Access in the digital information age and the archival mission: The United States

Journal of the Society of Archivists

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 25-40

  Cox, Richard J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032335610     PISSN: 00379816     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00379819809514420     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. By 'traditional' archival programmes I mean those in which the holdings are mainly paper records, the primary use of the records is made by researchers who visit the repository in person, archivists interpret their mission as acquiring or collecting records and manuscripts, and the archive is seen to be an institution for the physical custody of archival records. I am not implying that 'traditional' should be used in a pejorative sense, especially since such programmes have served us and society reasonably well for a very long term. However, I do believe that the future of these programmes must be discussed and debated in light of the nature of the current age. Like the debate about the future of the printed book versus that of an electronic surrogate, I believe that the value of thinking about such issues may be more in the thinking than in the question of whether we are seeing a new information age; reflecting on these concerns helps us to re-focus on our assumptions and most cherished habits, and this should be a healthy process. See, for example, Richard J. Cox 'Taking sides on the future of the book', American Libraries, vol 28 (1997), pp 52-55.
2. See the collection of papers from the 1992 American Library Association Rare Books and Manuscript Section conference, published as Scholarly Communication in an Electronic Environment: issues for research libraries, ed. Robert Sidney Martin (Chicago, American Library Association, 1993). In fact, the kinds of issues now discussed as a result of the rapid, widespread growth of the internet and world wide web were being considered long before networking was seen to be a major concern; see, for example, Gordon B. Neavill (who is one of the authors in the Scholarly Communication volume), 'Electronic Publishing, Libraries, and the Survival of Information', Library Resources & Technical Services, vol 28 (1984), pp 76-89.
3. See the collection of papers from the 1992 American Library Association Rare Books and Manuscript Section conference, published as Scholarly Communication in an Electronic Environment: issues for research libraries, ed. Robert Sidney Martin (Chicago, American Library Association, 1993). In fact, the kinds of issues now discussed as a result of the rapid, widespread growth of the internet and world wide web were being considered long before networking was seen to be a major concern; see, for example, Gordon B. Neavill (who is one of the authors in the Scholarly Communication volume), 'Electronic Publishing, Libraries, and the Survival of Information', Library Resources & Technical Services, vol 28 (1984), pp 76-89.
4. While historical informatics and a wider public access to archival and historical records are two very different concerns, the discipline does suggest that the larger world context for archives and historical manuscripts administration is changing. See, for example, Ingo H. Kropac, 'Processing the delivered past: from primary sources to secondary analyses', Research in Humanities Computing 4: Selected Papers from the ALLC/ACH Conference, Christ Church, Oxford, April 1992 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996), pp 156-170. The foremost North American commentator on this topic has been Lawrence J. McCrank; for his most recent contribution, see 'History, archives, and information science', Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, ed. Martha E. Williams (Medford, NJ, American Society for Information Science, 1995), vol 30, pp 281-382.
5. While historical informatics and a wider public access to archival and historical records are two very different concerns, the discipline does suggest that the larger world context for archives and historical manuscripts administration is changing. See, for example, Ingo H. Kropac, 'Processing the delivered past: from primary sources to secondary analyses', Research in Humanities Computing 4: Selected Papers from the ALLC/ACH Conference, Christ Church, Oxford, April 1992 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996), pp 156-170. The foremost North American commentator on this topic has been Lawrence J. McCrank; for his most recent contribution, see 'History, archives, and information science', Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, ed. Martha E. Williams (Medford, NJ, American Society for Information Science, 1995), vol 30, pp 281-382.
6. See, for example, Ronald T. Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-century America (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), chapters 7-10.
7. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
8. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
9. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
10. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
11. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
12. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
13. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
14. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
15. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
16. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
17. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
18. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
19. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
20. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
21. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
22. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North
23. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
24. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
25. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
26. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
27. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
28. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
29. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
30. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
31. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
32. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
33. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
34. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
35. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
36. And we have seen a remarkable array of writing addressing the social, political, and economic aspects of information technology that can inform archivists and records managers about the relevance of this technology to their own missions. See, for example, as just a sampling of such writing, the following: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: sci-tech and the dogma of work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Sven Bierkerts, The Gutenberg Elegies: the fate of reading in an electronic age (Boston, Faber and Faber, 1995); Tolstoy's Dictaphone: technology and the muse, ed. S. Birkerts (St. Paul, MN, Graywolf Press, 1996); J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: western culture in the computer age (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: cyberculture at the end of the century (New York, Grove Press, 1996); Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996); Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: how computers are transforming the office of the future into the factory of the past (New York, Penguin Books, 1989); George Gilder, Life After Television: the coming transformation of media and American life (rev edn) (New York, W. W. Norton, 1994); Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995); Gary Gumpert, Talking Tombstones and Other Tales of the Media Age (New York, Oxford University Press, 1987); Roderick Hart, Seducing America: how television charms the modern voter (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994); Michael Heim, Electric Language: a philosophical study of word processing (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987); Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality (New York, Oxford University Press, 1993); Richard A. Lanham, The Electronic Word: democracy, technology, and the arts (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993); Steven Lubar, Infoculture: the Smithsonian book of information age inventions (New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1993); Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1995); Geoffrey Nunberg (ed.), The Future of the Book (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1996); Arno Penzias, Digital Harmony: business, technology and life after paperwork (New York, Harper Business, 1996); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: public discourse in the age of show business (New York, Penguin Books, 1985); Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame: the seductions of computer technology (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996); Bryon Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996); Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: life in the trenches of hyperspace (San Francisco, Harper San Francisco, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale, Rebels Against the Future: the Luddites and their war on the industrial revolution (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995); Herbert Schiller, Information Inequality: the deepening social crisis in America (New York, Routledge, 1996), Barry Sanders, A is for Ox: violence, electronic media, and the silencing of the written word (New York, Pantheon Books, 1994); Anthony Smith, Software for the Self: culture and technology (New York, Oxford University Press, 1996); Clifford Stoll; Silicon Snake Oil: second thoughts on the information highway (New York, Anchor Books, 1995); Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back: technology and the revenge of unintended consequences (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996); Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: identity in the age of the Internet (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995); and Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986).
37. While we know that the development of journals starting in the eighteenth century was an effort to provide important information for certain disciplines in a more rapid and inexpensive fashion, we now know that the greater speed and efficiency of the electronic networks may only cause new problems for fraud and plagiarism. See Marcel C. LaFollette Stealing into Print: fraud, plagiarism, and misconduct in scientific publishing (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1992).
38. We also are well aware that the nature of information technology has changed, as Stewart Brand suggested exactly a decade ago when he wrote that 'It used to be that new media supplemented old media; now they destroy them.' Stewart Brand, The Media Lab: inventing the future at MIT (New York, Viking, 1987), p 20.
