Pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance as a tool for studying translational diffusion: Part II. Experimental aspects

Concepts in Magnetic Resonance

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 197-237

  Price, William S ^a,b,c,d  

^a WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c INSTITUTE OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SCIENCES   (Taiwan)

^d NATL INST OF MAT AND CHEM RES   (Japan)

Author keywords

Background gradient; Diffusion; Eddy currents; Gradient calibration; Pulsed field gradient

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032352438     PISSN: 10437347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0534(1998)10:4<197::AID-CMR1>3.0.CO;2-S     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. W. S. Price, "Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Tool for Studying Translational Diffusion: Part 1. Basic Theory," Concepts Magn. Reson., 1997, 9, 299-336.
2. P. T. Callaghan, Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy, Clarendon, Oxford, 1991.
3. P. T. Callaghan, C. M. Trotter, and K. W. Jolley, "A Pulsed Field Gradient System for a Fourier Transform Spectrometer," J. Magn. Reson., 1980, 37, 247-259.
4. P. Stilbs, "Fourier Transform Pulsed-Gradient Spin-Echo Studies of Molecular Diffusion," Progr. NMR Spectrosc., 1987, 19, 1-45.
5. J. Kärger, H. Pfeifer, and W. Heink, "Principles and Applications of Self-diffusion measurements by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance," Adv. Magn. Reson., 1988, 12, 1-89.
6. W. S. Price, W.-T. Chang, W.-M. Kwok, and L.-P. Hwang, "Design and Construction of a Pulsed Field-Gradient NMR Probe for a High-Field Superconducting Magnet," J. Chin. Chem. Soc. (Taipei), 1994, 41, 119-127.
7. W. S. Price, "Gradient NMR," in Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy, Vol. 32, G. A. Webb, Ed., Academic, London, 1996, pp. 51-142.
8. W. S. Price, "NMR Imaging," in Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy, Vol. 35, G. A. Webb, Ed., Academic, London, 1998, pp. 139-216.
9. W. S. Price, "An NMR Study of Diffusion, Viscosity, and Transport of Small Molecules in Human Erythrocytes," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Sydney, 1990.
10. W. R. Smythe, Static and Dynamic Electricity, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1939.
11. M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover, New York, 1970.
12. P. Mansfield and B. Chapman, "Active Magnetic Screening of Gradient Coils in NMR Imaging," J. Magn. Reson., 1986, 66, 573-576.
13. P. Mansfield and B. Chapman, "Active Magnetic Screening of Coils for Static and Time-Dependent Magnetic Field Generation," J. Phys., 1986, E19, 540-545.
14. R. Turner, "A Target Field Approach to Optimal Coil Design," J. Phys., 1986, D19, L147-L151.
15. R. Turner and R. M. Bowley, "Passive Screening of Switched Magnetic Field Gradients," J. Phys., 1986, E19, 876-879.
16. J. W. Carlson, K. A. Derby, K. C. Hawryszko, and M. Weideman, "Design and Evaluation of Shielded Gradient Coils," Magn. Reson. Med., 1992, 26, 191-206.
17. M. Burl and I. R. Young, "Eddy Currents and Their Control," in Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 3, D. M. Grant and R. K. Harris, Eds., Wiley, New York, 1996, pp. 1841-1846.
18. A. Jasinski, T. Jakubowski, R. Rydzy, P. Morris, I. C. P. Smith, P. Kozlowski, and J. K. Saunders, "Shielded Gradient Coils and Radio Frequency Probes for High-Resolution Imaging of Rat Brains," Magn. Reson. Med., 1992, 24, 29-41.
19. R. E. Hurd, A. Deese, M. O'Neil, S. Sukumar, and P. C. M. Van Zijl, "Impact of Differential Linearity in Gradient-Enhanced NMR," J. Magn. Reson., 1996, A119, 285-288.
20. B. Håkansson, B. Jönsson, P. Linse, and O. Soderman, "The Influence of a Nonconstant Magnetic-Field Gradient on PFG NMR Diffusion Experiments: A Brownian-Dynamics Computer Simulation Study," J. Magn. Reson., 1997, 124, 343-351.
21. P. T. Callaghan, "PGSE-MASSEY, a Sequence for Overcoming Phase Instability in Very-High-Gradient Spin-Echo NMR," J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 88, 493-500.
