The goal effectiveness paradox in sport: Examining the goal practices of collegiate athletes

Sport Psychologist

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 404-418

  Burton, Damon ^a   Yukelson, David ^c   Weinberg, Robert ^b   Weigand, Daniel ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO   (United States)

^b MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BEDFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032338010     PISSN: 08884781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/tsp.12.4.404     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Ames, C. (1992). The relationship of achievement goals to student motivation in classroom settings. In G.C. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 161-176). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
2. Anderson, D.C., Crowell, C.R., Doman, M., & Howard, G.S. (1988). Performance posting, goal setting, and activity-contingent praise as applied to a university hockey team. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 87-95.
3. Botterill, C. (1980). Psychology of coaching. In R.M. Suinn (Ed.), Psychology in sports: Methods and applications (pp. 261-268). Minneapolis, MN: Burgess.
4. Boyce, A. (1992). The effects of goal proximity on skill acquisition and retention of a shooting task in a field-based setting. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 298-308.
5. Boyce, A. (1994). The effects of goal setting on performance and spontaneous goal-setting behavior of experienced pistol shooters. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 87-93.
6. Burton, D. (1984, February). Goal setting: A secret to success. Swimming World, 25-29.
7. Burton, D. (1989). Winning isn't everything: Examining the impact of performance goals on collegiate swimmers' cognitions and performance. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 105-132.
8. Burton, D. (1992). The Jekyll/Hyde nature of goals: Reconceptualizing goal setting in sport. In T. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (pp. 267-297). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
9. Burton, D. (1993). Goal setting in sport. In R.N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L.K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research in sport psychology (pp. 467-491). New York: Macmillan.
10. Chidester, T.R., & Grigsby, W.C. (1984). A meta-analysis of the goal setting performance literature. In J.A. Pearce & R.B. Robinson (Eds.), Academy of management proceedings (pp. 202-206). Ada, OH: Academy of Management.
11. Danish, S., & D'Augelli, A.R. (1983). Helping skills II: Life development intervention. New York: Human Sciences.
12. Duda, J. (1992). Motivation in sport settings: A goal perspective approach. In G.C. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 57-92). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
13. Duda, J. (1993). Goals: A social cognitive approach to the study of achievement motivation in sport. In R.N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L.K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research in sport psychology (pp. 421-436). New York: Macmillan.
14. Frierman, S.H., Weinberg, R.S., & Jackson, A. (1990). The relationship between goal proximity and specificity in bowling: A field experiment. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 145-154.
15. Gould, D. (1993). Goal setting for peak performance. In J. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (pp. 158-169). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
16. Hardy, L. (1997). The Coleman Roberts Griffith address: Three myths about applied consultancy work. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 277-294.
17. Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice for elite performers. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
18. Hardy, L., & Pearce, R. (1998). Combined effects of ego and task orientation upon effort in experienced rock climbers. Manuscript in preparation.
19. Hunter, J.E., & Schmidt, F.L. (1983). Quantifying the effects of psychological interventions on employee job performance and work force productivity. American Psychologist, 38, 473-478.
20. Kingston, K.M., & Hardy, L. (1998). Do goal orientation profiles impact upon competition performance? Manuscript in preparation.
21. Kyllo, L.B., & Landers, D.M. (1995). Goal setting in sport and exercise: A research synthesis to resolve the controversy. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 117-137.
22. Lerner, B.S., & Locke, E.A. (1995). The effects of goal setting, self-efficacy, competition, and personal traits on the performance of an endurance task. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 138-152.
23. Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (1984). Goal setting: A motivational technique that works! Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
24. Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
25. Locke, E.A., Shaw, K.N., Saari, L.M., & Latham, G.P. (1981). Goal setting and task performance. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 125-152.
26. McClements, J.D., & Botterill, C.B. (1984). Goal setting in shaping of future performance of athletes. In P. Klavora & J.V. Daniel (Eds.), Coach, athlete, and the sport psychologist (pp. 199-210). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
27. Mento, A.J., Steele, R.P., & Karren, R.J. (1987). A meta-analytical study of the effects of goal-setting on task performance: 1966-1984. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 52-83.
28. Nicholls, J.G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. O'Block, F.R., & Evans, F.H. (1984). Goal setting as a motivational technique. In J.M. Silva & R.S. Weinberg (Eds.), Psychological foundations of sport (pp. 188-196). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
30. Pemberton, C., & McSwegin, P.J. (1989). Goal setting and motivation. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 60, 39-41.
31. Pierce, B.E., & Burton, D. (1998). Scoring a perfect 10: Investigating the impact of goal-setting styles on a goal-setting program for female gymnasts. The Sport Psychologist, 12, 156-168.
32. Seifriz, J.J., Duda, J.L., & Chi, L. (1992). The relationship of perceived motivational climate to intrinsic motivation and beliefs about success in basketball. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 375-391.
33. Tubbs, M.E. (1986). Goal setting: A meta-analytic examination of the empirical evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 474-483.
34. Wankel, L.M., & McEwan, R. (1976). Effect of privately and publicly set goals upon athletic performance. Proceedings of the International Congress of Physical Activity Sciences, 7, 337-344.
35. Weinberg, R.S. (1982). Motivating athletes through goal setting. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 53, 46-48.
36. Weinberg, R.S. (1992). Goal setting and motor performance: A review and critique. In G. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 177-198). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
37. Weinberg, R.S., Burton, D., Yukelson, D., & Weigand, D. (1993). Goal setting in competitive sport: An exploratory investigation of practices of collegiate athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 7, 275-289.
38. Wood, R.E., Mento, A.J., & Locke, E.A. (1987). Task complexity as a moderator of goal effects: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 416-425.
39. Yukelson, D., Weinberg, R., Burton, D., & Weigand, D. (1992, October). Goal setting in competitive sport: Interviews with collegiate athletes. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, Colorado Springs, CO.