39. Clifford A. Lynch, 'The transformation of scholarly communication and the role of the library in the age of networked information', Serials Librarian, vol 23, nos 3-4 (1993), pp 5-20, and, especially, Benton Foundation, Buildings, Books, and Bytes: libraries and communities in the digital age (Benton Foundation, 1996), adopting an unabashedly technocratic view of what libraries should be, available at http://www.benton.org/Kellogg/buildings.html . American archivists have long struggled with the notion of their interest in old records, with the need to have an underlying theory and knowledge for managing records. Setting aside for the moment the issue of whether these archivists can feel the same attachment to the newer electronic records, it is plain that for many there is an inherent Romanticism at play in their work. This is not a new notion. William Hedges, in his study of the writings of Washington Irving, suggested that 'Irving's picturesque feeling for ruins came close to being a concept, the one intellectual frame he had to put around his picture of the world. His sense of inevitable decay was to be his substitute for a theory of history or a philosophy'; William L. Hedges Washington Irving: an American study, 1802-1832 (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1965), p 42. In the same vein, the American archivist's great interest in processing backlogs has come to be a substitute for any interest in the underlying knowledge supporting their work. For many, it seems that thinking of archivy as a discipline or a science is something that gets in the way of their being able to deal with their own Romantic ruins.
40. Clifford A. Lynch, 'The transformation of scholarly communication and the role of the library in the age of networked information', Serials Librarian, vol 23, nos 3-4 (1993), pp 5-20, and, especially, Benton Foundation, Buildings, Books, and Bytes: libraries and communities in the digital age (Benton Foundation, 1996), adopting an unabashedly technocratic view of what libraries should be, available at http://www.benton.org/Kellogg/buildings.html . American archivists have long struggled with the notion of their interest in old records, with the need to have an underlying theory and knowledge for managing records. Setting aside for the moment the issue of whether these archivists can feel the same attachment to the newer electronic records, it is plain that for many there is an inherent Romanticism at play in their work. This is not a new notion. William Hedges, in his study of the writings of Washington Irving, suggested that 'Irving's picturesque feeling for ruins came close to being a concept, the one intellectual frame he had to put around his picture of the world. His sense of inevitable decay was to be his substitute for a theory of history or a philosophy'; William L. Hedges Washington Irving: an American study, 1802-1832 (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1965), p 42. In the same vein, the American archivist's great interest in processing backlogs has come to be a substitute for any interest in the underlying knowledge supporting their work. For many, it seems that thinking of archivy as a discipline or a science is something that gets in the way of their being able to deal with their own Romantic ruins.
41. Clifford A. Lynch, 'The transformation of scholarly communication and the role of the library in the age of networked information', Serials Librarian, vol 23, nos 3-4 (1993), pp 5-20, and, especially, Benton Foundation, Buildings, Books, and Bytes: libraries and communities in the digital age (Benton Foundation, 1996), adopting an unabashedly technocratic view of what libraries should be, available at http://www.benton.org/Kellogg/buildings.html . American archivists have long struggled with the notion of their interest in old records, with the need to have an underlying theory and knowledge for managing records. Setting aside for the moment the issue of whether these archivists can feel the same attachment to the newer electronic records, it is plain that for many there is an inherent Romanticism at play in their work. This is not a new notion. William Hedges, in his study of the writings of Washington Irving, suggested that 'Irving's picturesque feeling for ruins came close to being a concept, the one intellectual frame he had to put around his picture of the world. His sense of inevitable decay was to be his substitute for a theory of history or a philosophy'; William L. Hedges Washington Irving: an American study, 1802-1832 (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1965), p 42. In the same vein, the American archivist's great interest in processing backlogs has come to be a substitute for any interest in the underlying knowledge supporting their work. For many, it seems that thinking of archivy as a discipline or a science is something that gets in the way of their being able to deal with their own Romantic ruins.
42. Phyllis Franklin, 'Scholars, librarians, and the future of primary records'; College & Research Libraries, vol 54 (1993), pp 397-406 . The classic arguments about the need to preserve the original artifact comes from G. Thomas Tanselle; see, for example, his Textual Criticism and Scholarly Editing
43. Phyllis Franklin, 'Scholars, librarians, and the future of primary records'; College & Research Libraries, vol 54 (1993), pp 397-406 . The classic arguments about the need to preserve the original artifact comes from G. Thomas Tanselle; see, for example, his Textual Criticism and Scholarly Editing (Charlottesville, VA, University Press of Virginia, 1991).
44. The draft of the strategic plan is Ready Access to Essential Evidence: the strategic plan of the National Archives and Records Administration 1997-2007 available at http://www.nara.gov/nara/vision/ naraplan.html . The essence of this plan is also reflected in the National Archives 1995 annual report, The National Archives: a spirit of change (Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1996). The problem with establishing new and more realistic priorities taking into account the changes in recording media came to the fore when the US National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the funding arm of the National Archives, announced its revised priorities to favour funding electronic records projects over the publication of documentary editions in letterpress form. The professional historical associations, the same ones worried about the impact of these electronic technologies given the many writings by historians about the future of historical sources in the light of the uses of electronic mail and other such systems, cried foul that such an electronic records research project might be deemed to be more important than editing the papers of Thomas Jefferson. This ignored, of course, that Jefferson's papers were not endangered, but that the Jeffersons of the 1990s might not leave any documents behind unless we solved the challenges of electronic records management.
45. The draft of the strategic plan is Ready Access to Essential Evidence: the strategic plan of the National Archives and Records Administration 1997-2007 available at http://www.nara.gov/nara/vision/ naraplan.html . The essence of this plan is also reflected in the National Archives 1995 annual report, The National Archives: a spirit of change (Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1996). The problem with establishing new and more realistic priorities taking into account the changes in recording media came to the fore when the US National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the funding arm of the National Archives, announced its revised priorities to favour funding electronic records projects over the publication of documentary editions in letterpress form. The professional historical associations, the same ones worried about the impact of these electronic technologies given the many writings by historians about the future of historical sources in the light of the uses of electronic mail and other such systems, cried foul that such an electronic records research project might be deemed to be more important than editing the papers of Thomas Jefferson. This ignored, of course, that Jefferson's papers were not endangered, but that the Jeffersons of the 1990s might not leave any documents behind unless we solved the challenges of electronic records management.
46. Winner, The Whale and the Reactor, p 105.
47. Frederick P. Brooks, Jr, The Mythical Man-Month: essays on software engineering; anniversary edition (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1995), p 280.
