From brown to ayers v. fordice: The changing shape of racial desegregation in us higher education

Journal of Education Policy

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 699-715

  Parker, Laurence ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032358366     PISSN: 02680939     EISSN: 14645106     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0268093980130603     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Adams V. Califano, 480 F.2Nd 1159 (D.D.C. Cir. 1977).
2. Adams V. Richardson, 356 F. Supp. 92 (D.D.C. Cir. 1973).
3. Adarand Constructors V. Pena, 115 S. Ct. 2097 (1995).
4. Allen, W. R. (1992) The color of success: African-American college student outcomes at predominantly white and historically black public colleges. Harvard Educational Review, 62 (1), 26-44.
5. Allen, W. R., Epps, E. G. and Haniff, N. Z. (1991) College in Black and White: African American Students in Predominantly White and Historically Black Public Universities (Albany, NY: SUNY Press).
6. Anderson, J. D. (1988) The Education of Blacks in the South: 1860-1935 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).
7. Appendix-Private Plaintiffs Of Ayers In Ayers V. Fordice, 879 F. Supp. 1419 (1995).
8. Applebome, P. (1996a) Ruling threatens college policies on racial entries. New York Times, 21 March, Al, A12.
9. Applebome, P. (1996b) Mississippi alters college rules. New York Times, 24 April, A8.
10. Applebome, P. (1997) In 2 law schools, black enrollment scarcely exists. New York Times, 28 June, 1, 7.
11. Ayers V. Allain, 674 F. Supp. 1523 (N.D. Miss. 1987).
12. Ayers V. Mabus, 893 F.2D 732 (5Th Cir. 1990).
13. Ayers V. Fordice, 879 F. Supp. 1419 (1995).
14. Ayers V. Fordice, 111 F. 3Rd 1183 (5th Cir. 1997).
15. Bakke V. Board Of Regents (1978)
16. Bazemore V. Friday, 478 U.S. 385 (1986).
17. Bell, D. A. (1979) Black colleges and the desegregation dilemma. Emory Law Journal, 28 (4), 949-984.
18. Billings, G. L. and Tate, W. T. Iv. (1995) Towards a critical race theory in education. Teachers College Record, 97 (1), 47-63.
19. Bollick, C. (1996) The Affirmative Action Fraud: Can We Restore the American Civil Rights Vision? (Washington, DC: Cato Institute).
20. Bronner (1998) U. of California reports big drop in black admission. New York Times, 1 April, A23.
21. Brown, v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483.
22. Brown, K. (1995) Revisiting the Supreme Court's Opinion in Brown v. Board of Education from a multiculturalist perspective. Teachers College Record, 96 (4), 644-653.
23. Burd, S. (1998) House votes down proposal to bar racial preferences in admissions. Chronicle of Higher Education, 15 May, A35.
24. Cooper Hamilton, D. and Hamilton, C.V. (1997) The Dual Agenda: African-American Struggle for Civil and Economic Equality (New York: Columbia University Press).
25. Crenshaw, K. W. (1988) Race, reform and retrenchment: transformation and legitimation in anti-discrimination law. Harvard Law Review, 101 (7), 1331-1387.
26. Darden, J. T., Duleep, H. O. and Galster, G. C. (1992) Civil rights in metropolitan America. Journal of Urban Affairs, 14 (3/4), 469-496.
27. Davis, R. N. (1993) The quest for equal education in Mississippi: Implications of United States v. Fordice. Mississippi Law Journal, 62 (2), 406-509.
28. Delgado, R. (1989) Storytelling for oppositionists and others: a plea for narrative. Michigan Law Review, 87 (8), 2411-2444.
29. Edsall, T. and Edsall, M. (1991) Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton Press).
30. Exec. Order No. 12876, 58 F.R. 58735 (1993).
31. Feagin, J. R. (1992) The continuing significance of racism: discrimination against black students in white colleges. Journal of Black Studies, 22 (4), 546-578.
32. Feagin, J.R., Vera, H. and Imani, N. (1996) The Agony of Education: Black Students at White Colleges and Universities (New York: Routledge).