22. R. M. Boerner and W. S. Woodward, "A Computer-Controlled Bipolar Magnetic-Field-Gradient Driver for NMR Electrophoretic and Self-Diffusion Measurements," J. Magn. Reson., 1994, A106, 195-202.
23. N. K. Bär, J. Kärger, C. Krause, W. Schmitz, and G. Seiffert, "Pitfalls in PFG NMR Self-diffusion Measurements with Powder Samples," J. Magn. Reson., 1995, A113, 278-280.
24. M. Appel and G. Fleischer, "Investigation of the Chain Length Dependence of Self-diffusion of Poly(dimethyl siloxane) and Poly(ethylene oxide) in the Melt with Pulsed Field Gradient NMR," Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 5520-5525.
25. W. Heink, J. Kärger, G. Seiffert, G. Fleischer, and J. Rauchfuss, "PFG NMR Self-diffusion Measurements with Large Field Gradients," J. Magn. Reson., 1995, A114, 101-104.
26. P. T. Gallaghan, K. W. Jolley, and C. M. Trotter, "Stable and Accurate Spin Echoes in Pulsed Gradient NMR," J. Magn. Reson., 1980, 39, 525-527.
27. H. Y. Carr and E. M. Purcell, "Effects of Diffusion on Free Precession in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiments," Phys. Rev., 1954, 94, 630-638.
28. D. C. Douglass and D. W. McCall, "Diffusion in Paraffin Hydrocarbons," J. Chem. Phys., 1958, 62, 1102-1107.
29. T. R. Saarinen and C. S. Johnson, Jr., "Imaging of Transient Magnetization Gratings in NMR: Analogies with Laser-Induced Gratings and Applications to Diffusion and Flow," J. Magn. Reson., 1988, 78, 257-270.
30. W. S. Price and P. W. Kuchel, "Effect of Nonrectangular Field Gradient Pulses in the Stejskal and Tanner (Diffusion) Pulse Sequence," J. Magn. Reson., 1991, 94, 133-139.
31. M. I. Hrovat and C. G. Wade, "NMR Pulsed-Gradient Diffusion Measurements. I. Spin-Echo Stability and Gradient Calibration," J. Magn. Reson., 1981, 44, 62-75.
32. X. X. Zhu and P. M. Macdonald, "Empirical Compensation Function for Eddy Current Effects in Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiments," Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson., 1995, 4, 217-227.
33. E. von Meerwall and M. Kamat, "Effect of Residual Field Gradients on Pulsed Gradient NMR Diffusion Measurements," J. Magn. Reson., 1989, 83, 309-323.
34. M. I. Hrovat and C. G. Wade, "NMR Pulsed Gradient Diffusion Measurements. II. Residual Gradients and Lineshape Distortions," J. Magn. Reson., 1981, 45, 67-80.
35. Maple V, Rel. 4, Waterloo Maple, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1996.
36. E. von Meerwall and R. D. Ferguson, "Interpreting Pulsed-Gradient Spin-Echo Diffusion Experiments with Permeable Membranes," J. Chem. Phys., 1981, 74, 6956-6959.
37. J. J. Van Vaals and A. H. Bergman, "Optimization of Eddy-Current Compensation," J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 90, 52-70.
38. P. D. Majors, J. L. Blackley, S. A. Altobelli, A. Caprihan, and E. Fukushima, "Eddy Current Compensation by Direct Field Detection and Digital Gradient Modification," J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 87, 548-553.
39. P. Jehenson, M. Westphal, and N. Schuff, "Analytical Method for the Compensation of Eddy-Current Effects Induced by Pulsed Magnetic Field Gradients in NMR Systems," J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 90, 264-278.
40. M. A. Morich, D. A. Lampman, W. R. Dannels, and F. T. D. Goldie, "Exact Temporal Eddy Current Compensation in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Systems," IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., 1988, 7, 247-254.
41. 0 Field by Postprocessing," Magn. Reson. Med., 1989, 12, 253-256.
42. 0 Shifts in Localized Spectroscopy and Imaging by Direct Frequency Modulation," J. Magn. Reson., 1994, B103, 115-119.
43. L. Griffiths, R. Horton, and T. Cosgrove, "NMR Diffusion Measurements Using Refocused Three-Pulse Stimulated Echoes," J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 90, 254-263.