48. Schiller, Information Inequality, p 65.
49. Many of the views about the information age are based, for example, on remarkably simplistic notions of historical development. As Tom Stonier has stated, 'The most important input into modern productive systems is no longer land, labour, or capital - it is information. When you know enough, you can greatly reduce the requirements for any of these'; 'Towards a new theory of information,' Journal of Information Science, vol 17 (1991), p 257. Has this been verified? I am sure that those who continue to invest in land and labor or who function in the marketplace would be interested to know that they are obsolete or, worse, just wrong.
50. The phrase comes from the Benton report Buildings, Books, and Bytes, chapter 1.
51. British Library Research and Development Department, Information Technology in Humanities Scholarship: British achievements, prospects, and barriers (London, British Library, 1993).
52. This could also help to make politicians and policymakers more aware of why they should not tamper with records and why they should instead be advocates for the better management of records. Our newspapers, news magazines, and other news outlets are filled with reports of how records have been deliberately destroyed, tampered with, misplaced, or purposefully not created. Some view archives or records centres as a kind of cemetery or place for dead (useless) records. We need to turn that image around. We also need to remember that the cemetery ultimately emerged as a centre of social life. As historian Philippe Aries discovered, 'The cemetery was the place for strolling, socializing, and merrymaking. It took the place of a mall'; The Hour of Our Death (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1981). Archivists need to find the modern-day equivalent of the cemetery or the mall and use it to relate the importance of archives. Some would argue that this is precisely what the internet has become.
53. Terry Cook, 'Rites of passage: the archivist and the information age', Archivaria, vol 31 (1990-1991), p 176.
54. Paul Thompson, The Voice of the Past: oral history (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1978), p 97.
55. Organizations seem to stumble over each other in order to grab onto the latest trend emanating from the high technology industry. The idea of data warehousing is but one recent example, and many organizations rush to use it naively believing that it will replace the need for records management and archives approaches; see, for example, Piers Cain, 'Data warehouses as producers of archival records', JSA, vol 16 (1995), pp 167-171.
56. For example, economics professor Eli Noam has predicted a transformation or end of the modern university. Why? Because there is a 'reversal in the historic direction of information flow. In the past, people came to the information, which was stored at the university. In the future, the information will come to the people, wherever they are.' Eli M. Noam, 'Electronics and the dim future of the university', Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, vol 22 (June/July 1996), p 9.
57. This can be as mundane as the application of archival principles to non-archival sources, such as seen in Richard Saunders, 'Collection- or archival-level description for monograph collections', Library Resources and Technical Services, vol 38 (April 1994), pp 139-147. The bigger concern is staying focused on the value of records in this technocratic era, a topic I have written about extensively, including 'Re-discovering the archival mission: the recordkeeping functional requirements project at the University of Pittsburgh; a progress report', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 8, no 4 (1994), pp 279-300; 'Re-defining electronic records management', Records Management Quarterly, vol 30 (October 1996), pp 8-13; 'The record: is it evolving?' Records & Retrieval Report, vol 10 (March 1994); 'What's in a name? Archives as a multi-faceted term in the information professions', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 11 (March 1995); 'The record in the information age: a progress report on research', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (January 1996); 'Computer Literacy for Records Managers and Archivists', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (October 1996); and 'The importance of records in the information age', Records Management Quarterly, vol 32 (January 1998), pp 36-46, 48-49, 52.
58. This can be as mundane as the application of archival principles to non-archival sources, such as seen in Richard Saunders, 'Collection- or archival-level description for monograph collections', Library Resources and Technical Services, vol 38 (April 1994), pp 139-147. The bigger concern is staying focused on the value of records in this technocratic era, a topic I have written about extensively, including 'Re-discovering the archival mission: the recordkeeping functional requirements project at the University of Pittsburgh; a progress report', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 8, no 4 (1994), pp 279-300; 'Re-defining electronic records management', Records Management Quarterly, vol 30 (October 1996), pp 8-13; 'The record: is it evolving?' Records & Retrieval Report, vol 10 (March 1994); 'What's in a name? Archives as a multi-faceted term in the information professions', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 11 (March 1995); 'The record in the information age: a progress report on research', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (January 1996); 'Computer Literacy for Records Managers and Archivists', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (October 1996); and 'The importance of records in the information age', Records Management Quarterly, vol 32 (January 1998), pp 36-46, 48-49, 52.
59. This can be as mundane as the application of archival principles to non-archival sources, such as seen in Richard Saunders, 'Collection- or archival-level description for monograph collections', Library Resources and Technical Services, vol 38 (April 1994), pp 139-147. The bigger concern is staying focused on the value of records in this technocratic era, a topic I have written about extensively, including 'Re-discovering the archival mission: the recordkeeping functional requirements project at the University of Pittsburgh; a progress report', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 8, no 4 (1994), pp 279-300; 'Re-defining electronic records management', Records Management Quarterly, vol 30 (October 1996), pp 8-13; 'The record: is it evolving?' Records & Retrieval Report, vol 10 (March 1994); 'What's in a name? Archives as a multi-faceted term in the information professions', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 11 (March 1995); 'The record in the information age: a progress report on research', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (January 1996); 'Computer Literacy for Records Managers and Archivists', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (October 1996); and 'The importance of records in the information age', Records Management Quarterly, vol 32 (January 1998), pp 36-46, 48-49, 52.
60. This can be as mundane as the application of archival principles to non-archival sources, such as seen in Richard Saunders, 'Collection- or archival-level description for monograph collections', Library Resources and Technical Services, vol 38 (April 1994), pp 139-147. The bigger concern is staying focused on the value of records in this technocratic era, a topic I have written about extensively, including 'Re-discovering the archival mission: the recordkeeping functional requirements project at the University of Pittsburgh; a progress report', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 8, no 4 (1994), pp 279-300; 'Re-defining electronic records management', Records Management Quarterly, vol 30 (October 1996), pp 8-13; 'The record: is it evolving?' Records & Retrieval Report, vol 10 (March 1994); 'What's in a name? Archives as a multi-faceted term in the information professions', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 11 (March 1995); 'The record in the information age: a progress report on research', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (January 1996); 'Computer Literacy for Records Managers and Archivists', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (October 1996); and 'The importance of records in the information age', Records Management Quarterly, vol 32 (January 1998), pp 36-46, 48-49, 52.
61. This can be as mundane as the application of archival principles to non-archival sources, such as seen in Richard Saunders, 'Collection- or archival-level description for monograph collections', Library Resources and Technical Services, vol 38 (April 1994), pp 139-147. The bigger concern is staying focused on the value of records in this technocratic era, a topic I have written about extensively, including 'Re-discovering the archival mission: the recordkeeping functional requirements project at the University of Pittsburgh; a progress report', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 8, no 4 (1994), pp 279-300; 'Re-defining electronic records management', Records Management Quarterly, vol 30 (October 1996), pp 8-13; 'The record: is it evolving?' Records & Retrieval Report, vol 10 (March 1994); 'What's in a name? Archives as a multi-faceted term in the information professions', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 11 (March 1995); 'The record in the information age: a progress report on research', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (January 1996); 'Computer Literacy for Records Managers and Archivists', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (October 1996); and 'The importance of records in the information age', Records Management Quarterly, vol 32 (January 1998), pp 36-46, 48-49, 52.
