The strange history of the decade: Modernity, nostalgia, and the perils of periodization

Journal of Social History

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 1998, Pages

  Smith, Jason Scott ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Department of History ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032352089     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh/32.2.263     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Fernand Braudel, "History and the Social Sciences: The Longue Durée" in Fernand Braudel, On History, trans. Sarah Matthews (Chicago, 1980), 47.
2. For more on this distinction, see Barbara Adam, Time and Social Theory (Philadelphia, 1990), 133-38; Michael O'Malley, Keeping Watch: A History of American Time (Washington, D.C., 1990), 12-13; Stephen Jay Gould, Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time (Cambridge, MA, 1987), 10-16; David S. Landes, Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA, 1983), 15-16; and A.J. Gurevich, "Time as a Problem of Cultural History," in Cultures and Time (Paris, 1976), 229-45.
3. For more on this distinction, see Barbara Adam, Time and Social Theory (Philadelphia, 1990), 133-38; Michael O'Malley, Keeping Watch: A History of American Time (Washington, D.C., 1990), 12-13; Stephen Jay Gould, Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time (Cambridge, MA, 1987), 10-16; David S. Landes, Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA, 1983), 15-16; and A.J. Gurevich, "Time as a Problem of Cultural History," in Cultures and Time (Paris, 1976), 229-45.
4. For more on this distinction, see Barbara Adam, Time and Social Theory (Philadelphia, 1990), 133-38; Michael O'Malley, Keeping Watch: A History of American Time (Washington, D.C., 1990), 12-13; Stephen Jay Gould, Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time (Cambridge, MA, 1987), 10-16; David S. Landes, Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA, 1983), 15-16; and A.J. Gurevich, "Time as a Problem of Cultural History," in Cultures and Time (Paris, 1976), 229-45.
5. For more on this distinction, see Barbara Adam, Time and Social Theory (Philadelphia, 1990), 133-38; Michael O'Malley, Keeping Watch: A History of American Time (Washington, D.C., 1990), 12-13; Stephen Jay Gould, Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time (Cambridge, MA, 1987), 10-16; David S. Landes, Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA, 1983), 15-16; and A.J. Gurevich, "Time as a Problem of Cultural History," in Cultures and Time (Paris, 1976), 229-45.
6. For more on this distinction, see Barbara Adam, Time and Social Theory (Philadelphia, 1990), 133-38; Michael O'Malley, Keeping Watch: A History of American Time (Washington, D.C., 1990), 12-13; Stephen Jay Gould, Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time (Cambridge, MA, 1987), 10-16; David S. Landes, Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA, 1983), 15-16; and A.J. Gurevich, "Time as a Problem of Cultural History," in Cultures and Time (Paris, 1976), 229-45.
7. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
8. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
9. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
10. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
11. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
12. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
13. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
14. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
15. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
16. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
17. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
18. While the decade as a unit of analysis has not received any sustained attention from historians, the subject of periodization has received treatment from a variety of directions. See for example, Astrid Möller and Nino Luraghi, "Time in the Writing of History: Perceptions and Structures," Storia della Storiografia 28 (1995): 3-15; Norbert Elias, Time: An Essay, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1992); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston, 1986); Peter H. Smith, "Time as a Historical Construct," Historical Methods 17 (fall 1984): 182-91; Landes, Revolution in Time; Samuel L. Macey, Clocks and the Cosmos: Time in Western Life and Thought (Hamden, CT, 1980); John R. Hall, "The Time of History and the History of Times," History and Theory 19 (1980): 113-31; Georg G. Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 2 (New York, 1973), 456-64; Dietrich Gerhard, "Periodization in History," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas ed. Philip P. Wiener, vol. 3 (New York, 1973), 476-81; Gerhard, "Periodization in European History," American Historical Review 61 (July 1956): 900-13; David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York, 1970), 144-46; and Carlo Cipolla, Clocks and Culture, 1300-1700 (New York, 1967).
19. This body of work draws its inspiration from E.P. Thompson and Herbert Gutman. See esp. Thompson's seminal essay, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (Dec. 1967): 56-79; and Gutman's collection of essays, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (Oxford, 1977). Important recent examples of this approach include Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective," American Historical Review 101 (Dec. 1996): 1432-69; Martin Bruegel, "'Time That Can Be Relied Upon.' The Evolution of Time Consciousness in the Mid-Hudson Valley, 1790-1860," Journal of Social History 28 (spring 1995): 547-64; David Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism," Labor History 30 (winter 1989): 5-46; David R. Roediger and Philip S. Foner, Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day (Westport, CT, 1989); and Thomas C. Smith, "Peasant Time and FactoryTime in Japan," Past and Present 111 (May 1986): 165-97. For a lucid review of the Thompsonian approach, see Michael O'Malley, "Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography," Time and Society 1 (Sept. 1992): 341-58.
20. This body of work draws its inspiration from E.P. Thompson and Herbert Gutman. See esp. Thompson's seminal essay, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (Dec. 1967): 56-79; and Gutman's collection of essays, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (Oxford, 1977). Important recent examples of this approach include Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective," American Historical Review 101 (Dec. 1996): 1432-69; Martin Bruegel, "'Time That Can Be Relied Upon.' The Evolution of Time Consciousness in the Mid-Hudson Valley, 1790-1860," Journal of Social History 28 (spring 1995): 547-64; David Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism," Labor History 30 (winter 1989): 5-46; David R. Roediger and Philip S. Foner, Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day (Westport, CT, 1989); and Thomas C. Smith, "Peasant Time and FactoryTime in Japan," Past and Present 111 (May 1986): 165-97. For a lucid review of the Thompsonian approach, see Michael O'Malley, "Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography," Time and Society 1 (Sept. 1992): 341-58.
