Devaluing women and minorities: The effects of race/ethnic and sex composition of occupations on wage levels

Work and Occupations

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 511-536

  Reid, Lori L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032354430     PISSN: 07308884     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0730888498025004005     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Acker, J. (1989). Doing comparable worth: Gender, class, and pay equity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
2. Baron, J., & Newman, A. (1989). Pay the man: Effects of demographic composition on prescribed wage rates in the California civil service. In R. Michael, H. Hartmann, & B. O'Farrell (Eds.), Pay equity: empirical inquiries (pp. 107-130). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
3. Beck, E. M., Horan, P. M., & Tolbert II, C. M. (1978). Stratification in a dual economy: A sectoral model of earnings determination. American Sociological Review, 43, 704-720.
4. Beck, E. M., Horan, P. M., & Tolbert II, C. M. (1980). Industrial segmentation and labor market discrimination. Social Problems, 28, 113-130.
5. Berheide, C. W., Chertos, C. H., & Steinberg, R. (1987). Pay equity for Blacks and Hispanics in New York State government employment. In Pay equity: An issue of race, ethnicity and sex (pp. 71-108). Washington, DC: National Committee on Pay Equity.
6. Blalock, H. M., Jr. (1967). Status inconsistency, social mobility, status integration and structural effects. American Sociological Review, 32, 790-801.
7. Bridges, W. P. (1980). Industry marginality and female employment: A new appraisal. American Sociological Review, 45, 58-75.
8. Center for Human Resource Research. (1983). The national longitudinal survey of youth, 1979-1987: Technical sampling report and addendum. Columbus: Ohio State University.
9. Corcoran, M., & Duncan, G. J. (1979). Work history, labor force attachment, and earnings differences between the races and sexes. Journal of Human Resources, 14, 3-20.
10. Cotton, J. (1988). Discrimination and favoritism in the U.S. labor market: The cost to a wage earner of being female and Black and the benefit of being male and White. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 47, 15-28.
11. Cotton, J. (1990). The gap at the top: Relative occupational earnings disadvantages of the Black middle class. Review of Black Political Economy, 18, 21-38.
12. Coverdill, J. E. (1988). The dual economy and sex differences in earnings. Social Forces, 66, 970-993.
13. Defreitas, G. (1993). Unionization among racial and ethnic minorities. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46, 284-301.
14. Dill, B. T., Cannon, L. W., & Vanneman, R. (1987). Race and gender in occupational segregation. In Pay equity: An issue of race, ethnicity and sex (pp. 11-70). Washington, DC: National Committee on Pay Equity.
15. England, P. (1984). Wage appreciation and depreciation: A test of neoclassical economic explanations of occupational sex segregation. Social Forces, 62, 726-749.
16. England, P. (1992). Comparable worth: Theories and evidence. New York: Aldine.
17. England, P., Chassie, M., & McCormack, L. (1982). Skill demands and earnings in female and male occupations. Sociology and Social Research, 66, 147-168.
18. England, P., Farkas, G., Kilbourne, B. S., & Dou, T. (1988). Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: Findings from a model with fixed effects. American Sociological Review, 53, 544-558.
19. England, P., Herbert, M. S., Kilbourne, B. S., Reid, L. L., & Megdal, L. M. (1994). The gendered valuation of occupations and skills: earnings in 1980 Census occupations. Social Forces, 73, 65-100.
20. England, P., & McLaughlin, S. (1979). Sex segregation of jobs and male-female income differentials. In R. Alvarez, K. Lutterman, & Associates (Eds.), Discrimination in organizations (pp. 189-213). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
21. Filer, R. K. (1989). Occupational segregation compensating differentials and comparable worth. In R. T. Michael, H. I. Hartmann, & B. O'Farrell (Eds.), Pay equity: Empirical inquiries (pp. 153-170). Washington DC: National Academy Press.
22. Gyimah-Brempong, K., & Fichtenbaum, R. (1993). Black-White wage differential: The relative importance of human capital and labor market structure. Review of Black Political Economy, 21, 19-52.