62. This can be as mundane as the application of archival principles to non-archival sources, such as seen in Richard Saunders, 'Collection- or archival-level description for monograph collections', Library Resources and Technical Services, vol 38 (April 1994), pp 139-147. The bigger concern is staying focused on the value of records in this technocratic era, a topic I have written about extensively, including 'Re-discovering the archival mission: the recordkeeping functional requirements project at the University of Pittsburgh; a progress report', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 8, no 4 (1994), pp 279-300; 'Re-defining electronic records management', Records Management Quarterly, vol 30 (October 1996), pp 8-13; 'The record: is it evolving?' Records & Retrieval Report, vol 10 (March 1994); 'What's in a name? Archives as a multi-faceted term in the information professions', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 11 (March 1995); 'The record in the information age: a progress report on research', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (January 1996); 'Computer Literacy for Records Managers and Archivists', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (October 1996); and 'The importance of records in the information age', Records Management Quarterly, vol 32 (January 1998), pp 36-46, 48-49, 52.
63. This can be as mundane as the application of archival principles to non-archival sources, such as seen in Richard Saunders, 'Collection- or archival-level description for monograph collections', Library Resources and Technical Services, vol 38 (April 1994), pp 139-147. The bigger concern is staying focused on the value of records in this technocratic era, a topic I have written about extensively, including 'Re-discovering the archival mission: the recordkeeping functional requirements project at the University of Pittsburgh; a progress report', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 8, no 4 (1994), pp 279-300; 'Re-defining electronic records management', Records Management Quarterly, vol 30 (October 1996), pp 8-13; 'The record: is it evolving?' Records & Retrieval Report, vol 10 (March 1994); 'What's in a name? Archives as a multi-faceted term in the information professions', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 11 (March 1995); 'The record in the information age: a progress report on research', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (January 1996); 'Computer Literacy for Records Managers and Archivists', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (October 1996); and 'The importance of records in the information age', Records Management Quarterly, vol 32 (January 1998), pp 36-46, 48-49, 52.
64. This can be as mundane as the application of archival principles to non-archival sources, such as seen in Richard Saunders, 'Collection- or archival-level description for monograph collections', Library Resources and Technical Services, vol 38 (April 1994), pp 139-147. The bigger concern is staying focused on the value of records in this technocratic era, a topic I have written about extensively, including 'Re-discovering the archival mission: the recordkeeping functional requirements project at the University of Pittsburgh; a progress report', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 8, no 4 (1994), pp 279-300; 'Re-defining electronic records management', Records Management Quarterly, vol 30 (October 1996), pp 8-13; 'The record: is it evolving?' Records & Retrieval Report, vol 10 (March 1994); 'What's in a name? Archives as a multi-faceted term in the information professions', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 11 (March 1995); 'The record in the information age: a progress report on research', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (January 1996); 'Computer Literacy for Records Managers and Archivists', Records & Retrieval Report, vol 12 (October 1996); and 'The importance of records in the information age', Records Management Quarterly, vol 32 (January 1998), pp 36-46, 48-49, 52.
65. Dery's fine and interesting Escape Velocity falls victim to this at times, for instance, the 'giddy speed-up of postwar America is almost entirely a consequence of the computer, the information engine that has wrenched us out of the age of factory capitalism and hurled us into the postindustrial era of transnational corporate capitalism' (p 3).
66. Steven Brint, In an Age of Experts: the changing role of professionals in politics and public life (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1994).
67. We can debate, of course, whether the archival profession is an information discipline or part of the humanities-based professions since it is obviously a little of both. Sociologist, Brint, sees five new clusters of professions forming since the 1960s - business services, applied science, culture and communications, civic regulation, and human services. Perhaps archives fits most closely into the culture and communications group, which is responsible for the 'universe of scholarship, literary and artistic expression, and other spheres of formal knowledge', Brint, In an Age of Experts. Brint's definition is broader than most, but it is still true that even though archivists are responsible for historical information, they are still in the information business. If we rejoin to archives the discipline of records management with its responsibility for more current information, a professional schism that should never have occurred in the first place, the information dimension is even more pervasive.
68. Susan L. Malbin, 'The reference interview in archival literature', College and Research Libraries, vol 58 (January 1997), pp 69-80.
69. Donald Owen Case, 'Collection and organization of written information by social scientists and humanists: a review and exploratory study', Journal of Information Science, vol 12 (1986), pp 97-104.
70. Margaret F. Stieg, 'The information needs of historians', College and Research Libraries, vol 42 (November 1981), pp 549-560 . As historians of modern society become accustomed to using electronic records they may discover distinct advantages for using such records in their research, requiring archivists to consider the sophisticated digitization of traditional sources to allow similar research efforts. Even if the vast bulk of the holdings of an archive is traditional paper records, it is likely that access to these holdings will be transformed dramatically because of telecommunications networks and changing expectations of researchers. See, for example, Ronald W. Zweig, 'Electronically generated records and twentieth century history', Computers and the Humanities, vol 27 (1993), pp 73-84 and Helen R. Tibbo, 'Interviewing techniques for remote reference: electronic versus traditional environments', American Archives, vol 58 (Summer 1995), pp 294-310. However, digitization, because of its cost and immense selection issues, is a far more difficult task to deal with than figuring out ways to make archives more usable over the electronic network.
71. Margaret F. Stieg, 'The information needs of historians', College and Research Libraries, vol 42 (November 1981), pp 549-560 . As historians of modern society become accustomed to using electronic records they may discover distinct advantages for using such records in their research, requiring archivists to consider the sophisticated digitization of traditional sources to allow similar research efforts. Even if the vast bulk of the holdings of an archive is traditional paper records, it is likely that access to these holdings will be transformed dramatically because of telecommunications networks and changing expectations of researchers. See, for example, Ronald W. Zweig, 'Electronically generated records and twentieth century history', Computers and the Humanities, vol 27 (1993), pp 73-84 and Helen R. Tibbo, 'Interviewing techniques for remote reference: electronic versus traditional environments', American Archives, vol 58 (Summer 1995), pp 294-310. However, digitization, because of its cost and immense selection issues, is a far more difficult task to deal with than figuring out ways to make archives more usable over the electronic network.