44. S. J. Gibbs and C. S. Johnson, Jr., "A PFG NMR Experiment for Accurate Diffusion and Flow Studies in the Presence of Eddy Currents," J. Magn. Reson., 1991, 93, 395-402.
45. J. E. Tanner, "Use of the Stimulated Echo in NMR Diffusion Studies," J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 2523-2526.
46. D. Wu, A. Chen, and C. S. Johnson, Jr., "An Improved Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy Experiment Incorporating Bipolar-Gradient Pulses," J. Magn. Reson., 1995, A115, 260-264.
47. D. Burstein, "Stimulated Echoes: Description, Applications, Practical Hints," Concepts Magn. Reson., 1996, 8, 269-278.
48. G. Wider, V. Dötsch, and K. Wüthrich, "Self-Compensating Pulsed Magnetic-Field Gradients for Short Recovery Times," J. Magn. Reson., 1994, A108, 255-258.
49. E. O. Stejsksal and J. E. Tanner, "Spin Diffusion Measurements: Spin Echoes in the Presence of a Time-Dependent Field Gradient," J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 42, 288-292.
50. B. Gross and R. Kosfeld, "Anwendung der Spin-Echo-Methode bei der Messung der Selbstdiffusion," Messtechnik, 1969, 7/8, 171-177.
51. M. R. Merrill, "NMR Diffusion Measurements Using a Composite Gradient PGSE Sequence," J. Magn. Reson., 1993, A103, 223-225.
52. 0 Field Shifts following the Application of Pulsed Gradients by Phase Correction in the Time Domain," J. Magn. Reson., 1986, 69, 151-155.
53. G. A. Morris, "Compensation of Instrumental Imperfections by Deconvolution Using an Internal Reference Signal," J. Magn. Reson., 1988, 80, 547-552.
54. S. L. Talagala and I. J. Lowe, "Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging," Concepts Magn. Reson., 1991, 3, 145-159.
55. Y. Xia, "Contrast in NMR Imaging and Microscopy," Concepts Magn. Reson., 1996, 8, 205-225.
56. X.-A. Mao and C.-H. Ye, "Understanding Radiation Damping in a Simple Way," Concepts Magn. Reson., 1997, 9, 173-187.
57. G. N. Chmurny and D. I. Hoult, "The Ancient and Honourable Art of Shimming," Concepts Magn. Reson., 1990, 2, 131-149.
58. D.-H. Wu, W. S. Woodward, and C. S. Johnson, Jr., "A Sample Spinner for Vibration-Sensitive Liquid-State Experiments with Application to Diffusion-Ordered 2D NMR," J. Magn. Reson., 1993, A104, 231-233.
59. A. L. Van Geet, "Calibration of the Methanol and Glycol Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Thermometers with a Static Thermistor Probe," Anal. Chem., 1968, 40, 2227-2229.
60. A. L. Van Geet, "Calibration of Methanol Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Thermometer at Low Temperature," Anal. Chem. 1970, 42, 679-680.
61. D. S. Raiford, C. L. Fisk, and E. D. Becker, "Calibration of Methanol and Ethylene Glycol Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Thermometers," Anal. Chem., 1979, 51, 2050-2051.
62. D.-J. Wang and J. S. Leigh, "Wireless Precision Piezoelectric Thermometer Using an RF Excitation-Detection Technique with an NMR probe," J. Magn. Reson., 1994, 105, 25-30.
63. W. A. Bubb, K. Kirk, and P. W. Kuchel, "Ethylene Glycol as Thermometer for X-nucleus Spectroscopy in Biological Samples," J. Magn. Reson., 1988, 77, 363-368.
64. A. Jerschow and N. Müller, "Suppression of Convection Artifacts in Stimulated-Echo Diffusion Experiments: Double-Stimulated-Echo Experiments," J. Magn. Reson., 1997, 125, 372-375.
65. W. J. Goux, L. A. Verkruyse, and S. J. Salter, "The Impact of Rayleigh-Benard Convection on NMR Pulsed Field Gradient Diffusion Measurements," J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 88, 609-614.
66. G. Arfken, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Academic, New York, 1995.
67. 1H Spin-Echo NMR Signals in Human Erythrocyte Suspensions: The Influence of In Situ Field Gradients," Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1984, 803, 137-144.