21. This body of work draws its inspiration from E.P. Thompson and Herbert Gutman. See esp. Thompson's seminal essay, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (Dec. 1967): 56-79; and Gutman's collection of essays, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (Oxford, 1977). Important recent examples of this approach include Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective," American Historical Review 101 (Dec. 1996): 1432-69; Martin Bruegel, "'Time That Can Be Relied Upon.' The Evolution of Time Consciousness in the Mid-Hudson Valley, 1790-1860," Journal of Social History 28 (spring 1995): 547-64; David Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism," Labor History 30 (winter 1989): 5-46; David R. Roediger and Philip S. Foner, Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day (Westport, CT, 1989); and Thomas C. Smith, "Peasant Time and FactoryTime in Japan," Past and Present 111 (May 1986): 165-97. For a lucid review of the Thompsonian approach, see Michael O'Malley, "Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography," Time and Society 1 (Sept. 1992): 341-58.
22. This body of work draws its inspiration from E.P. Thompson and Herbert Gutman. See esp. Thompson's seminal essay, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (Dec. 1967): 56-79; and Gutman's collection of essays, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (Oxford, 1977). Important recent examples of this approach include Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective," American Historical Review 101 (Dec. 1996): 1432-69; Martin Bruegel, "'Time That Can Be Relied Upon.' The Evolution of Time Consciousness in the Mid-Hudson Valley, 1790-1860," Journal of Social History 28 (spring 1995): 547-64; David Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism," Labor History 30 (winter 1989): 5-46; David R. Roediger and Philip S. Foner, Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day (Westport, CT, 1989); and Thomas C. Smith, "Peasant Time and FactoryTime in Japan," Past and Present 111 (May 1986): 165-97. For a lucid review of the Thompsonian approach, see Michael O'Malley, "Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography," Time and Society 1 (Sept. 1992): 341-58.
23. This body of work draws its inspiration from E.P. Thompson and Herbert Gutman. See esp. Thompson's seminal essay, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (Dec. 1967): 56-79; and Gutman's collection of essays, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (Oxford, 1977). Important recent examples of this approach include Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective," American Historical Review 101 (Dec. 1996): 1432-69; Martin Bruegel, "'Time That Can Be Relied Upon.' The Evolution of Time Consciousness in the Mid-Hudson Valley, 1790-1860," Journal of Social History 28 (spring 1995): 547-64; David Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism," Labor History 30 (winter 1989): 5-46; David R. Roediger and Philip S. Foner, Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day (Westport, CT, 1989); and Thomas C. Smith, "Peasant Time and FactoryTime in Japan," Past and Present 111 (May 1986): 165-97. For a lucid review of the Thompsonian approach, see Michael O'Malley, "Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography," Time and Society 1 (Sept. 1992): 341-58.
24. This body of work draws its inspiration from E.P. Thompson and Herbert Gutman. See esp. Thompson's seminal essay, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (Dec. 1967): 56-79; and Gutman's collection of essays, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (Oxford, 1977). Important recent examples of this approach include Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective," American Historical Review 101 (Dec. 1996): 1432-69; Martin Bruegel, "'Time That Can Be Relied Upon.' The Evolution of Time Consciousness in the Mid-Hudson Valley, 1790-1860," Journal of Social History 28 (spring 1995): 547-64; David Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism," Labor History 30 (winter 1989): 5-46; David R. Roediger and Philip S. Foner, Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day (Westport, CT, 1989); and Thomas C. Smith, "Peasant Time and FactoryTime in Japan," Past and Present 111 (May 1986): 165-97. For a lucid review of the Thompsonian approach, see Michael O'Malley, "Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography," Time and Society 1 (Sept. 1992): 341-58.
25. This body of work draws its inspiration from E.P. Thompson and Herbert Gutman. See esp. Thompson's seminal essay, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (Dec. 1967): 56-79; and Gutman's collection of essays, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (Oxford, 1977). Important recent examples of this approach include Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective," American Historical Review 101 (Dec. 1996): 1432-69; Martin Bruegel, "'Time That Can Be Relied Upon.' The Evolution of Time Consciousness in the Mid-Hudson Valley, 1790-1860," Journal of Social History 28 (spring 1995): 547-64; David Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism," Labor History 30 (winter 1989): 5-46; David R. Roediger and Philip S. Foner, Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day (Westport, CT, 1989); and Thomas C. Smith, "Peasant Time and FactoryTime in Japan," Past and Present 111 (May 1986): 165-97. For a lucid review of the Thompsonian approach, see Michael O'Malley, "Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography," Time and Society 1 (Sept. 1992): 341-58.