72. Margaret F. Stieg, 'The information needs of historians', College and Research Libraries, vol 42 (November 1981), pp 549-560 . As historians of modern society become accustomed to using electronic records they may discover distinct advantages for using such records in their research, requiring archivists to consider the sophisticated digitization of traditional sources to allow similar research efforts. Even if the vast bulk of the holdings of an archive is traditional paper records, it is likely that access to these holdings will be transformed dramatically because of telecommunications networks and changing expectations of researchers. See, for example, Ronald W. Zweig, 'Electronically generated records and twentieth century history', Computers and the Humanities, vol 27 (1993), pp 73-84 and Helen R. Tibbo, 'Interviewing techniques for remote reference: electronic versus traditional environments', American Archives, vol 58 (Summer 1995), pp 294-310. However, digitization, because of its cost and immense selection issues, is a far more difficult task to deal with than figuring out ways to make archives more usable over the electronic network.
73. Donald Owen Case, 'The collection and use of information by some American historians: a study of motives and methods', Library Quarterly, vol 61, no 1 (1991), pp 61-82.
74. See, for example, Stanley Joel Reiser, 'Creating form out of mass: the development of the medical record', in Everett Mendelsohn (ed.), Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences: essays in honor of I. Bernard Cohen (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp 303-316.
75. Joshua Meyrowitz, No Sense of Place: the impact of electronic media on social behavior (New York, Oxford University Press, 1985), p 315.
76. The pros and cons of this debate can be seen in the November 1996 issue of Archives and Manuscripts with essays by Luciana Duranti, Terry Eastwood, Adrian Cunningham , and others. The closest I have come to expressing my views about this is in 'Blown to bits: electronic records, archivy, and the corporation', Appraising the Records of American Business (Minneapolis, Minnesota Historical Society and the Society of American Archivists, 1997), pp 231-250.
77. The pros and cons of this debate can be seen in the November 1996 issue of Archives and Manuscripts with essays by Luciana Duranti, Terry Eastwood, Adrian Cunningham , and others. The closest I have come to expressing my views about this is in 'Blown to bits: electronic records, archivy, and the corporation', Appraising the Records of American Business (Minneapolis, Minnesota Historical Society and the Society of American Archivists, 1997), pp 231-250.
78. Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen, p 180.
79. Ivan Illich, In the Vineyard of the Text: a commentary to Hugh's didascadicon (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993).
80. Edward Tenner, Why Things Bite Back.
81. For a good introduction to the history and nature of the internet, see Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B. Whinston, Frontiers of Electronic Commerce (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1996), chapter 3.
82. For some suggestive readings about the changing nature of time, consider Jeremy Campbell, Winston Churchill's Afternoon Nap: a wide-awake inquiry into the human nature of time (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1986); David S. Landes, Revolution in Time: clocks and the making of the modern world (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1983); Richard Morris, Time's Arrows: scientific attitudes toward time (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1984); J. B. Priestley, Man and Time (New York, Doubleday and Co, 1964).
83. For some suggestive readings about the changing nature of time, consider Jeremy Campbell, Winston Churchill's Afternoon Nap: a wide-awake inquiry into the human nature of time (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1986); David S. Landes, Revolution in Time: clocks and the making of the modern world (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1983); Richard Morris, Time's Arrows: scientific attitudes toward time (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1984); J. B. Priestley, Man and Time (New York, Doubleday and Co, 1964).
84. For some suggestive readings about the changing nature of time, consider Jeremy Campbell, Winston Churchill's Afternoon Nap: a wide-awake inquiry into the human nature of time (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1986); David S. Landes, Revolution in Time: clocks and the making of the modern world (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1983); Richard Morris, Time's Arrows: scientific attitudes toward time (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1984); J. B. Priestley, Man and Time (New York, Doubleday and Co, 1964).
85. For some suggestive readings about the changing nature of time, consider Jeremy Campbell, Winston Churchill's Afternoon Nap: a wide-awake inquiry into the human nature of time (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1986); David S. Landes, Revolution in Time: clocks and the making of the modern world (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1983); Richard Morris, Time's Arrows: scientific attitudes toward time (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1984); J. B. Priestley, Man and Time (New York, Doubleday and Co, 1964).
86. Charles A. O'Reilly, III, 'Variations in Decision Makers' Use of Information Sources: the impact of quality and accessibility of information', Academy of Management Journal, vol 25 (December 1982), pp 756-771.
87. William Knoke, Bold New World: the essential road map to the twenty-first century (New York, Kodansha International, 1996), pp 121, 126-127.
88. Lawrence K. Grossman, The Electronic Republic: reshaping democracy in the information age (New York, Viking, 1995), p 95.
89. William Landis, 'Archival outreach on the world wide web', Archival Issues, vol 20, no 2 (1995), pp 129-147 , and his paper at the 1996 Society of American Archivists meeting, 'Getting at the stuff: structuring archival material for use'. In the latter presentation, Landis puts his comments in the larger context of the problem about the lack of research on the use of archival records and the low level of specificity about how individuals seek to use, and actually use, records found in archives. Australian archivists Jenni Davidson and Donna McRostie characterized the array of archives homepages as follows: 'There are many sites that function mainly as on-line brochures and offer only basic information such as contact details, location, and general information on holdings. At the other extreme are complex sites with multiple pages and multiple purposes including archival documentation, exhibitions, and archival items available on-line. Some institutions target content towards the researcher, others toward internal clients and others toward both external and internal clients'; 'Webbed feet: navigating the net', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 24 (November 1996), p 334.
90. William Landis, 'Archival outreach on the world wide web', Archival Issues, vol 20, no 2 (1995), pp 129-147 , and his paper at the 1996 Society of American Archivists meeting, 'Getting at the stuff: structuring archival material for use'. In the latter presentation, Landis puts his comments in the larger context of the problem about the lack of research on the use of archival records and the low level of specificity about how individuals seek to use, and actually use, records found in archives. Australian archivists Jenni Davidson and Donna McRostie characterized the array of archives homepages as follows: 'There are many sites that function mainly as on-line brochures and offer only basic information such as contact details, location, and general information on holdings. At the other extreme are complex sites with multiple pages and multiple purposes including archival documentation, exhibitions, and archival items available on-line. Some institutions target content towards the researcher, others toward internal clients and others toward both external and internal clients'; 'Webbed feet: navigating the net', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 24 (November 1996), p 334.
91. Shirley Alexander, 'Teaching and learning on the world wide web', suggests, for example, that the use of the web for educational purposes should be based on the appropriateness of the web for the students and the educational experience; the text of this essay is at http://www.scu.edu.au/ausweb95/ papers/education2/alexander.
92. Richard Szary, 'Improving access to finding aids: The Encoded Archival Description Project', New England Archivists Newsletter, vol 23 (October 1996), pp 4-6 (quotation on p 6).