33. Feinberg, W. (1996) Affirmative action and beyond: a case for a backward-looking gender-and race-based policy. Teachers College Record, 97(3), 362-399.
34. Ford, C. A. (1994) Administering identity: the determination of "Race" in Race-conscious law. California Law Review, 82 (5), 123-1286.
35. Geier V. University Of Tennessee, 597 F.2D 1056 (6th Cir. 1979).
36. Geier V. Alexander 593 F. Supp. 1263 (1984).
37. Guinier, L. (1994) The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy (New York: The Free Press).
38. Guinier, L. (1998) An equal chance. New York Times Op-ed, 23 April, A21.
39. Harris, C. I. (1993) Whiteness as property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1710-1791.
40. Healy, P. (1996a) A myriad of problems for public black colleges. Chronicle of Higher Education, 17 May, A30, A35.
41. Healy, P. (1996b) New higher-education commissioner wins support despite divisive issues facing Mississippi colleges. Chronicle of Higher Education, 12 July, A31.
42. Healy, P. (1996c) Push to recruit white students angers many at black university in NC. Chronicle of Higher Education, 5 April, A27.
43. Healy, P. (1996d) Black enrollment falls sharply in Mississippi. Chronicle of Higher Education, 27 September, A46.
44. Healy, P. (1996e) Some in Mississippi question priorities in plan to enhance Jackson State U. Chronicle of Higher Education, 6 December, A46.
45. Healy, P. (1998) Affirmative action survives at Colleges in some states covered by Hopwood ruling. Chronicle of Higher Education, 24 April, A42.
46. Hirabayshiv. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943).
47. Hochschild, J. L. (1995) Facing up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
48. Hopwood V. Texas, 78 F. 3Rd 932 (1996).
49. Hunnicutt V. Burge 356 F. Supp. 1230 (1973).
50. Jascik, S. (1994) Whither desegregation: Supreme Court's 1992 ruling on colleges has sown confusion and lacks force. Chronicle of Higher Education, 26 January, A33, A37.
51. Johnson, A. Jr. (1993) Bid whist, tonk, and United States v. Fordice: why integrationism fails African-Americans again California Law Review, 81(6), 1401-1470.
52. Kirschenman, J. and Neckerman, K. (1991) "We'd love to hire them, but…": the meaning of race for employers, in C. Jencks and P.E. Peterson (eds), The Urban Underclass (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution), 203-234.
53. Knight V. State Of Alabama, 787 F. Supp. 1030 (N.D. Ala. 1991).
54. Knight V. State Of Alabama, 14 F.3Rd 1534 (11th Cir. 1994).
55. Knight V. State Of Alabama, 900 F. Supp. 272 (1995).
56. Kujovich, G. (1987) Equal opportunity in higher education and the Black public college: the era of separate but equal. Minnesota Law Review, 72 (1), 30-164.
57. Kunen, J. S. (1996) The end of integration. Time Magazine, 29 April, 39-45.
58. Lederman, D. (1996, April 5) Split on racial preferences: federal courts are rejecting affirmative action, but colleges vow to defend it. Chronicle of Higher Education, April 5, A25, A29.
59. Lee, R. E. (1995) Equality: truth or consequence. Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review, 4(2): 263-269.
60. Lively, D. E. (1992) The Constitution and Race (New York: Prager).
61. Martin, B. (1991) From Negro to Black to African American: the power of names and naming. Political Science Quarterly, 106 (1), 83-107.
62. Massey, D. and Denton, N. (1993) American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
63. Mclaurin V. Oklahoma State Regents, 332 U.S. 631 (1948).
64. Mercer, J. (1993) Praise and fury pursue chief of state's public-university system. Chronicle of Higher Education, 17 November, A31, A32.
65. Mercer, J. (1994) U.S. steps in with plan to desegregate state's colleges. Chronicle of Higher Education, 12 January, A25.
66. Missouri Ex. Rel. Gaines V. Canada, 305 U.S. 337 (1938).
67. Missouri V. Jenkins, 115 S. Ct. 2573 (1995).
68. Motion (1990) of former black students to the University of Mississippi to file brief amicus curiae in support of petitioners, in the October term of the U.S. Supreme Court, No. 90-6588, No. 90-1205.
