following Days (London, 1861), pp. 51-5; 176; 264-7; 271-2; 277-83; 446-7; 497-9. For his contemporary accounts of his experience at the Congress see Jarvis, European Letters, iii, ff. 173-205.
239. Jarvis, Ms. Autobiography, f. 298. For Jarvis's contributions at the Congress, see Report of the Proceedings of the Fourth Session of the International Statistical Congress, held in London, July 16th, 1860 and the Five Following Days (London, 1861), pp. 51-5; 176; 264-7; 271-2; 277-83; 446-7; 497-9. For his contemporary accounts of his experience at the Congress see Jarvis, European Letters, iii, ff. 173-205.
240. Jarvis, Ms. Autobiography, ff. 314-5.
241. Prof. F. X. von Neumann-Spallart (University of Vienna), "Resume of the Results of the International Statistical Congresses," Jubilee Volume of the Statistical Society (London, 1885), pp. 284-311. Harald Westergaard, Contributions to the History of Statistics (London, 1932), pp. 172-83. John Koren (ed.) The History of Statistics. Their Development and Progress in Many Countries (New York, 1918). It is not without significance that the International Statistical Congress collapsed in the late 1870s as a result of growing international tensions in Europe. The tenth Statistical Congress, planned for 1880, was never held.
242. Prof. F. X. von Neumann-Spallart (University of Vienna), "Resume of the Results of the International Statistical Congresses," Jubilee Volume of the Statistical Society (London, 1885), pp. 284-311. Harald Westergaard, Contributions to the History of Statistics (London, 1932), pp. 172-83. John Koren (ed.) The History of Statistics. Their Development and Progress in Many Countries (New York, 1918). It is not without significance that the International Statistical Congress collapsed in the late 1870s as a result of growing international tensions in Europe. The tenth Statistical Congress, planned for 1880, was never held.
243. Prof. F. X. von Neumann-Spallart (University of Vienna), "Resume of the Results of the International Statistical Congresses," Jubilee Volume of the Statistical Society (London, 1885), pp. 284-311. Harald Westergaard, Contributions to the History of Statistics (London, 1932), pp. 172-83. John Koren (ed.) The History of Statistics. Their Development and Progress in Many Countries (New York, 1918). It is not without significance that the International Statistical Congress collapsed in the late 1870s as a result of growing international tensions in Europe. The tenth Statistical Congress, planned for 1880, was never held.