68. P. W. Kuchel and B. T. Bulliman, "Pertubation of Homogeneous Magnetic Fields by Isolated Single and Confocal Spheroids: Implications for NMR Spectroscopy of Cells," NMR Biomed., 1989, 2, 151-160.
69. J. Lian, D. S. Williams, and I. J. Lowe, "Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Diffusion in the Presence of Background Gradients and Imaging of Back-ground Gradients," J. Magn. Reson., 1994, A106, 65-74.
70. W. D. Williams, E. F. W. Seymour, and R. M. Cotts, "A Pulsed-Gradient Multiple-Spin-Echo NMR Technique for Measuring Diffusion in the Presence of Background Magnetic Field Gradients," J. Magn. Reson., 1978, 31, 271-282.
71. J. A. Glasel and K. H. Lee, "On the Interpretation of Water Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times in Heterogeneous Systems," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1974, 96, 970-978.
72. P. Gillis and S. H. Koenig, "Transverse Relaxation of Solvent Protons Induced by Magnetized Spheres: Application to Ferritin, Erythrocytes, and Magnetite," Magn. Reson. Med., 1987, 5, 323-345.
73. S. Majumdar and J. C. Gore, "Studies of Diffusion in Random Fields Produced by Variations in Susceptibility," J. Magn. Reson., 1988, 78, 41-55.
74. P. Bendel, "Spin-Echo Attenuation by Diffusion in Nonuniform Field Gradients," J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 86, 509-515.
75. J. Zhong and J. C. Gore, "Studies of Restricted Diffusion in Heterogeneous Media Containing Variations in Susceptibility," Magn. Reson. Med., 1991, 19, 276-284.
76. P. Le Doussal and P. N. Sen, "Decay of Nuclear Magnetization by Diffusion in a Parabolic Magnetic Field: An Exactly Solvable Model," Phys. Rev., 1992, B46, 3465-3485.
77. L. L. Latour, L. Li, and C. H. Sotak, "Improved PFG Stimulated-Echo Method for the Measurement of Diffusion in Inhomogeneous Fields," J. Magn. Reson., 1993, B101, 72-77.
78. T. M. De Swiet and P. N. Sen, "Decay of Nuclear Magnetization by Bounded Diffusion in a Constant Field Gradient," J. Chem. Phys., 1994, 100, 5597-5604.
79. P. M. Joseph, "An Analytical Model for Diffusion of Spins in an Inhomogeneous Field Gradient," J. Magn. Reson., 1994, B105, 95-97.
80. I. Furo and H. Jóhannesson, "Accurate Anisotropie Water-Diffusion Measurements in Liquid Crystals," J. Magn. Reson., 1996, A119, 15-21.
81. J. S. Murday and R. M. Cotts, "Self-Diffusion in Molten Lithium," Z. Naturforsch, 1971, 26a, 85-93.
82. M. E. Moseley, J. Kucharczyk, H. S. Asgari, and D. Norman, "Anisotropy in Diffusion-Weighted MRI," Magn. Reson. Med., 1991, 19, 321-326.
83. D. Le Bihan, "Molecular Diffusion, Tissue Microdynamics and Microstructure," NMR Biomed., 1995, 8, 375-386.
84. J. D. Trudeau, W. Thomas Dixon, and J. Hawkins, "The Effect of Inhomogeneous Sample Susceptibility on Measured Diffusion Anisotropy Using MRI Imaging," J. Magn. Reson., 1995, B108, 22-30.
85. M. Neeman, J. P. Freyer, and L. O. Sillerud, "Pulsed-Gradient Spin-Echo Diffusion Studies in NMR Imaging: Effects of the Imaging Gradients on the Determination of the Diffusion Coefficients," J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 90, 303-312.
86. D. Van Dusschoten, P. A. De Jager, and H. Van As, "Flexible PFG NMR Desensitized for Susceptibility Artifacts, Using the PFG Multiple-Spin-Echo Sequence," J. Magn. Reson., 1995, A112, 237-240.
87. J.-H. Zhong, R. P. Kennan, and J. C. Gore, "Effects of Susceptibility Variations on NMR Measurements of Diffusion," J. Magn. Reson., 1991, 95, 267-280.
