The earl of Carnarvon, empire, and imperialism, 1855-90

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 48-66

  Knox, Bruce ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032355830     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086539808583024     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. See R. Koebner and H.D. Schmidt, Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word 1840-1960 (Cambridge, 1964).
2. Robert Stewart, The Foundation of the Conservative Party 1830-1867 (London, 1978), 272. See also: Richard Shannon, The Age of Disraeli, 1868-1881: The Rise of Tory Democracy (London 1992); E.H.H. Green, The Crisis of Conservatism: The Politics, Economics and Ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880-1914 (London: New York, 1995).
3. Robert Stewart, The Foundation of the Conservative Party 1830-1867 (London, 1978), 272. See also: Richard Shannon, The Age of Disraeli, 1868-1881: The Rise of Tory Democracy (London 1992); E.H.H. Green, The Crisis of Conservatism: The Politics, Economics and Ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880-1914 (London: New York, 1995).
4. Robert Stewart, The Foundation of the Conservative Party 1830-1867 (London, 1978), 272. See also: Richard Shannon, The Age of Disraeli, 1868-1881: The Rise of Tory Democracy (London 1992); E.H.H. Green, The Crisis of Conservatism: The Politics, Economics and Ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880-1914 (London: New York, 1995).
5. Probably the latest consideration of the topic is John Legge, 'A New Imperialism in the Late 19th Century? Revisiting an Old Debate', in Brook Barrington (ed.), Empires, Imperialism and Southeast Asia (Melbourne, 1997). The essay gives large attention to David Fieldhouse's contributions to the study of imperialism.
6. Cf. Bruce Knox (ed.), The Queensland Years of Robert Herbert (St. Lucia, 1977), 5-6.
7. 3 Hansard, 130 (31 Jan. 1854), col.9.
8. W.F. Monypenny and G.E. Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli (6 vols., London, 1910-1920) (hereafter, M&B), IV, 119.
9. Journal, Feb. 1858, Add.Mss. 60892, fos. 19-20. References to the two collections of Carnarvon Papers will be as follows: the collection in the Public Record Office, Kew, is in PRO 30/6, which will be rendered here as CP (followed by the volume number). The papers in the British Library will be cited (as in this note) by their Add. Mss. numbers.
10. Ibid., fos.20-22.
11. See CP 131-2.
12. Journal, Feb .1858 and Aug. 1858, 22-36. Add.Mss. 60892, fos. 19-20.
13. M&B, III, 569.
14. Disraeli to Derby, 25 Feb. 1858, M&B, IV, 118, III, 569; 3 Hansard 136 (8 Feb. 1855) cols. 1337-8.
15. Diary of Gathorne Hardy, 12 Jan. 1859, A.E. Gathorne Hardy (ed.), Gathorne Hardy, First Earl of Cranbrook (London, 1910), I, 126; Disraeli to Derby, 20, 27 Dec. 1858, Papers of the 14th Earl of Derby (Liverpool City Libraries), Box 145/5.
16. The Caxtons (any edition), Part XII, chap. VI; see also, Part XVII.
17. The Caxtons (any edition), Part XII, chap. VI; see also, Part XVII.
18. J.R. Godley to C.B. Adderley, 21 Aug. 1858, W.S. Childe-Pemberton, Life of Lord Norton (London, 1909), 172.
19. Journal, Aug. 1858, Add. Mss. 60892, fos.22-36.
20. See, for example, Bruce Knox, 'British Policy and the Ionian Islands, 1847-1864: Nationalism and Imperial Administration', English Historical Review, XCIX (1984), 503-29.
21. Journal, 1 July 1859, Add. Mss. 60892, fos.57-8 and passim.
22. Ibid 68-70; T.H.S. Escott, Life of Edward Bulwer, 1st Baron Lytton (London, 1910), 303 (citing an interview with Lord Carnarvon). The quotation is from The Caxtons (Knebworth edn, London, 1874), 327.
23. Ibid 68-70; T.H.S. Escott, Life of Edward Bulwer, 1st Baron Lytton (London, 1910), 303 (citing an interview with Lord Carnarvon). The quotation is from The Caxtons (Knebworth edn, London, 1874), 327.
24. See Bruce A. Knox, 'Conservative Imperialism 1858-1874: Bulwer Lytton, Lord Carnarvon, and Canadian Confederation', International History Review, VI (1984), 333-57.
25. See Victorian application, Carnarvon's Cabinet circular, and replies of colleagues, in CP 166.
26. See, for example, D.C. Gordon, The Dominion Partnership in Imperial Defense, 1870-1914 (Baltimore, 1965), 2-4.
27. Stewart, Conservative Party, 362. See evidence of bitterness: Add. Mss. 61070, fos.209-11; Diary, 9 July 1867. Add. Mss. 60899.
28. Bruce Knox, 'Imperial Consequences of Constitutional Problems in New South Wales and Victoria 1865-1870', Australian Historical Studies, 21 (1985), 515-33; 3 Hansard, 199 (14 Feb. 1870); Add. Mss. 60901, Diary, 12 Dec. 1869; 3 Hansard, 200, col. 1905.