23. Hirsch, B. T., & Schumacher, E. J. (1992). Labor earnings, discrimination, and the racial composition of jobs. Journal of Human Resources, 27, 602-628.
24. Hodson, R., & England, P. (1986). Industrial structure and sex differences in earnings. Industrial Relations, 25, 16-32.
25. Hodson, R., & Kaufman, R. L. (1982). Economic dualism: A critical review. American Sociological Review, 47, 727-739.
26. Jacobs, J. A., & Steinberg, R. (1990). Compensating differentials and the male-female wage gap: Evidence from the New York state comparable worth study. Social Forces, 69, 439-468.
27. Kilbourne, B. S., England, P., Farkas, G., Beron, K., & Weir, D. (1994). Returns to skill, compensating differentials, and gender bias: Effects of occupational characteristics on the wages of White women and men. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 689-719.
28. Malveaux, J. (1984). Comments on the John M. Jeffries and Howard Stanback Article. Review of Black Political Economy, 89, 585-611.
29. Moss, P., & Tilly, C. (1996). "Soft" skills and race: An investigation of Black men's employment problems. Work and Occupations, 23, 252-276.
30. Parcel, T. (1989). Comparable worth, occupational labor markets, and occupational earnings: Results from the 1980 census. In R. T. Michael, H. Hartmann, & B. O'Farrell (Eds.), Pay equity: Empirical inquiries (pp. 134-152). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
31. Petersen, T., & Morgan, L. A. (1995). Separate and unequal: Occupation-establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap. American Journal of Sociology, 101, 329-365.
32. Pfeffer, J., & Davis-Blake, A. (1987). The effect of the proportion of women on salaries: The case of college administrators. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, 1-24.
33. Polachek, S. (1981). Occupational self-selection: A human capital approach to sex differences in occupational structure. Review of Economics and Statistics, 58, 60-69.
34. Remick, H., Ginorio, A. B., & Britz, P. (1987). A case study in Washington state. In Pay equity: An issue of race, ethnicity and sex (pp. 109-149). Washington, DC: National Committee on Pay Equity.
35. Roos, P.A., & Price, J. (1981). Fourth edition dictionary of occupational titles (DOT) scores for 1970 census categories: Codebook. Washington, DC: Committee on Occupational Classification and Analysis, National Academy of Sciences.
36. Ross, J. (1987). Race and sex discrimination in Los Angeles county employment policies. In Pay equity: An issue of race, ethnicity and sex (pp. 150-173). Washington, DC: National Committee on Pay Equity.
37. Scales-Trent, J. (1984). Comparable worth: Is this a theory for Black workers? Women's Rights Law Reporter, 8, 51-58.
38. Sorensen, E. (1989). Measuring the effect of occupational sex and race composition on earnings. In R. T. Michael, H. I. Hartmann, & B. O'Farrell (Eds.), Pay equity: Empirical inquiries (pp. 49-69). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
39. Steinberg, R. J. (1990). Social construction of skill: Gender, power, and comparable worth. Work and Occupations, 17, 449-482.
40. Steinberg, R. J., Haignere, L., Possin, C., Cheitos, C. H., & Treiman, D. (1986). The New York state pay equity study. Albany: Center for Women in Government, State University of New York at Albany.
41. Tienda, M., & Lii, D. (1987). Minority concentration and earnings inequality: Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians compared. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 141-165.
42. Tomaskovic-Devey, D. (1993). Gender & racial inequality at work: The sources & consequences of job segregation. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.
43. Treiman, D. J., Hartmann, H. I., & Roos, P. A. (1984). Assessing pay discrimination using national data. In H. Remick (Ed.), Comparable worth and wage discrimination: Technical possibilities and political realities (pp. 137-154). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
44. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1971). 1970 census of population alphabetical index of industries and occupations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
45. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1990). Statistical abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
46. U.S. Department of Labor. (1977). Dictionary of occupational titles (4th ed.) Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.