93. See, for example, the California Heritage Digital Image Project at http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/ CalHeritage. The introduction to this effort notes that 'when fully developed, the prototype will also use USMARC collection-level records to provide access to its EAD encoded finding aids and digital images.'
94. Stuart Weibel, of the OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., has described the creation of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set designed to provide a template for the self-cataloguing of objects on the web: 'Since the internet contains more information than professional abstractors, indexers and cataloguers can manage using existing methods and systems', Weibel argues, 'it was agreed that a reasonably alternative way to obtain usable metadata for electronic resources is to give authors and information providers a means to describe the resources themselves'; 'Metadata: the foundations of resources description', D-Lib Magazine (July 1995), http://merlin.cnri.reston.va.us/home/dlib/July95/ 07/weibel.html . This has been expanded on in the Warwick Framework; see Carl Lagoze, 'The Warwick Framework: a container architecture for diverse set of metadata', D-Lib Magazine (July/ August 1996), at http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July96/lagoze/07lagoze.html. The 13 metadata elements of the Dublin Core consists of subject, title, author, publisher, other agent (individuals who have made significant intellectual contributions to the work), date, object type (genre, such as novel or poem), form (physical manifestation such as a postscript file), identifier, relation (to other objects), source (if derived from a print or electronic item), language, and coverage.
95. Stuart Weibel, of the OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., has described the creation of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set designed to provide a template for the self-cataloguing of objects on the web: 'Since the internet contains more information than professional abstractors, indexers and cataloguers can manage using existing methods and systems', Weibel argues, 'it was agreed that a reasonably alternative way to obtain usable metadata for electronic resources is to give authors and information providers a means to describe the resources themselves'; 'Metadata: the foundations of resources description', D-Lib Magazine (July 1995), http://merlin.cnri.reston.va.us/home/dlib/July95/ 07/weibel.html . This has been expanded on in the Warwick Framework; see Carl Lagoze, 'The Warwick Framework: a container architecture for diverse set of metadata', D-Lib Magazine (July/ August 1996), at http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July96/lagoze/07lagoze.html. The 13 metadata elements of the Dublin Core consists of subject, title, author, publisher, other agent (individuals who have made significant intellectual contributions to the work), date, object type (genre, such as novel or poem), form (physical manifestation such as a postscript file), identifier, relation (to other objects), source (if derived from a print or electronic item), language, and coverage.
96. Elizabeth Dow, an archivist at the University of Vermont, argues that the use of SGML, in the form of EAD, can be far more effective than the more summarized MARC records because they allow researchers to do full searches on the finding aids. However, just how good are the finding aids? This may be why Dow thinks that neither bibliographic standards nor even the electronic finding aids can be as good as 'archival staff memory'; 'Cataloguing the small repository: the finding aid as database', SAA Manuscript Repositories Section Newsletter (December 1996), pp 3-6.
97. Wayne R. Perryman, 'The changing landscape of information access: the impact of technological advances upon the acquisition, ownership, and dissemination of informational resources within the research library community', Journal of Library Administration, vol 15, nos 1-2 (1991), p 73.
98. Biaise Cronin, Michael Stiffler and Dorothy Day, 'The emergent market for information professionals: educational opportunities and implications', Library Trends, vol 42 (Fall 1993), p 269.
99. The review was posted on H-TEACH, the H-NET List for Teaching College History and Related Fields, 24 February 1997, and is typical of such reviews. The American Memory site is http:// rs.6.loc.gov/amhome.html. As an interesting aside, Librarian of Congress James H. Billinton views American Memory as part of a large-scale digital tool that will enable the internet to be used by institutions like the Library tc support the role of libraries (and maybe archives too?) to provide information and research tools essential to a democratic society; see Billington, 'Electronic content and civilization's discontent', Educom Review (1994) at http://educom.edu/web/pub/review/ review Articles/29522.html.
100. This is not to imply that this is bad. Archivists can certainly use the world wide web to act as intermediaries with their researchers in identifying other repositories relevant to their searches.
101. Clifford Stoll, Silicon Snake Oil, pp 125, 135, 194.
102. Thomas K. Landauer, The Trouble with Computers: usefulness, usability, and productivity (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1995), p 147.
103. Clifford Lynch, 'Searching the internet', Scientific American, vol 276 (March 1997), p 52. In the same issue, see the articles by Michael Lesk, 'Going Digital', pp 58-60, and Brewster Kahle, 'Preserving the Internet', pp 82-83.
104. Clifford Lynch, 'Searching the internet', Scientific American, vol 276 (March 1997), p 52. In the same issue, see the articles by Michael Lesk, 'Going Digital', pp 58-60, and Brewster Kahle, 'Preserving the Internet', pp 82-83.
105. Clifford Lynch, 'Searching the internet', Scientific American, vol 276 (March 1997), p 52. In the same issue, see the articles by Michael Lesk, 'Going Digital', pp 58-60, and Brewster Kahle, 'Preserving the Internet', pp 82-83.
106. The quantity and quality of archival user studies is very limited. From the North American context, the following is nearly comprehensive: David Bearman, 'User presentation language in archives', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 3 (Winter 1989-90), pp 3-7; Dianne L. Beattie, 'An archival user study: researchers in the field of women's history', Archivaria, vol 29 (Winter 1989-90), pp 33-50; Paul Conway, 'Research in presidential libraries: a user survey', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 35-56; Paul Conway, Partners in Research: improving access to the nation's archives (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994); Lawrence Dowler, 'The role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records', American Archivist, vol 51 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp 74-86; Clark A. Elliott, 'Citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations', American Archivist, vol 44 (Spring 1981), pp 131-142; Jacqueline Goggin, 'The indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women's organizational records in the Library of Congress manuscript division', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 57-67; Richard H. Lytle, 'Intellectual access to archives: I. Provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 43 (Winter 1980), pp 64-75; 'Report of an experiment comparing provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 42 (Spring 1980), pp 191-206; and Fredric M. Miller, 'Use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history', American Archivist, vol 49 (Fall 1986), pp 371-392.
107. The quantity and quality of archival user studies is very limited. From the North American context, the following is nearly comprehensive: David Bearman, 'User presentation language in archives', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 3 (Winter 1989-90), pp 3-7; Dianne L. Beattie, 'An archival user study: researchers in the field of women's history', Archivaria, vol 29 (Winter 1989-90), pp 33-50; Paul Conway, 'Research in presidential libraries: a user survey', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 35-56; Paul Conway, Partners in Research: improving access to the nation's archives (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994); Lawrence Dowler, 'The role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records', American Archivist, vol 51 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp 74-86; Clark A. Elliott, 'Citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations', American Archivist, vol 44 (Spring 1981), pp 131-142; Jacqueline Goggin, 'The indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women's organizational records in the Library of Congress manuscript division', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 57-67; Richard H. Lytle, 'Intellectual access to archives: I. Provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 43 (Winter 1980), pp 64-75; 'Report of an experiment comparing provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 42 (Spring 1980), pp 191-206; and Fredric M. Miller, 'Use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history', American Archivist, vol 49 (Fall 1986), pp 371-392.