26. This body of work draws its inspiration from E.P. Thompson and Herbert Gutman. See esp. Thompson's seminal essay, "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present 38 (Dec. 1967): 56-79; and Gutman's collection of essays, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (Oxford, 1977). Important recent examples of this approach include Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective," American Historical Review 101 (Dec. 1996): 1432-69; Martin Bruegel, "'Time That Can Be Relied Upon.' The Evolution of Time Consciousness in the Mid-Hudson Valley, 1790-1860," Journal of Social History 28 (spring 1995): 547-64; David Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism," Labor History 30 (winter 1989): 5-46; David R. Roediger and Philip S. Foner, Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day (Westport, CT, 1989); and Thomas C. Smith, "Peasant Time and FactoryTime in Japan," Past and Present 111 (May 1986): 165-97. For a lucid review of the Thompsonian approach, see Michael O'Malley, "Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography," Time and Society 1 (Sept. 1992): 341-58.
27. Daphne Merkin, "Name That Decade," New York Times, 25 May 1992. For similar uses of the decade, see Kurt Andersen, "The Talk of the Town: The Culture Industry," The New Yorker, 7 July 1997, 23-24; Andy Aaron, "Welcome to the '90s," The New Republic, 7 March 1994, 10; and Diane Crispell and Andy Zukerberg, "The Decade Waltz," American Demographics 15 (Nov. 1993): 48-56.
28. Daphne Merkin, "Name That Decade," New York Times, 25 May 1992. For similar uses of the decade, see Kurt Andersen, "The Talk of the Town: The Culture Industry," The New Yorker, 7 July 1997, 23-24; Andy Aaron, "Welcome to the '90s," The New Republic, 7 March 1994, 10; and Diane Crispell and Andy Zukerberg, "The Decade Waltz," American Demographics 15 (Nov. 1993): 48-56.
29. Daphne Merkin, "Name That Decade," New York Times, 25 May 1992. For similar uses of the decade, see Kurt Andersen, "The Talk of the Town: The Culture Industry," The New Yorker, 7 July 1997, 23-24; Andy Aaron, "Welcome to the '90s," The New Republic, 7 March 1994, 10; and Diane Crispell and Andy Zukerberg, "The Decade Waltz," American Demographics 15 (Nov. 1993): 48-56.
30. Daphne Merkin, "Name That Decade," New York Times, 25 May 1992. For similar uses of the decade, see Kurt Andersen, "The Talk of the Town: The Culture Industry," The New Yorker, 7 July 1997, 23-24; Andy Aaron, "Welcome to the '90s," The New Republic, 7 March 1994, 10; and Diane Crispell and Andy Zukerberg, "The Decade Waltz," American Demographics 15 (Nov. 1993): 48-56.
31. Marc Bloch, The Historian's Craft, trans. Peter Putnam (New York, 1953), 181; 182-83. For an early work of history that takes the century as a unit of historic time, see Samuel Miller, A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century. Part First; in Two Volumes: Containing a Sketch of the Revolutions and Improvements in Science, Arts, and Literature, During that Period (New York, 1803) .
32. Marc Bloch, The Historian's Craft, trans. Peter Putnam (New York, 1953), 181; 182-83. For an early work of history that takes the century as a unit of historic time, see Samuel Miller, A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century. Part First; in Two Volumes: Containing a Sketch of the Revolutions and Improvements in Science, Arts, and Literature, During that Period (New York, 1803) .
33. Bloch, Historian's Craft, 182.
34. Warren I. Susman, Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1984), 102.
35. Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (New York, 1991), 109-110; for the importance of fashion to consumer culture, see William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993), esp. chap. 4, "Fashion and the Indispensable Thing," 91-111.
36. Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (New York, 1991), 109-110; for the importance of fashion to consumer culture, see William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993), esp. chap. 4, "Fashion and the Indispensable Thing," 91-111.
37. Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (New York, 1991), 109-110; for the importance of fashion to consumer culture, see William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993), esp. chap. 4, "Fashion and the Indispensable Thing," 91-111.
38. Michael Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York, 1991), 18.
39. For an analysis of the motion picture "In the Company of Men" that declares that the movie is "revealing a truth about the late 1990s," see Annette Insdorf, "Men Behaving Very Badly as a 90s Metaphor," New York Times, 27 July 1997.
40. Merkin, "Name That Decade."
41. See, for example, two syntheses of William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914-32 (Chicago, 1958); and Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (New York, 1963).
42. See, for example, two syntheses of William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914-32 (Chicago, 1958); and Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (New York, 1963).
43. Aaron, "Welcome to the '90s."
44. Gould, Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle, 3.
45. O'Malley, Keeping Watch, 12-13; and the works cited in note 2.
46. O'Malley, Keeping Watch, 8. The classic sociological work on the relationship between time and society was begun by Emile Durkheim and refined by Pitirim Sorokin and Robert Merton; see Pitirim A. Sorokin and Robert K. Merton, "Social Time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis," American Journal of Sociology 42 (March 1937): 615-29. Also in the Durkheimian tradition are Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory, trans. Francis J. Ditter, Jr., and Vida Yazdi Ditter (New York, 1980); and Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. and trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago, 1992).
47. O'Malley, Keeping Watch, 8. The classic sociological work on the relationship between time and society was begun by Emile Durkheim and refined by Pitirim Sorokin and Robert Merton; see Pitirim A. Sorokin and Robert K. Merton, "Social Time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis," American Journal of Sociology 42 (March 1937): 615-29. Also in the Durkheimian tradition are Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory, trans. Francis J. Ditter, Jr., and Vida Yazdi Ditter (New York, 1980); and Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. and trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago, 1992).
