Incorporating Co-offending in Sentencing Models: An Analysis of Fines Imposed on Antitrust Offenders

Journal of Quantitative Criminology

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 283-305

  Waring, Elin J ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Antitrust; Co offending; Fines; Mixed models; Sentencing

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032335372     PISSN: 07484518     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1023034413709     Document Type: Article

References (19)

1. Bryk, A., and Raudenbush, S. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods, Advanced Quantitative Techniques in the Social Sciences, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
2. Doreian, P. (1992 [1989]). Models of network effects on social actors. In Freeman, L. C., White, D., and Romney, A. K. (eds.), Research Methods in Social Network Analysis, Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ, pp. 295-318.
3. Greenberg, D. (1991). Modeling criminal careers. Criminology 29(1): 17-46.
4. Kennedy, P. (1992). A Guide to Econometrics, 3rd ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
5. Kreft, I. G. G., DeLeeuw, J., and van der Leeden, R. (1994). Review of five multilevel analysis programs: BMDP-5V, GENMOD, HLM, ML3, VARCL. Am. Stat. 4(48): 324-335.
6. Littell, R., Milliken, G., Stroup, W., and Wolfinger, R. (1996). SAS System for Mixed Models, SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
7. Nardulli, P., Eisenstein, J., and Fleming, R. (undated). Comparing Case Processing in Nine Courts, 1979-1980 Codebook, Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.
8. Neter, J., William Wasserman, W., and Kutner, M. H. (1989). Applied Linear Regression Models, 2nd ed., Richard D. Irwin, Boston.
9. Reiss, A. J., Jr. (1980). Understanding changes in crime rates. In Fienberg, S., and Reiss, A. J. (eds.), Indicators of Crime and Justice: Quantitative Studies, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC.
10. Reiss, A. J., Jr. (1986). Co-offending influences on criminal careers. In Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., Roth, J., and Visher, C. (eds.), Criminal Careers and Career Criminals, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
11. Reiss, A. J., Jr. (1988). Co-offending and criminal careers. In Tonry, M., and Morris, N. (eds.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
12. Reiss, A. J., and Farrington, D. (1991). Advancing knowledge about co-offending: Results from a prospective longitudinal survey of London males. J. Crim. Law Criminol. 82: 360-395.
13. Rothman, M. (1982). The Criminaloid Revisited, University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.
14. Sarnecki, J. (1986). Delinquent Networks, National Council for Crime Prevention, Stockholm.
15. Searle, S., Casella, G., and McCulloch, C. (1992). Variance Components, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
16. Waring, E. (1993). Co-offending in White Collar Crime: A Network Approach, University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.
17. Wasserman, S., and Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis, Cambridge University Press, New York.
18. Weisburd, D., Wheeler, S., Waring, E., and Bode, N. (1991). Crimes of the Middle Classes, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
19. Wheeler, S., Weisburd, D., and Bode, N. (1988). Study of Convicted Federal White-Collar Crime Defendants, National Archives of Criminal Justice Data, Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.