The socioeconomic benefits of active military service to reservists

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 549-565

  Lakhani, Hyder ^a,b  

^a U S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032342986     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X9802400406     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Beth J. Asch, Reserve Supply in the Post-Desert Storm Recruiting Environment (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation report prepared for Assistant Secretary of Defense, 1993), 1-60.
2. Kristin Paterson, "Reserves Miss '96 Recruitment Goal," Army Times, 30 September 1996.
3. Richard Buddin and Sheila Nataraj Kirby, Enlisted Personnel Trends in the Selected Reserve, 1986-1994 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation draft report prepared for Office of the Secretary of Defense, June 1995), 1-106.
4. Reserve Components: Factors Related to Personnel Attrition in the Selected Reserve (Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, April 1991).
5. Office of the Secretary of Defense, Reserve Component Programs: Fiscal Year 1995 Report of the Reserve Forces Policy Board (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense, March 1996), 65-66.
6. D. M. Payne, J. T. Warner, and R. D. Little, "Tied Migration and Returns to Human Capital: The Case of Military Wives," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 324-339.
7. H. Lakhani, "Reenlistment Intentions of Citizen Soldiers in the U.S. Army," Armed Forces & Society 22 (1, 1995): 117-130.
8. H. Lakhani, "The Socioeconomic Benefits to Military Families of Home-basing of Armed Forces," Armed Forces & Society 21 (1, 1994): 113-128.
9. R. D. Little and J. E. Fredland, "Veteran Status, Earnings, and Race," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1979): 244-260; S. L. Magnum and D.E. Ball, "Military Skill Training: Some Evidence of Transferability," Armed Forces & Society 13 (1987): 425-441.
10. R. D. Little and J. E. Fredland, "Veteran Status, Earnings, and Race," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1979): 244-260; S. L. Magnum and D.E. Ball, "Military Skill Training: Some Evidence of Transferability," Armed Forces & Society 13 (1987): 425-441.
11. M. Martindale, and D.L. Poston, "Variation in the Veteran/Nonveteran Earnings Patterns among World War II, Korea, and Vietnam War Cohorts," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1979): 219-243; Little and Fredland (1979), "Veteran Status, Earnings, and Race"; W. J. Villamez and J.D. Kasorda, "Veteran Status and Socioeconomic Attainment," Armed Forces & Society 2 (1976): 407-420; R.L. Phillips, P. J. Andrisani, T. N. Daymont, and C. L. Gilroy, "The Economic Returns to Military Service: Race-ethnic Differences," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 340-360; T.G. Stitch, W. B. Armstrong, D. T. Hickey, and J. S. Caylor, Cast-off Youth: Policy and Training Methods from the Military Experience (New York: Praeger, 1987); Y. Xie. "The Socioeconomic Status of Young Male Veterans, 1964-1984," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 379-396.
12. M. Martindale, and D.L. Poston, "Variation in the Veteran/Nonveteran Earnings Patterns among World War II, Korea, and Vietnam War Cohorts," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1979): 219-243; Little and Fredland (1979), "Veteran Status, Earnings, and Race"; W. J. Villamez and J.D. Kasorda, "Veteran Status and Socioeconomic Attainment," Armed Forces & Society 2 (1976): 407-420; R.L. Phillips, P. J. Andrisani, T. N. Daymont, and C. L. Gilroy, "The Economic Returns to Military Service: Race-ethnic Differences," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 340-360; T.G. Stitch, W. B. Armstrong, D. T. Hickey, and J. S. Caylor, Cast-off Youth: Policy and Training Methods from the Military Experience (New York: Praeger, 1987); Y. Xie. "The Socioeconomic Status of Young Male Veterans, 1964-1984," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 379-396.
13. M. Martindale, and D.L. Poston, "Variation in the Veteran/Nonveteran Earnings Patterns among World War II, Korea, and Vietnam War Cohorts," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1979): 219-243; Little and Fredland (1979), "Veteran Status, Earnings, and Race"; W. J. Villamez and J.D. Kasorda, "Veteran Status and Socioeconomic Attainment," Armed Forces & Society 2 (1976): 407-420; R.L. Phillips, P. J. Andrisani, T. N. Daymont, and C. L. Gilroy, "The Economic Returns to Military Service: Race-ethnic Differences," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 340-360; T.G. Stitch, W. B. Armstrong, D. T. Hickey, and J. S. Caylor, Cast-off Youth: Policy and Training Methods from the Military Experience (New York: Praeger, 1987); Y. Xie. "The Socioeconomic Status of Young Male Veterans, 1964-1984," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 379-396.