48. O'Malley, Keeping Watch, 8. The classic sociological work on the relationship between time and society was begun by Emile Durkheim and refined by Pitirim Sorokin and Robert Merton; see Pitirim A. Sorokin and Robert K. Merton, "Social Time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis," American Journal of Sociology 42 (March 1937): 615-29. Also in the Durkheimian tradition are Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory, trans. Francis J. Ditter, Jr., and Vida Yazdi Ditter (New York, 1980); and Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. and trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago, 1992).
49. O'Malley, Keeping Watch, 8. The classic sociological work on the relationship between time and society was begun by Emile Durkheim and refined by Pitirim Sorokin and Robert Merton; see Pitirim A. Sorokin and Robert K. Merton, "Social Time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis," American Journal of Sociology 42 (March 1937): 615-29. Also in the Durkheimian tradition are Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory, trans. Francis J. Ditter, Jr., and Vida Yazdi Ditter (New York, 1980); and Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. and trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago, 1992).
50. O'Malley, Keeping Watch; Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism." For an investigation of the impact of "clock time" on what is often thought to be a "pre-capitalist" society, see Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective"; and Mark H. Smith, "Counting Clocks, Owning Time: Detailing and Interpreting Clock and Watch Ownership in the American South, 1739-1865," Time and Society 3 (Oct. 1994): 321-39.
51. O'Malley, Keeping Watch; Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism." For an investigation of the impact of "clock time" on what is often thought to be a "pre-capitalist" society, see Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective"; and Mark H. Smith, "Counting Clocks, Owning Time: Detailing and Interpreting Clock and Watch Ownership in the American South, 1739-1865," Time and Society 3 (Oct. 1994): 321-39.
52. O'Malley, Keeping Watch; Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism." For an investigation of the impact of "clock time" on what is often thought to be a "pre-capitalist" society, see Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective"; and Mark H. Smith, "Counting Clocks, Owning Time: Detailing and Interpreting Clock and Watch Ownership in the American South, 1739-1865," Time and Society 3 (Oct. 1994): 321-39.
53. O'Malley, Keeping Watch; Brody, "Time and Work During Early American Industrialism." For an investigation of the impact of "clock time" on what is often thought to be a "pre-capitalist" society, see Mark H. Smith, "Old South Time in Comparative Perspective"; and Mark H. Smith, "Counting Clocks, Owning Time: Detailing and Interpreting Clock and Watch Ownership in the American South, 1739-1865," Time and Society 3 (Oct. 1994): 321-39.
54. Ticknor quoted in James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (Oxford, 1990), vii; James quoted in George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York, 1965), 1; Twain quoted in Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 90. For a good discussion of the difficulties involved in determining if a text is "culturally representative," and for an interpretative account of the wide-ranging role of the Civil War as a marker of cultural and social discontinuity, see Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 79-80, 87-90.
55. Ticknor quoted in James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (Oxford, 1990), vii; James quoted in George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York, 1965), 1; Twain quoted in Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 90. For a good discussion of the difficulties involved in determining if a text is "culturally representative," and for an interpretative account of the wide-ranging role of the Civil War as a marker of cultural and social discontinuity, see Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 79-80, 87-90.
56. Ticknor quoted in James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (Oxford, 1990), vii; James quoted in George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York, 1965), 1; Twain quoted in Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 90. For a good discussion of the difficulties involved in determining if a text is "culturally representative," and for an interpretative account of the wide-ranging role of the Civil War as a marker of cultural and social discontinuity, see Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 79-80, 87-90.
57. Ticknor quoted in James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (Oxford, 1990), vii; James quoted in George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York, 1965), 1; Twain quoted in Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 90. For a good discussion of the difficulties involved in determining if a text is "culturally representative," and for an interpretative account of the wide-ranging role of the Civil War as a marker of cultural and social discontinuity, see Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 79-80, 87-90.
58. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983).
59. C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (Baton Rouge, 1951), 154-55.
60. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 12.
61. O'Malley, Keeping Watch, 100, 146, 200; George Cotkin, Reluctant Modernism: American Thought and Culture, 1880-1900 (New York, 1992), 3; Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York, 1967).
62. O'Malley, Keeping Watch, 100, 146, 200; George Cotkin, Reluctant Modernism: American Thought and Culture, 1880-1900 (New York, 1992), 3; Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York, 1967).
63. O'Malley, Keeping Watch, 100, 146, 200; George Cotkin, Reluctant Modernism: American Thought and Culture, 1880-1900 (New York, 1992), 3; Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York, 1967).
64. Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space: 1880-1918 (Cambridge, MA, 1983), 110.
65. David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 (Cambridge, 1987), 245-49; 327-29.
66. John Higham, "The Reorientation of American Culture in the 1980s," in John Weiss, ed., The Origins of Modern Consciousness (Detroit, 1965), 27.
67. See, for example, Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society; Leon Fink, Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana, 1983); Susan Levine, Labor's True Woman: Carpet Weavers, Industrialization, and Labor Reform in the Gilded Age (Philadelphia, 1984); and Richard J. Ostreicher, Solidarity Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (Urbana, 1986).
68. See, for example, Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society; Leon Fink, Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana, 1983); Susan Levine, Labor's True Woman: Carpet Weavers, Industrialization, and Labor Reform in the Gilded Age (Philadelphia, 1984); and Richard J. Ostreicher, Solidarity Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (Urbana, 1986).