88. H. G. Sorland, B. Hafskjold, and O. Herstad, "A Stimulated-Echo Method for Diffusion Measurements in Heterogeneous Media Using Pulsed Field Gradients," J. Magn. Reson., 1997, 124, 172-176.
89. A. V. Barzykin, W. S. Price, K. Hayamizu, and M. Tachiya, "Pulsed Field Gradient NMR of Diffusive Transport through a Spherical Interface into an External Medium Containing a Relaxation Agent," J. Magn. Reson., 1995, A114, 39-46.
90. K. J. Packer, C. Rees, and G. Tomlinson, "A Modification of the Pulsed Magnetic Field-Gradient Spin Echo Method of Studying Diffusion," Mol. Phys., 1970, 18, 421-423.
91. R. F. Karlicek, Jr., and I. J. Lowe, "A Modified Pulsed Gradient Technique for Measuring Diffusion in the Presence of Large Background Gradients," J. Magn. Reson., 1980, 37, 75-91.
92. R. M. Cotts, M. J. R. Hoch, T. Sun, and J. T. Markert, "Pulsed Field Gradient Stimulated Echo Methods for Improved NMR Diffusion Measurements in Heterogeneous Systems," J. Magn. Reson., 1989, 83, 252-266.
93. L. J. C. Peschier, J. A. Bouwstra, J. De Bleyser, H. E. Junginger, and J. C. Leyte, "Cross-Relaxation Effects in Pulsed-Field-Gradient Stimulated-Echo Measurements on Water in a Macromolecular Matrix," J. Magn. Reson., 1996, B110, 150-157.
94. B. E. Chapman and P. W. Kuchel, "Sensitivity in Heteronuclear Multiple-Quantum Diffusion Experiments," J. Magn. Reson., 1993, A102, 105-109.
95. P. W. Kuchel and B. E. Chapman, "Heteronuclear Double-Quantum-Coherence Selection with Magnetic-Field Gradients in Diffusion Experiments," J. Magn. Reson., 1993, A101, 53-59.
96. J. F. Martin, L. S. Selwyn, R. R. Void, and R. L. Void, "The Determination of Translational Diffusion Constants in Liquid Crystals from Pulsed Field Gradient Double Quantum Spin Echo Decays," J. Chem. Phys., 1982, 76, 2632-2634.
97. D. Zax and A. Pines, "Study of Anisotropic Diffusion of Oriented Molecules by Multiple Quantum Spin Echoes," J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 78, 6333-6334.
98. L. E. Kay and J. H. Prestegard, "An Application of Pulse-Gradient Double Quantum Spin Echoes to Diffusional Measurements on Molecules with Scalar-Coupled Spins," J. Magn. Reson., 1986, 67, 103-113.
99. L. van Dam, B. Andreasson, and L. Nordenskiöld, "Multiple-Quantum Pulsed Gradient NMR Diffusion Experiments on Quadrupolar (I > 1/2) Spins," Chem. Phys. Lett., 1996, 262, 737-743.
100. P. T. Callaghan, M. A. Le Gros, and D. N. Pinder, "The Measurement of Diffusion Using Deuterium Pulsed Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance," J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 79, 6372-6381.
101. I. Furo and B. Halle, "2D Quadrupolar-Echo Spectroscopy with Coherence Selection and Optimized Pulse Angle," J. Magn. Reson., 1992, 98, 388-407.
102. 1H and Less-Common Nuclei," J. Magn. Reson., 1991, 92, 115-125.
103. D. W. McCall, D. C. Douglass, and E. W. Anderson, "Self-Diffusion Studies by Means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spin-Echo Techniques," Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1963, 67, 336-340.
104. I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik, Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, Academic, New York, 1994.
105. A. P. Prudnikov, Y. A. Brychkov, and O. I. Marichev, Elementary Functions, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1990.
106. J. S. Murday, "Measurement of Magnetic Field Gradient by Its Effect on the NMR Free Induction Decay," J. Magn. Reson., 1973, 10, 111-120.
107. R. L. Vold, R. R. Vold, and H. E. Simon, "Errors in Measurements of Transverse Relaxation Rates," J. Magn. Reson., 1973, 11, 283-298.
108. E. Fukushima, A. A. V. Gibson, and T. A. Scott, "Carbon-13 NMR of Carbon Monoxide. II. Molecular Diffusion and Spin-Rotation Interaction in Liquid CO," J. Chem. Phys., 1979, 71, 1531-1536.