14. M. Martindale, and D.L. Poston, "Variation in the Veteran/Nonveteran Earnings Patterns among World War II, Korea, and Vietnam War Cohorts," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1979): 219-243; Little and Fredland (1979), "Veteran Status, Earnings, and Race"; W. J. Villamez and J.D. Kasorda, "Veteran Status and Socioeconomic Attainment," Armed Forces & Society 2 (1976): 407-420; R.L. Phillips, P. J. Andrisani, T. N. Daymont, and C. L. Gilroy, "The Economic Returns to Military Service: Race-ethnic Differences," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 340-360; T.G. Stitch, W. B. Armstrong, D. T. Hickey, and J. S. Caylor, Cast-off Youth: Policy and Training Methods from the Military Experience (New York: Praeger, 1987); Y. Xie. "The Socioeconomic Status of Young Male Veterans, 1964-1984," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 379-396.
15. M. Martindale, and D.L. Poston, "Variation in the Veteran/Nonveteran Earnings Patterns among World War II, Korea, and Vietnam War Cohorts," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1979): 219-243; Little and Fredland (1979), "Veteran Status, Earnings, and Race"; W. J. Villamez and J.D. Kasorda, "Veteran Status and Socioeconomic Attainment," Armed Forces & Society 2 (1976): 407-420; R.L. Phillips, P. J. Andrisani, T. N. Daymont, and C. L. Gilroy, "The Economic Returns to Military Service: Race-ethnic Differences," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 340-360; T.G. Stitch, W. B. Armstrong, D. T. Hickey, and J. S. Caylor, Cast-off Youth: Policy and Training Methods from the Military Experience (New York: Praeger, 1987); Y. Xie. "The Socioeconomic Status of Young Male Veterans, 1964-1984," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 379-396.
16. M. Martindale, and D.L. Poston, "Variation in the Veteran/Nonveteran Earnings Patterns among World War II, Korea, and Vietnam War Cohorts," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1979): 219-243; Little and Fredland (1979), "Veteran Status, Earnings, and Race"; W. J. Villamez and J.D. Kasorda, "Veteran Status and Socioeconomic Attainment," Armed Forces & Society 2 (1976): 407-420; R.L. Phillips, P. J. Andrisani, T. N. Daymont, and C. L. Gilroy, "The Economic Returns to Military Service: Race-ethnic Differences," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 340-360; T.G. Stitch, W. B. Armstrong, D. T. Hickey, and J. S. Caylor, Cast-off Youth: Policy and Training Methods from the Military Experience (New York: Praeger, 1987); Y. Xie. "The Socioeconomic Status of Young Male Veterans, 1964-1984," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 379-396.
17. J. Angrist and A. B. Krueger, "Why Do World War II Veterans Earn More than Nonveterans?" Journal of Labor Economics 12 (1994): 74-97; J. D. Angrist, "Using the Draft Lottery to Measure the Effects of Military Service on Civilian Labor Market Outcomes," in Research in Labor Economics, 10, R. Ehrenberg (ed.), (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1989): 265-310; J. D. Angrist, "Lifetime Earnings and the Vietnam Era Draft Lottery: Evidence from Social Security Administration Records," American Economic Review 80 (1990): 313-336.
18. J. Angrist and A. B. Krueger, "Why Do World War II Veterans Earn More than Nonveterans?" Journal of Labor Economics 12 (1994): 74-97; J. D. Angrist, "Using the Draft Lottery to Measure the Effects of Military Service on Civilian Labor Market Outcomes," in Research in Labor Economics, 10, R. Ehrenberg (ed.), (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1989): 265-310; J. D. Angrist, "Lifetime Earnings and the Vietnam Era Draft Lottery: Evidence from Social Security Administration Records," American Economic Review 80 (1990): 313-336.
19. J. Angrist and A. B. Krueger, "Why Do World War II Veterans Earn More than Nonveterans?" Journal of Labor Economics 12 (1994): 74-97; J. D. Angrist, "Using the Draft Lottery to Measure the Effects of Military Service on Civilian Labor Market Outcomes," in Research in Labor Economics, 10, R. Ehrenberg (ed.), (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1989): 265-310; J. D. Angrist, "Lifetime Earnings and the Vietnam Era Draft Lottery: Evidence from Social Security Administration Records," American Economic Review 80 (1990): 313-336.
20. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
21. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
22. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
23. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
24. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
25. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
26. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
27. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
28. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
29. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
30. Angrist & Krueger (1994), "Why Do World War II Veterans"; Angrist (1989), "Using the Draft Lottery"; Angrist (1990), "Lifetime Earnings"; M. C. Berger and B. T. Hirsch, "The Civilian Earnings Experience of Vietnam-era Veterans," Journal of Human Resources 18 (1983): 455-479; R. Bryant and A. Wilhite. "Military Experience and Training Effects of Civilian Wages," Applied Economics 22 (1990): 69-81; J. R. Crane and D. A. Wise, "Military Service and the Civilian Earnings of Youths," in Public Sector Payrolls, D. A. Wise (ed.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 119-137; J. H. Laurence and P. F. Ramsberger, "Long-term Effects of Military Service on Low-aptitude Recruits." Paper presented at the 65th Annual Western Economic Association Conference, San Diego, CA, 30 June 1990; S. Rosen and P. Taubman, "Changes in Life-cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" Journal of Human Resources XVII (1982): 321-338; S. Schwartz, "The Relative Earnings of Vietnam and Korean-era Veterans," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39 (1986): 564-572; J. Card, Lives after Vietnam (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983); J. Cohen, D. R. Segal, and L. V. Temme, "The Impact of Education on Vietnam-era Veterans' Occupational Attainment," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 397-409.
31. Berger and Hirsch ("Civilian Earnings") estimated the loss at 2 percent, and Rosen and Taubman ("Changes in Life-Cycle Earnings") calculated the loss at 19 percent.
32. Berger and Hirsch ("Civilian Earnings") estimated the loss at 2 percent, and Rosen and Taubman ("Changes in Life-Cycle Earnings") calculated the loss at 19 percent.
33. Villamez and Kasarda (1976), "Veteran Status and Socioeconomic Attainment," 407-420; J. D. Teachman and V. R. A. Call, "The Effect of Military Service on Educational, Occupational, and Income Attainment, Social Science Research 25 (1996): 1-31.
34. Villamez and Kasarda (1976), "Veteran Status and Socioeconomic Attainment," 407-420; J. D. Teachman and V. R. A. Call, "The Effect of Military Service on Educational, Occupational, and Income Attainment, Social Science Research 25 (1996): 1-31.
35. P. A. Gade, H. Lakhani, and M. Kimmel, "Military Service: A Good Place to Start?" Military Psychology 3 (1991): 251-267.
36. Dennis De Tray, "Veteran Status as a Screening Device," American Economic Review 72 (1982): 133-142.
37. Harvey L. Browning, Sally G. Lopreato, and Dudley Poston, Jr., "Income and Veteran's Status: Variations among Mexican Americans, Blacks, and Anglos," American Sociological Review 38 (1973): 74-85.
38. J. Eric Fredland and Roger D. Little, "Socioeconomic Status of World War II Veterans by Race: An Empirical Test of the Bridging Hypothesis," Social Science Quarterly (September 1985): 534-551.
39. Robert L. Phillips, Paul J. Andrisani, Thomas N. Daymont, and Curtis L. Gilroy, "The Economic Returns to Military Service: Race-Ethnic Differences," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 340-359.
40. Yu Xie, "The Socioeconomic Status of Young Male Veterans, 1964-1984," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 379-396. "For socially disadvantaged groups, veteran status has an additional premium either because military experience provides a 'bridging environment' or because employers use veteran status as a 'screening' device," 395.
41. H. Lakhani and S. Fugita, "Reserve/Guard Retention: Moonlighting or Patriotism?" Military Psychology 5 (2, 1993): 113-125.
42. D. McFadden, "The Measurement of Urban Travel Demand," Journal of Public Economics 3 (1974): 303-328. The formula for pseudo-R-squared = 1 - (Log Likelihood when maximized with respect to all parameters)/(Log Likelihood when maximized with respect to constant term only).
43. M. R. Killingsworth, Labor Supply (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983): 186-199, reports several studies, called second generation studies, that include hours worked as an explanatory variable and earnings as a criterion variable.
44. H. Lakhani, "Reenlistment Intentions of Citizen Soldiers in the U.S. Army," Armed Forces & Society 22 (1995): 117-130.
45. D. M. Payne, J. T. Warner, and R. D. Little, "Tied Migration and Returns to Human Capital: The Case of Military Wives," Social Science Quarterly 73 (1992): 324-339.
46. H. Lakhani and S.S. Fugita (1993), "Reserve/Guard Retention: Moonlighting or Patriotism?"
47. H. Lakhani, "The Socioeconomic Benefits to Military Families of Home-basing of Armed Forces," Armed Forces & Society 21 (1994): 113-128.
48. H. Lakhani and P. A. Gade, "Career Decisions of Dual Military Career Couples: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of the U.S. Army," Journal of Economic Psychology 13 (1, 1992): 153-166.
49. H. L. Wilensky, "Work, Careers, and Social Integration," International Social Science Journal 12 (1960): 543-560.