69. See, for example, Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society; Leon Fink, Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana, 1983); Susan Levine, Labor's True Woman: Carpet Weavers, Industrialization, and Labor Reform in the Gilded Age (Philadelphia, 1984); and Richard J. Ostreicher, Solidarity Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (Urbana, 1986).
70. See, for example, Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society; Leon Fink, Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana, 1983); Susan Levine, Labor's True Woman: Carpet Weavers, Industrialization, and Labor Reform in the Gilded Age (Philadelphia, 1984); and Richard J. Ostreicher, Solidarity Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (Urbana, 1986).
71. Higham, "The Reorientation of American Culture in the 1890s," 27.
72. Dorothy Ross, "Historical Consciousness in Nineteenth-Century America," American Historical Review 89 (Oct. 1984): 909-28.
73. Philip Abrams, "The Sense of the Past and the Origins of Sociology," Past and Present 55 (May 1972): 18.
74. Kern, Culture of Time and Space, 29.
75. Unnamed critic in The Dial 57 (Sept. 1914), 127, cited in O'Malley, Keeping Watch, 208.
76. Unnamed critic in The Dial 57 (Sept. 1914), 127, cited in O'Malley, Keeping Watch, 208.
77. For a recent collection of essays that addresses the impact of modernity in a variety of intellectual and cultural arenas, see Dorothy Ross, ed., Modernist Impulses in the Human Sciences, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, 1994). On the history of modernity as a conceptual category, see Reinhart Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time, trans. Keith Tribe (Cambridge, MA, 1985); and Marshall Berman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1982).
78. For a recent collection of essays that addresses the impact of modernity in a variety of intellectual and cultural arenas, see Dorothy Ross, ed., Modernist Impulses in the Human Sciences, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, 1994). On the history of modernity as a conceptual category, see Reinhart Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time, trans. Keith Tribe (Cambridge, MA, 1985); and Marshall Berman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1982).
79. For a recent collection of essays that addresses the impact of modernity in a variety of intellectual and cultural arenas, see Dorothy Ross, ed., Modernist Impulses in the Human Sciences, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, 1994). On the history of modernity as a conceptual category, see Reinhart Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time, trans. Keith Tribe (Cambridge, MA, 1985); and Marshall Berman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1982).
80. Roland Marchand calls Updegraff's article "the most quoted piece of the 1920s" from Advertising and Selling. Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Berkeley, 1986), 4.
81. Kern, Culture of Time and Space, 130.
82. Lasch, True and Only Heaven, 105-106; for more on nostalgia see Michael S. Roth, "The Time of Nostalgia: Medicine, History, and Normality in 19th-century France," Time and Society 1 (Sept. 1992): 271-86.
83. Lasch, True and Only Heaven, 105-106; for more on nostalgia see Michael S. Roth, "The Time of Nostalgia: Medicine, History, and Normality in 19th-century France," Time and Society 1 (Sept. 1992): 271-86.
84. Henry F. May, "Shifting Perspectives on the 1920s," American Historical Review 43 (Dec. 1956): 416-17; and Lawrence W. Levine, "Progress and Nostalgia: The Self Image of the 1920s," in Lawrence W. Levine, The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History (Oxford, 1993), 189-205.
85. Henry F. May, "Shifting Perspectives on the 1920s," American Historical Review 43 (Dec. 1956): 416-17; and Lawrence W. Levine, "Progress and Nostalgia: The Self Image of the 1920s," in Lawrence W. Levine, The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History (Oxford, 1993), 189-205.
86. For an excellent treatment of the widespread influence and importance of the con" cept of simultaneity, see Kern, Culture of Time and Space, 67-81; esp. 88.
87. Lasch, True and Only Heaven, 107.
88. Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties (New York, 1931). For more on generational self-awareness and the First World War, the key work is Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914 (Cambridge, MA, 1979). For a classic example of an author identifying his personal history with the history of the century, see Ben Hecht, A Child of the Century (New York, 1954).
89. Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties (New York, 1931). For more on generational self-awareness and the First World War, the key work is Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914 (Cambridge, MA, 1979). For a classic example of an author identifying his personal history with the history of the century, see Ben Hecht, A Child of the Century (New York, 1954).
90. Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties (New York, 1931). For more on generational self-awareness and the First World War, the key work is Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914 (Cambridge, MA, 1979). For a classic example of an author identifying his personal history with the history of the century, see Ben Hecht, A Child of the Century (New York, 1954).
91. Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the News (New York, 1920 [1919]), 14-15.
92. Walter Lippmann, American Inquisitors: A Commentary on Dayton and Chicago (New York, 1928), 118-19.
93. Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (New York, 1982 [1929]), 232, 233.
94. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr., New Viewpoints in American History (New York, 1922), 122.
95. Schlesinger, New Viewpoints, 280.
96. President's Research Committee on Social Trends, Recent Social Trends in the United States (New York, 1933), 2:xii.
97. For more on the 1920s as a turning point in the history of periodization, see Lasch, True and Only Heaven, 108-9.
98. May, "Shifting Perspectives on the 1920s," 405.
99. Walter Lippmann, Notes on the Crisis (New York, 1931), 4. This pamphlet contains six of Lippmann's early columns.
100. Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (New York, 1980), 280-81.
101. Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (New York, 1922), 138; 144.
102. Walter Lippmann, "What Officeholders Must Face," in Allan Nevins, ed., Interpretations, 1931-1932 (New York, 1932), 60.