109. E. Fukushima and S. B. W. Roeder, Experimental Pulse NMR: A Nuts and Bolts Approach, Addison-Wesley, London, 1981.
110. D. M. Lamb, P. J. Grandinetti, and J. Jonas, "Fixed Field Gradient NMR Diffusion Measurements Using Bessel Function Fits to the Spin-Echo Signal," J. Magn. Reson., 1987, 72, 532-539.
111. M. I. Hrovat and C. G. Wade, "Absolute Measurements of Diffusion Coefficients by Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance," J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 73, 2509-2510.
112. P. J. Basser, J. Mattiello, and D. Le Bihan, "Estimation of the Effective Self-Diffusion Tensor from the NMR Spin Echo," J. Magn. Reson., 1994, B103, 247-254.
113. W. S. Price, K. Hayamizu, and Y. Arata, "Optimization of the Water-PRESS Pulse Sequence and Its Integration into Pulse Sequences for Studying Biological Molecules," J. Magn. Reson., 1997, 126, 256-265.
114. A. S. Altieri, D. P. Hinton, and R. A. Byrd, "Association of Biomolecular Systems via Pulsed Field Gradient NMR Self-diffusion Measurements," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 7566-7567.
115. P. C. M. Van Zijl and C. T. W. Moonen, "Complete Water Suppression for Solutions of Large Molecules Based on Diffusional Differences between Solute and Solvent (DRYCLEAN)," J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 87, 18-25.
116. E. D. von Meerwall and R. D. Ferguson, "A Fortran Program to Fit Diffusion Models to Field-Gradient Spin Echo Data," Comput. Phys. Commun., 1981, 21, 421-429.
117. M. S. Crawford, B. C. Gerstein, A.-L. Kuo, and C. G. Wade, "Diffusion in Rigid Bilayer Membranes: Use of Combined Multiple Pulse and Multiple Pulse Gradient Techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 3728-3732.
118. A. F. Collings and R. Mills, "Temperature-Dependence of Self-Diffusion for Benzene and Carbon Tetrachloride," J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1970, 66, 2761-2766.
119. H. Weingärtner, "Self-diffusion in Liquid Water: A Reassessment," Z. Phys. Chem., 1982, 132, 129-149.
120. R. Mills, "Self-diffusion in Normal and Heavy Water in the Range 1-45 Degrees," J. Phys. Chem., 1973, 77, 685-688.
121. 21Ne NMR," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 801-802.
122. R. Mills and V. V. M. Lobo, Self-diffusion in Electrolyte Solutions, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.
123. 129Xe NMR As a New Tool for Studying Gas Diffusion in Liquids: Self-diffusion of Xenon in Water," Chem. Phys. Lett., 1992, 195, 596-601.
124. W. S. Price, "Probing Molecular Dynamics in Biochemical and Chemical Systems Using Pulsed Field Gradient NMR Diffusion Measurements," in Recent Advances in Analytical Techniques, AttaUr-Rahman, Ed., Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, 1998.
125. W. S. Price, B. E. Chapman, B. A. Cornell, and P. W. Kuchel, "Translational Diffusion of Glycine in Erythrocytes Measured at High Resolution with Pulsed Field Gradients," J. Magn. Reson., 1989, 83, 160-166.
126. 1 Measurements," Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1990, 63, 2961-2965.
127. W. S. Price, M. Nara, and Y. Arata, "A Pulsed Field Gradient NMR Study of the Aggregation and Hydration of Parvalbumin," Biophys. Chem., 1997, 65, 179-187.
128. A. J. Dingley, J. P. Mackay, B. E. Chapman, M. B. Morris, P. W. Kuchel, B. D. Hambly, and G. F. King, "Measuring Protein Self-association using Pulsed-Field-Gradient NMR Spectroscopy: Application to Myosin Light Chain 2," J. Biomol. NMR, 1995, 6, 321-328.
129. V. V. Krishnan, "Determination of Oligomeric State of Proteins in Solution from Pulsed-Field-Gradient Self-Diffusion Coefficient Measurements: A Comparison of Experimental, Theoretical, and Hard-Sphere Approximated Values," J. Magn. Reson., 1997, 124, 468-473.