108. The quantity and quality of archival user studies is very limited. From the North American context, the following is nearly comprehensive: David Bearman, 'User presentation language in archives', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 3 (Winter 1989-90), pp 3-7; Dianne L. Beattie, 'An archival user study: researchers in the field of women's history', Archivaria, vol 29 (Winter 1989-90), pp 33-50; Paul Conway, 'Research in presidential libraries: a user survey', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 35-56; Paul Conway, Partners in Research: improving access to the nation's archives (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994); Lawrence Dowler, 'The role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records', American Archivist, vol 51 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp 74-86; Clark A. Elliott, 'Citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations', American Archivist, vol 44 (Spring 1981), pp 131-142; Jacqueline Goggin, 'The indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women's organizational records in the Library of Congress manuscript division', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 57-67; Richard H. Lytle, 'Intellectual access to archives: I. Provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 43 (Winter 1980), pp 64-75; 'Report of an experiment comparing provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 42 (Spring 1980), pp 191-206; and Fredric M. Miller, 'Use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history', American Archivist, vol 49 (Fall 1986), pp 371-392.
109. The quantity and quality of archival user studies is very limited. From the North American context, the following is nearly comprehensive: David Bearman, 'User presentation language in archives', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 3 (Winter 1989-90), pp 3-7; Dianne L. Beattie, 'An archival user study: researchers in the field of women's history', Archivaria, vol 29 (Winter 1989-90), pp 33-50; Paul Conway, 'Research in presidential libraries: a user survey', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 35-56; Paul Conway, Partners in Research: improving access to the nation's archives (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994); Lawrence Dowler, 'The role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records', American Archivist, vol 51 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp 74-86; Clark A. Elliott, 'Citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations', American Archivist, vol 44 (Spring 1981), pp 131-142; Jacqueline Goggin, 'The indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women's organizational records in the Library of Congress manuscript division', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 57-67; Richard H. Lytle, 'Intellectual access to archives: I. Provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 43 (Winter 1980), pp 64-75; 'Report of an experiment comparing provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 42 (Spring 1980), pp 191-206; and Fredric M. Miller, 'Use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history', American Archivist, vol 49 (Fall 1986), pp 371-392.
110. The quantity and quality of archival user studies is very limited. From the North American context, the following is nearly comprehensive: David Bearman, 'User presentation language in archives', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 3 (Winter 1989-90), pp 3-7; Dianne L. Beattie, 'An archival user study: researchers in the field of women's history', Archivaria, vol 29 (Winter 1989-90), pp 33-50; Paul Conway, 'Research in presidential libraries: a user survey', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 35-56; Paul Conway, Partners in Research: improving access to the nation's archives (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994); Lawrence Dowler, 'The role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records', American Archivist, vol 51 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp 74-86; Clark A. Elliott, 'Citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations', American Archivist, vol 44 (Spring 1981), pp 131-142; Jacqueline Goggin, 'The indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women's organizational records in the Library of Congress manuscript division', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 57-67; Richard H. Lytle, 'Intellectual access to archives: I. Provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 43 (Winter 1980), pp 64-75; 'Report of an experiment comparing provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 42 (Spring 1980), pp 191-206; and Fredric M. Miller, 'Use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history', American Archivist, vol 49 (Fall 1986), pp 371-392.
111. The quantity and quality of archival user studies is very limited. From the North American context, the following is nearly comprehensive: David Bearman, 'User presentation language in archives', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 3 (Winter 1989-90), pp 3-7; Dianne L. Beattie, 'An archival user study: researchers in the field of women's history', Archivaria, vol 29 (Winter 1989-90), pp 33-50; Paul Conway, 'Research in presidential libraries: a user survey', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 35-56; Paul Conway, Partners in Research: improving access to the nation's archives (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994); Lawrence Dowler, 'The role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records', American Archivist, vol 51 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp 74-86; Clark A. Elliott, 'Citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations', American Archivist, vol 44 (Spring 1981), pp 131-142; Jacqueline Goggin, 'The indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women's organizational records in the Library of Congress manuscript division', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 57-67; Richard H. Lytle, 'Intellectual access to archives: I. Provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 43 (Winter 1980), pp 64-75; 'Report of an experiment comparing provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 42 (Spring 1980), pp 191-206; and Fredric M. Miller, 'Use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history', American Archivist, vol 49 (Fall 1986), pp 371-392.
112. The quantity and quality of archival user studies is very limited. From the North American context, the following is nearly comprehensive: David Bearman, 'User presentation language in archives', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 3 (Winter 1989-90), pp 3-7; Dianne L. Beattie, 'An archival user study: researchers in the field of women's history', Archivaria, vol 29 (Winter 1989-90), pp 33-50; Paul Conway, 'Research in presidential libraries: a user survey', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 35-56; Paul Conway, Partners in Research: improving access to the nation's archives (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994); Lawrence Dowler, 'The role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records', American Archivist, vol 51 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp 74-86; Clark A. Elliott, 'Citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations', American Archivist, vol 44 (Spring 1981), pp 131-142; Jacqueline Goggin, 'The indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women's organizational records in the Library of Congress manuscript division', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 57-67; Richard H. Lytle, 'Intellectual access to archives: I. Provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 43 (Winter 1980), pp 64-75; 'Report of an experiment comparing provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 42 (Spring 1980), pp 191-206; and Fredric M. Miller, 'Use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history', American Archivist, vol 49 (Fall 1986), pp 371-392.
113. The quantity and quality of archival user studies is very limited. From the North American context, the following is nearly comprehensive: David Bearman, 'User presentation language in archives', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 3 (Winter 1989-90), pp 3-7; Dianne L. Beattie, 'An archival user study: researchers in the field of women's history', Archivaria, vol 29 (Winter 1989-90), pp 33-50; Paul Conway, 'Research in presidential libraries: a user survey', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 35-56; Paul Conway, Partners in Research: improving access to the nation's archives (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994); Lawrence Dowler, 'The role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records', American Archivist, vol 51 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp 74-86; Clark A. Elliott, 'Citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations', American Archivist, vol 44 (Spring 1981), pp 131-142; Jacqueline Goggin, 'The indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women's organizational records in the Library of Congress manuscript division', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 57-67; Richard H. Lytle, 'Intellectual access to archives: I. Provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 43 (Winter 1980), pp 64-75; 'Report of an experiment comparing provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 42 (Spring 1980), pp 191-206; and Fredric M. Miller, 'Use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history', American Archivist, vol 49 (Fall 1986), pp 371-392.