29. Bruce Knox, 'Imperial Consequences of Constitutional Problems in New South Wales and Victoria 1865-1870', Australian Historical Studies, 21 (1985), 515-33; 3 Hansard, 199 (14 Feb. 1870); Add. Mss. 60901, Diary, 12 Dec. 1869; 3 Hansard, 200, col. 1905.
30. Bruce Knox, 'Imperial Consequences of Constitutional Problems in New South Wales and Victoria 1865-1870', Australian Historical Studies, 21 (1985), 515-33; 3 Hansard, 199 (14 Feb. 1870); Add. Mss. 60901, Diary, 12 Dec. 1869; 3 Hansard, 200, col. 1905.
31. See, for example, correspondence in CP 171; Diary, idem.
32. The process of rejoining is recorded in Add. Mss. 60902, Diary, beginning 4 Feb. 1870.
33. See, ibid., esp. 25 Feb. 1870.
34. Extract in M&B, V, 194-6.
35. See, for example, R. Herbert to Carnarvon, 9 Feb. 1874. T.B. Potter, A.J. Mundella to Carnarvon, 19 Feb., 21 Feb. 1874, Add. Mss. 60791, fos.39-43. Add. Mss. 60854, fos.94, 97-8. On the significance of the change, however, cf. C.C. Eldridge, England's Mission: The Imperial Idea in the Age of Gladstone and Disraeli (London, 1973).
36. Carnarvon's Diary shows close contact with Herbert in 1870-74, including political consultation: Add. Mss. 60791, 60792, passim.
37. Edward Wilson to Carnarvon, 9 Feb. 1874, Add. Mss. 60854, fo.89; unaddressed draft by Carnarvon, 12 Feb. 1874, ibid., fo.92. Cf. similar request from Secretary of the Colonial Institute, encl. in Gathorne Hardy to Disraeli, 15 Feb. 1874, Bodleian Library, Disraeli Papers, B/XX/Ha/68.
38. Cf. Knox, 'Imperial Consequences'. Wilson and others were to be disappointed in this respect when Carnarvon failed to intervene in the Victorian crisis of 1877: see A.G. Serle, 'New Light on the Colonial Office, Sir George Bowen and the Victorian Constitutional Crises', Historical Studies, 13 (1969).
39. Unaddressed draft by Carnarvon, 12 Feb. 1874, Add. Mss. 60854, fo.92.
40. M. Corry to Sir Henry Ponsonby, 13 May 1878, M&B, VI, 419-20.
41. Diary, 5 Feb. 1870, Add. Mss. 60902; Diary, 2 Nov. 1871, ibid., 60903.
42. Duffy to Carnarvon, 24 June 1874, CP 43, fos.211-212.
43. Froude to Carnarvon, 4 March 1874, A.H. Hardinge, The Life of ... Carnarvon (3 vols, London, 1926), II, 176.
44. Diary, 3 May 1874, Add. Mss. 60906; Carnarvon to Sir Stafford Northcote, 15 Aug. 1874, CP 7, fos.27-8.
45. Add.Mss.60906, Diary, 20 Aug. 1874; Memorandum by Sir G. Duffy, 16 Sept. 1874, on the organization of the Colonial Empire. Add. Mss. 60812, fos. 193-213.
46. Blachford to Sir Henry Taylor, 28 Dec. 1875, G.E. Marindin, Letters of Frederic Lord Blachford (London, 1896).
47. Draft letter Carnarvon to Sir William Stawell, acting-Governor of Victoria, 18 Nov. 1874, CP 47, fos.57-61. He addressed Sir Hercules Robinson (New South Wales) in identical terms.
48. R. Herbert to Lord Carnarvon, 25 Sept. 1874, Add. Mss. 60791, fos.123-31.
49. Diary, 29 Sept. 1874, Add. Mss. 60906. See also, ibid., 30 Sept. 1874.
50. A. Michie (Victorian Agent-General) to CO, 29 Nov. 1875, CO 309/113, fo.382. Cf. earlier, similar request, G. Verdon (Victorian Agent-General) to CO, 21 Oct. 1870, referring to 'reciprocal obligations of Great Britain and her Colonial Possessions', CO 309/96, fos.347-51.
51. Disraeli to Carnarvon, 8 Dec. 1875, CP II, fo.108.
52. Hardy to Carnarvon, 13 Dec. 1875, CP 12, fos.133-6. Cf., Canadian prime minister, Alexander Mackenzie's impression, in June 1875, of the untoward views of 'the commercial interests, the landed classes, and the general public', cited in Richard A. Preston, Canada and 'Imperial Defense': A study of the origins of the British Commonwealth's Defense Organization, 1867-1919 (Durham, N.C., 1967), 76.
53. Cf. Carnarvon to Duke of Cambridge, 22 March 1876, CP 13; Hardinge, II, 77.
54. See above, fn. 39.
55. See ref. in 'Imperial Administration', Address by Lord Carnarvon to the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution, 5 Nov. 1878, in R. Herbert (ed.), Essays, Addresses and Translations by ... Carnarvon (3 vols., London, 1896), III, 6.