103. Walter Lippmann, "A Basic Fallacy of the Administration," in Nevins, ed., Interpretations, 1931-1932, 71.
104. Walter Lippmann, "The President's Annual Message, 1931," in Nevins, ed., Interpretations, 1931-1932, 74.
105. Walter Lippmann, "The New Congress," in Nevins, ed., Interpretations, 1931-1932, 93-94. See also Jordan A. Schwarz, The Interregnum of Despair (Urbana, 1970); and Albert U. Romasco, The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression (Oxford, 1965).
106. Walter Lippmann, "The New Congress," in Nevins, ed., Interpretations, 1931-1932, 93-94. See also Jordan A. Schwarz, The Interregnum of Despair (Urbana, 1970); and Albert U. Romasco, The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression (Oxford, 1965).
107. Walter Lippmann, "The New Congress," in Nevins, ed., Interpretations, 1931-1932, 93-94. See also Jordan A. Schwarz, The Interregnum of Despair (Urbana, 1970); and Albert U. Romasco, The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression (Oxford, 1965).
108. Norman B. Ryder, "The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change," American Sociological Review 30 (Dec. 1965): 843-61.
109. For an interesting analysis of the influence of the Revolutionary elites on a subsequent generation of political leaders, see George B. Forgie, Patricide in the House Divided: A Psychological Interpretation of Lincoln and His Age (New York, 1979).
110. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, rev. ed. (Oxford, 1983), 142. Emphasis in original. See also Wohl, Generation of 1914.
111. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, rev. ed. (Oxford, 1983), 142. Emphasis in original. See also Wohl, Generation of 1914.
112. Hans Jaeger, "Generations in History: Reflections on a Controversial Concept," History and Theory 24 (1985): 273-92; see also Howard Schuman and Jacqueline Scott, "Generations and Collective Memories," American Sociological Review 54 (June 1989): 359-81; and Alan B. Spitzer, "The Historical Problem of Generations," American Historical Review 78 (Dec. 1973): 1353-85. For a review of this concept in French history, see Pierre Nora's essay, "Generation," in Pierre Nora, general editor, Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman and trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York, 1996), 1:499-531.
113. Hans Jaeger, "Generations in History: Reflections on a Controversial Concept," History and Theory 24 (1985): 273-92; see also Howard Schuman and Jacqueline Scott, "Generations and Collective Memories," American Sociological Review 54 (June 1989): 359-81; and Alan B. Spitzer, "The Historical Problem of Generations," American Historical Review 78 (Dec. 1973): 1353-85. For a review of this concept in French history, see Pierre Nora's essay, "Generation," in Pierre Nora, general editor, Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman and trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York, 1996), 1:499-531.
114. Hans Jaeger, "Generations in History: Reflections on a Controversial Concept," History and Theory 24 (1985): 273-92; see also Howard Schuman and Jacqueline Scott, "Generations and Collective Memories," American Sociological Review 54 (June 1989): 359-81; and Alan B. Spitzer, "The Historical Problem of Generations," American Historical Review 78 (Dec. 1973): 1353-85. For a review of this concept in French history, see Pierre Nora's essay, "Generation," in Pierre Nora, general editor, Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman and trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York, 1996), 1:499-531.
115. Hans Jaeger, "Generations in History: Reflections on a Controversial Concept," History and Theory 24 (1985): 273-92; see also Howard Schuman and Jacqueline Scott, "Generations and Collective Memories," American Sociological Review 54 (June 1989): 359-81; and Alan B. Spitzer, "The Historical Problem of Generations," American Historical Review 78 (Dec. 1973): 1353-85. For a review of this concept in French history, see Pierre Nora's essay, "Generation," in Pierre Nora, general editor, Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman and trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York, 1996), 1:499-531.
116. Walter Lippmann, "The Force of a Bad Example," in Nevins, ed., Interpretations, 1931-1932, 241, 242.
117. Lippmann, quoted in Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century, 290.
118. Most of Preface was written between 1925 and 1928, and it was published in April 1929.
119. Walter Lippmann, "Crisis and Renewal," Nevins, ed., Interpretations, 1931-1932, 335.
120. Steven Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," Journal of American Studies 25 (August 1991): 260.
121. Leuchtenburg, Perils of Prosperity, 277, cited in David M. Kennedy, "Revisiting Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday," Reviews in American History 14 (June 1986): 309.
122. Leuchtenburg, Perils of Prosperity, 277, cited in David M. Kennedy,
123. New York Times, 14 Dec. 1954, cited in Kennedy, "Revisiting Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday," 309.
124. New York Times, 14 Dec. 1954, cited in Kennedy, "Revisiting Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday," 309.
125. Kennedy, "Revisiting Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday," 315.
126. Allen, Only Yesterday, 238.
127. Allen, Only Yesterday, xiv.
128. Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," 262.
129. Allen, Only Yesterday, 81-82; caption of plate between 212 and 213; 120-21.
130. Kennedy, "Revisiting Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday," 316.
131. Allen, Only Yesterday, 88-122; 226-44; 186-225.
132. Allen, Only Yesterday, 356-57.
133. Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," 263; Kennedy, "Revisiting Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday," 311.
134. Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," 263; Kennedy, "Revisiting Frederick Lewis Allen's only Yesterday," 311.