114. The quantity and quality of archival user studies is very limited. From the North American context, the following is nearly comprehensive: David Bearman, 'User presentation language in archives', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 3 (Winter 1989-90), pp 3-7; Dianne L. Beattie, 'An archival user study: researchers in the field of women's history', Archivaria, vol 29 (Winter 1989-90), pp 33-50; Paul Conway, 'Research in presidential libraries: a user survey', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 35-56; Paul Conway, Partners in Research: improving access to the nation's archives (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994); Lawrence Dowler, 'The role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records', American Archivist, vol 51 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp 74-86; Clark A. Elliott, 'Citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations', American Archivist, vol 44 (Spring 1981), pp 131-142; Jacqueline Goggin, 'The indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women's organizational records in the Library of Congress manuscript division', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 57-67; Richard H. Lytle, 'Intellectual access to archives: I. Provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 43 (Winter 1980), pp 64-75; 'Report of an experiment comparing provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 42 (Spring 1980), pp 191-206; and Fredric M. Miller, 'Use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history', American Archivist, vol 49 (Fall 1986), pp 371-392.
115. The quantity and quality of archival user studies is very limited. From the North American context, the following is nearly comprehensive: David Bearman, 'User presentation language in archives', Archives and Museum Informatics, vol 3 (Winter 1989-90), pp 3-7; Dianne L. Beattie, 'An archival user study: researchers in the field of women's history', Archivaria, vol 29 (Winter 1989-90), pp 33-50; Paul Conway, 'Research in presidential libraries: a user survey', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 35-56; Paul Conway, Partners in Research: improving access to the nation's archives (Pittsburgh, Archives and Museum Informatics, 1994); Lawrence Dowler, 'The role of use in defining archival practice and principles: a research agenda for the availability and use of records', American Archivist, vol 51 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp 74-86; Clark A. Elliott, 'Citation patterns and documentation for the history of science: some methodological considerations', American Archivist, vol 44 (Spring 1981), pp 131-142; Jacqueline Goggin, 'The indirect approach: a study of scholarly users of black and women's organizational records in the Library of Congress manuscript division', Midwestern Archivist, vol 11, no 1 (1986), pp 57-67; Richard H. Lytle, 'Intellectual access to archives: I. Provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 43 (Winter 1980), pp 64-75; 'Report of an experiment comparing provenance and content indexing methods of subject retrieval', American Archivist, vol 42 (Spring 1980), pp 191-206; and Fredric M. Miller, 'Use, appraisal, and research: a case study of social history', American Archivist, vol 49 (Fall 1986), pp 371-392.
116. See, for example, Leo J. Campbell and V. Melissa Holland, 'Understanding the language of public documents because readability formulas don't', in Robert J. Di Pietro (ed.) Linguistics and the Professions: Proceedings of the Second Annual Delaware Symposium on Language Studies (Norwood, NJ, Ablex Publishing Corp., 1982), pp 157-171.
117. See, for example, Myron C. Tuman, Word Perfect: literacy in the computer age (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992).
118. Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: power and the production of history (Boston, Beacon Press, 1995).
119. Patrick J. Geary, Phantoms of Remembrance: memory and oblivion at the end of the first millennium (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1994), chapter 3.
120. Howard Mansfield, In the Memory House (Golden, CO, Fulcrum Publishing, 1993), p 12.
121. When visitors to the website ultimately find their way to little more than a list of boxes and folders it is equivalent to losing an opportunity.
122. Australian archivists Davidson and McRostie candidly state that 'web sites are an ideal arena in which to explain not only what archives are, but also what archivists actually do', while reminding us that 'not everyone who looks at an archival website has previous experience with archives or is an archivist'; Webbed Feet', p 346. The problem here may be whether archivists can sort out their priorities in order to use the internet for such a purpose. As I have tried to explain elsewhere, archivists have not used other opportunities to explain themselves or their mission; see 'A sense of the future: a child's view of archives', Archivists: the image and future of the profession; 1995 Conference Proceedings, Michael Piggott and Colleen McEwen (eds.) (Canberra, Australian Society of Archivists Inc., 1996), pp 189-209 and, in the same volume, 'A sense of the future: an adult's view of archives', pp 219-224.
123. Australian archivists Davidson and McRostie candidly state that 'web sites are an ideal arena in which to explain not only what archives are, but also what archivists actually do', while reminding us that 'not everyone who looks at an archival website has previous experience with archives or is an archivist'; Webbed Feet', p 346. The problem here may be whether archivists can sort out their priorities in order to use the internet for such a purpose. As I have tried to explain elsewhere, archivists have not used other opportunities to explain themselves or their mission; see 'A sense of the future: a child's view of archives', Archivists: the image and future of the profession; 1995 Conference Proceedings, Michael Piggott and Colleen McEwen (eds.) (Canberra, Australian Society of Archivists Inc., 1996), pp 189-209 and, in the same volume, 'A sense of the future: an adult's view of archives', pp 219-224.
124. Australian archivists Davidson and McRostie candidly state that 'web sites are an ideal arena in which to explain not only what archives are, but also what archivists actually do', while reminding us that 'not everyone who looks at an archival website has previous experience with archives or is an archivist'; Webbed Feet', p 346. The problem here may be whether archivists can sort out their priorities in order to use the internet for such a purpose. As I have tried to explain elsewhere, archivists have not used other opportunities to explain themselves or their mission; see 'A sense of the future: a child's view of archives', Archivists: the image and future of the profession; 1995
125. John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid, 'The social life of documents', First Monday (1996), http:// www.firstmonday.dk/issue1/documents.
126. And this ought to be the ultimate aim of what archivists do, whether confined to an institutional setting (such as a corporation) or having a broader social or scholarly responsibility (such as a government archives or regional historical society).
127. See, for example, Hugo Stibbe, 'MARC Format - Canadian Submission', as part of the MARBI discussion paper 93 located at gopher://marvel.loc.gov:70/00/.listarch/usmarc/dp93.cov.
128. Frank G. Burke, 'Chaos through communication: archivists, records managers, and the communications phenomenon', in Barbara Craig (ed.), The Archival Imagination: Essays in Honour of Hugh A. Taylor (Ottawa, Association of Canadian Archivists, 1992), p 168.
129. See David Bearman and Wendy Duff, 'Grounding archival description in the functional requirements for evidence', Archivaria, vol 41 (Spring 1996), pp 275-281.