69. Oliver, M. L. and Shapiro, T. H. (1995) Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality (New York: Routledge).
70. Omi, M. and Winant, H. (1994) Racial Formation in the United States (2nd edn) (New York: Routledge).
71. Orfield, G. (1995) Public opinion and school desegregation. Teachers College Record, 96 (4), 654-670.
72. Orfield, G. and Ashkinaze, C. (1991) The Closing Door: Conservative Policy and Black Opportunity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
73. Patterson, C. M. (1994) Desegregation as a two-way street: the aftermath of United States v. Fordice. Cleveland State Law Review, 42(3), 377-434.
74. Phillipsen, M. (1994) The second promise of Brown. Urban Review, 26 (4), 257-272.
75. Plessyv. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
76. Podbersky V. Kirwan, 46 F.3Rd 5 (4Th Cir. 1994).
77. Post-Trial (1991) proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law jointly submitted by the Knight and Sims plaintiffs. Civil Action No. CV83-M-1676-S.
78. Preer, J. L. (1982) Lawyers v. Educators: Black Colleges and Desegregation in Public Higher Education (Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1982).
79. Robinson Henry, A. (1998) Perpetuating inequality: Plessy V. Ferguson and the dilemma of Black access to public higher education. Journal of Law and Education, 27 (1): 47-71.
80. Sclater, A. (1996) James ends appeal over school suit. Montgomery Advertiser, 20 January, 1A.
81. Sipuel V. Board Of Regents, 32 U.S. 631 (1948).
82. Smothers, R. (1996) For Mississippi's governor, another fight over power. New York Times, July 10, A7.
83. Sowell, T. (1972) Black Education: Myths and Tragedies (New York: McKay).
84. Spann, G. A. (1993) Race Against the Court: The Supreme Court and Minorities in Contemporary America (New York: NYU Press).
85. Stefkovich, J. A. and Leas, T. (1994) A legal history of desegregation in higher education. Journal of Negro Education, 63 (3), 406-420.
86. Sweatt V. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950).
87. Takagi, D. Y. (1992) Retreat From Race: Asian American Admissions and Racial Politics (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press).
88. Tierney, W. G. (1993) Building Communities of Difference: Higher Education in the 21st Century (Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey).
89. Tribe, L. H. (1989) The curvature of constitutional space: what lawyers can learn from modern physics. Harvard Law Review 103 (1), 1-39.
90. Tollett, K. (1973) Black institutions of higher learning: inadvertent victims or necessary sacrifices? Black Law Journal 3 (2), 162-175.
91. U.S. V. Fordice, 112 S. Ct. 2727 (1992).
92. U.S. V. Fordice, 112 S. Ct. 2727, Justice Thomas concurring, 2742 (1992).
93. Ware, L. (1994) The most visible vestige: Black colleges after Fordice. Boston College Law Review, 35(3), 633-680.
94. Weeden, L. D. (1992) Statutory and equal protection remedies to save historically black colleges from the effects of invidious desegregation. Thurgood Marshall Law Review, 18(1), 41-68.
95. Wenglinsky, H. H. (1996) The educational justification of Historically Black Colleges and Universities: a policy response to the U.S. Supreme Court. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 18(1), 91-103.
96. Wilkins, R. (1995) Dream deferred but not defeated. Teachers College Record, 96(4), 614-618.
97. Williams, J. B. (1988) Title VI regulation of higher education, in J.B. Williams, III (ed.), Desegregating America's Colleges and Universities: Title VI Regulation of Higher Education (New York: Teachers College Press), 3-53.
98. Willie, C.V. (1988) Initiation of desegregation litigation: A majority or minority responsibility, in J.B. Williams, III (ed.), Desegregation America's Colleges and Universities: Title VI Regulation of Higher Education (New York: Teachers College Press), 103-111.
99. Wilson, R. (1990) Can black colleges solve the problem of access for black students? American Journal of Education, 98 (4), 443-457.