135. Book-of-the-Month Club News, November 1931, cited in Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," 264. Emphasis added. For more on the BMOC, see Janice Radway, "The Scandal of the Middlebrow: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Class Fracture, and Cultural Authority," South Atlantic Quarterly 89 (fall 1990): 703-36; Radway, "The Book-of-the-Month Club and the General Reader," in Reading in America: Literature and Social History, Cathy N. Davidson, ed. (Baltimore, 1989), 259-84; and Joan Shelley Rubin, The Making of Middlebrow Culture (Chapel Hill, 1992), chap. 3.
136. Book-of-the-Month Club News, November 1931, cited in Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," 264. Emphasis added. For more on the BMOC, see Janice Radway, "The Scandal of the Middlebrow: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Class Fracture, and Cultural Authority," South Atlantic Quarterly 89 (fall 1990): 703-36; Radway, "The Book-of-the-Month Club and the General Reader," in Reading in America: Literature and Social History, Cathy N. Davidson, ed. (Baltimore, 1989), 259-84; and Joan Shelley Rubin, The Making of Middlebrow Culture (Chapel Hill, 1992), chap. 3.
137. Book-of-the-Month Club News, November 1931, cited in Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," 264. Emphasis added. For more on the BMOC, see Janice Radway, "The Scandal of the Middlebrow: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Class Fracture, and Cultural Authority," South Atlantic Quarterly 89 (fall 1990): 703-36; Radway, "The Book-of-the-Month Club and the General Reader," in Reading in America: Literature and Social History, Cathy N. Davidson, ed. (Baltimore, 1989), 259-84; and Joan Shelley Rubin, The Making of Middlebrow Culture (Chapel Hill, 1992), chap. 3.
138. Book-of-the-Month Club News, November 1931, cited in Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," 264. Emphasis added. For more on the BMOC, see Janice Radway, "The Scandal of the Middlebrow: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Class Fracture, and Cultural Authority," South Atlantic Quarterly 89 (fall 1990): 703-36; Radway, "The Book-of-the-Month Club and the General Reader," in Reading in America: Literature and Social History, Cathy N. Davidson, ed. (Baltimore, 1989), 259-84; and Joan Shelley Rubin, The Making of Middlebrow Culture (Chapel Hill, 1992), chap. 3.
139. Book-of-the-Month Club News, November 1931, cited in Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," 264. Emphasis added. For more on the BMOC, see Janice Radway, "The Scandal of the Middlebrow: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Class Fracture, and Cultural Authority," South Atlantic Quarterly 89 (fall 1990): 703-36; Radway, "The Book-of-the-Month Club and the General Reader," in Reading in America: Literature and Social History, Cathy N. Davidson, ed. (Baltimore, 1989), 259-84; and Joan Shelley Rubin, The Making of Middlebrow Culture (Chapel Hill, 1992), chap. 3.
140. New York Herald Tribune, 10 Nov. 1933, cited in Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," 265.
141. New York Herald Tribune, 10 Nov. 1933, cited in Biel, "Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday and the Idea of the Decade," 265.
142. Allen, Only Yesterday, 358-61; Kennedy, "Revisiting Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday," 310.
143. Allen, Only Yesterday, 358-61; Kennedy, "Revisiting Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday," 310.
144. For an excellent analysis of Krutch's career and his writings, see Peter Gregg Slater, "The Negative Secularism of The Modern Temper: Joseph Wood Krutch," American Quarterly 33 (summer 1981): 185-205.
145. Joseph Wood Krutch, The Modern Temper: A Study and a Confession (New York, 1929), xiii, xvi.
146. Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture (New York, 1929). In some important respects, however, Muncie was rather more archetypal than typical. For example, Muncie's population contained one of the lowest proportion of immigrants and children of immigrants of any American city outside of the South. Richard Jensen, "The Lynds Revisited," Indiana Magazine of History 75 (Dec. 1979): 303-19.
147. Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture (New York, 1929). In some important respects, however, Muncie was rather more archetypal than typical. For example, Muncie's population contained one of the lowest proportion of immigrants and children of immigrants of any American city outside of the South. Richard Jensen, "The Lynds Revisited," Indiana Magazine of History 75 (Dec. 1979): 303-19.
148. Kennedy, "Revisiting Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday," 316.
149. Paula Fass, The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s (Oxford, 1977); Lynn Dumenil, The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s (New York, 1995).
150. Paula Fass, The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s (Oxford, 1977); Lynn Dumenil, The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s (New York, 1995).
151. Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (New York, 1937), 487.
152. Lynd and Lynd, Middletown in Transition, 487.
153. For more on the limits of class-based action in the depression, see Melvyn Dubofsky, "Not So 'Turbulent Years'" Another Look at the American 1930s," Amerikastudien 24 (1979): 5-20. The strength of the conservative, traditional aspects of depression-era culture is also explored in Warren I. Susman, "The Culture of the Thirties," in Susman, Culture as History, 150-83; and Lawrence W. Levine, "American Culture and the Great Depression," in Levine, Unpredictable Past, 206-30.
154. For more on the limits of class-based action in the depression, see Melvyn Dubofsky, "Not So 'Turbulent Years'" Another Look at the American 1930s," Amerikastudien 24 (1979): 5-20. The strength of the conservative, traditional aspects of depression-era culture is also explored in Warren I. Susman, "The Culture of the Thirties," in Susman, Culture as History, 150-83; and Lawrence W. Levine, "American Culture and the Great Depression," in Levine, Unpredictable Past, 206-30.