56. CP 11, fo.100, Carnarvon to Disraeli, 29 Nov. 1875.
57. Beaconsfield to the Queen, 6 Oct. 1877. Royal Archives, B53/19; 3 Nov. 1877, ibid., B53/36, Cabinet Reports of Prime Ministers to the Crown 1868-1916 (microfilm: Harvester Press, 1974).
58. See W.D. McIntyre, The Imperial Frontier in the Tropics, 1865-1875 (London, 1967); C.F. Goodfellow, Great Britain and South African Confederation, 1868-1881 (Cape Town, 1966); Eldridge, England's Mission.
59. See W.D. McIntyre, The Imperial Frontier in the Tropics, 1865-1875 (London, 1967); C.F. Goodfellow, Great Britain and South African Confederation, 1868-1881 (Cape Town, 1966); Eldridge, England's Mission.
60. See W.D. McIntyre, The Imperial Frontier in the Tropics, 1865-1875 (London, 1967); C.F. Goodfellow, Great Britain and South African Confederation, 1868-1881 (Cape Town, 1966); Eldridge, England's Mission.
61. Herbert to Carnarvon, 10 April 1874, Add. Mss. 60791.
62. R. Robinson and J. Gallagher, with Alice Denny, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism (London, 1965)
63. See minute by Carnarvon on this, 7 Jan. 1859, CO 48/390, fos.499-505.
64. See correspondence with Sir Henry Barkly (Governor of the Cape) during 1874 in CP 32. esp. Carnarvon to Barkly, 27 May, 24 June, 22 Aug., Barkly to Carnarvon, 6 July.
65. Carnarvon to Barkly, 4 Aug. 1875, CP 32; CP 11, Carnarvon to Disraeli, 15 July, 2 Sept. 1875.
66. 'Imperial Adminstration', in Essays and Addresses, 9.
67. Knox, 'Imperial Consequences', 515 and passim.
68. See C.W. de Kiewiet and F.H. Underhill (eds.), Dufferin Carnarvon Correspondence 1874-1878 (Toronto, 1955), passim, esp. Carnarvon to Dufferin, 17 June, 30 July 1874.
69. Parkes to Carnarvon, 31 July 1875, CP 46, fo.64; H. Parkes to Sir Hercules Robinson, 26 April 1875, enc. in Robinson to Carnarvon, 7 May 1875, CP 25, fos.212-17. See also, Sir W. Stawell to Carnarvon (Secret & confidential), 24 Feb. 1875, CO 309/113, fos.35-40.
70. Essays and Addresses, 29.
71. Ibid., 21-2. See, Koebner and Schmidt, Imperialism.
72. Ibid., 21-2. See, Koebner and Schmidt, Imperialism.
73. Essays and Addresses, 22.
74. Ibid., 23.
75. Carnarvon to Disraeli, 21 Feb. 1876,. CP 11, fo.117.
76. Lowe to Carnarvon, c. 10 Nov. 1878, Add. Mss. 60854, fos. 146-7.
77. W.E. Gladstone, 'England's Mission', Nineteenth Century, (Sept. 1878), 560-84; R. Lowe, 'Imperialism', Fortnightly Review, CXLII, New Series (Oct. 1878) 453-65.
78. W.E. Gladstone, 'England's Mission', Nineteenth Century, (Sept. 1878), 560-84; R. Lowe, 'Imperialism', Fortnightly Review, CXLII, New Series (Oct. 1878) 453-65.
79. Lowe to Carnarvon, c.10 Nov. 1878, Add. Mss 60854, fos. 146-7.
80. Carnarvon to Sir J. Macdonald, 17 July 1883, National Archives of Canada, Macdonald Papers, Vol.395, pt. 1.
81. Add. Mss. 60821 (Duffy-Carnarvon correspondence), Carnarvon to Salisbury, 25 Dec. 1884; Add. Mss. 60760, fos. 13-14, draft of letter by Salisbury, 21 March 1885, ibid., fos. 18-21, 5; Duffy's MS., 'Ireland's Place in the Federation of the Empire', ibid., fos.31-36.
82. Herbert to Carnarvon, 9 Jan. 1886, Add. Mss 60795, fo.73.
83. Salisbury to Carnarvon, 25 July 1886; Add. Mss. 60760, fos. 112-14; Salisbury to Carnarvon, 27 March 1890, ibid., fos.140-7; Carnarvon to Salisbury, 2 April 1890, ibid., fos.147-[50].
84. Diaries, 1887-8, see Add. Mss. 60929, 60930; Notes on the Cape and Australia, 1887-9, Add. Mss. 60809; notes and drafts, Add. Mss. 60957, fos.82-117, esp. for 'Australia in 1888', Essays and Addresses, 97-143.
85. A.W. Martin, Henry Parkes: A Biography (Melbourne, 1980), 325.
86. He was, however, wary of the Imperial Federation League formed in 1884: Herbert to Carnarvon 11 Nov. 1886, Add. Mss. 60795, fos. 116-18.