155. For more on the limits of class-based action in the depression, see Melvyn Dubofsky, "Not So 'Turbulent Years'" Another Look at the American 1930s," Amerikastudien 24 (1979): 5-20. The strength of the conservative, traditional aspects of depression-era culture is also explored in Warren I. Susman, "The Culture of the Thirties," in Susman, Culture as History, 150-83; and Lawrence W. Levine, "American Culture and the Great Depression," in Levine, Unpredictable Past, 206-30.
156. H.H. Hemming and Doris Hemming, "Translator's Introduction" to Andre Siegfried, America Comes of Age, trans, H. H. Hemming and Doris Hemming (New York, 1927, v.
157. Siegfried, America Comes of Age, 347.
158. May, "Shifting Perspectives on the 1920s," 409.
159. For a lucid account of the history of nostalgia, see Fred Davis, Yearning for Yesterday: A Sociology of Nostalgia (New York, 1979).
160. Donald Lowe, History of Bourgeois Perception (Chicago, 1982), esp. 4-5; 40.
161. Merkin, "Name that Decade."
162. Crispell and Zukerberg, "Decade Waltz," 48.
163. Bill Barol, "The Eighties are Over," Newsweek, 4 January 1988, 40-48.
164. Susman, Culture as History, 102.
165. For the historiographic backdrop to this shift, see the essays in Eric Foner, ed. The New American History (Philadelphia, 1990); and Lynn Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History (Berkeley, 1989). See also John Toews, "Intellectual History after the Linguistic Turn: The Autonomy of Meaning and the Irreducibility of Experience," American Historical Review 92 (Oct. 1987): 879-907.
166. For the historiographic backdrop to this shift, see the essays in Eric Foner, ed. The New American History (Philadelphia, 1990); and Lynn Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History (Berkeley, 1989). See also John Toews, "Intellectual History after the Linguistic Turn: The Autonomy of Meaning and the Irreducibility of Experience," American Historical Review 92 (Oct. 1987): 879-907.
167. For the historiographic backdrop to this shift, see the essays in Eric Foner, ed. The New American History (Philadelphia, 1990); and Lynn Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History (Berkeley, 1989). See also John Toews, "Intellectual History after the Linguistic Turn: The Autonomy of Meaning and the Irreducibility of Experience," American Historical Review 92 (Oct. 1987): 879-907.
168. This neglect has been remedied by some important re-assessments of conservatism in American history, including Leonard J. Moore, "Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right," Reviews in American History 24 (Dec. 1996): 555-73; Alan Brinkley, "The Problem of American Conservatism," American Historical Review 99 (April 1994): 409-29; Leo Ribuffo, "Why Is There So Much Conservatism in the United States and Why Do So Few Historians Know Anything About It?" American Historical Review 99 (April 1994): 438-49; and Michael Kazin, "The Grass-Roots Right: New Histories of U.S. Conservatism in the Twentieth Century," American Historical Review 97 (Feb. 1992): 136-55.
169. This neglect has been remedied by some important re-assessments of conservatism in American history, including Leonard J. Moore, "Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right," Reviews in American History 24 (Dec. 1996): 555-73; Alan Brinkley, "The Problem of American Conservatism," American Historical Review 99 (April 1994): 409-29; Leo Ribuffo, "Why Is There So Much Conservatism in the United States and Why Do So Few Historians Know Anything About It?" American Historical Review 99 (April 1994): 438-49; and Michael Kazin, "The Grass-Roots Right: New Histories of U.S. Conservatism in the Twentieth Century," American Historical Review 97 (Feb. 1992): 136-55.
170. This neglect has been remedied by some important re-assessments of conservatism in American history, including Leonard J. Moore, "Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right," Reviews in American History 24 (Dec. 1996): 555-73; Alan Brinkley, "The Problem of American Conservatism," American Historical Review 99 (April 1994): 409-29; Leo Ribuffo, "Why Is There So Much Conservatism in the United States and Why Do So Few Historians Know Anything About It?" American Historical Review 99 (April 1994): 438-49; and Michael Kazin, "The Grass-Roots Right: New Histories of U.S. Conservatism in the Twentieth Century," American Historical Review 97 (Feb. 1992): 136-55.
171. This neglect has been remedied by some important re-assessments of conservatism in American history, including Leonard J. Moore, "Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right," Reviews in American History 24 (Dec. 1996): 555-73; Alan Brinkley, "The Problem of American Conservatism," American Historical Review 99 (April 1994): 409-29; Leo Ribuffo, "Why Is There So Much Conservatism in the United States and Why Do So Few Historians Know Anything About It?" American Historical Review 99 (April 1994): 438-49; and Michael Kazin, "The Grass-Roots Right: New Histories of U.S. Conservatism in the Twentieth Century," American Historical Review 97 (Feb. 1992): 136-55.
172. For an insightful account that suggests that the clichés of decade-driven history are partially responsible for concealing the rise of the religious Right, see Leo P. Ribuffo, "God and Contemporary Politics," Journal of American History 79 (March 1993): 1515-33; esp. 1520.
173. As Leo Ribuffo has pointed out, three typical accounts of the "sixties" cover the accomplishments of Bill Graham while utterly disregarding Billy. Ribuffo, "God and Contemporary Politics," 1521, n. 14.
174. Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (Cambridge, 1994).
175. Thomas Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit Princeton, 1996).