Dysphoric adolescents as young adults: A prospective study of the psychological sequelae of depressed mood in adolescence

Journal of Research on Adolescence

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 377-402

  Gjerde, Per F ^a   Westenberg, P Michiel ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032332617     PISSN: 10508392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15327795jra0803_5     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Arieti, S., & Bemporad, J. (1980). The psychological organization of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1360-1365.
3. Barnett, P. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (1988). Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 97-126.
4. Bemporad, J. (1980). The psychodynamics of mild depression. In S. Arieti & J. Bemporad (Eds.), Severe and mild depression: The psychotherapeutic approach (pp. 156-184). London: Tavistock.
5. Biaggio, M. K. (1980). Anger arousal and personality characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 352-356.
6. Block, J. (1957). A comparison between ipsative and normative ratings of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 50-54.
7. Block, J. (1978). The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. (Original work published 1961)
8. Block, J., Gjerde, P. F., & Block, J. H. (1991). Personality antecedents of depressive tendencies in 18-year-olds: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 726-738.
9. Block, J., & Robins, R. W. (1993). A longitudinal study of consistency and change in self-esteem from early adolescence to early adulthood, Child Development, 64, 909-923.
10. Block, J. H. (1983). Differential premises arising from differential socialization of the sexes: Some conjectures. Child Development, 54, 1335-1354.
11. Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect, and social relations: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
12. Bradburn, N. M., Rips, L. J., & Shevell, S. K. (1987). Answering autobiographical questions: The impact of memory and inference on surveys. Science, 236, 157-161.
13. Capaldi, D. M. (1991). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: Familial and general adjustment at grade 6. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 277-300.
14. Carlson, K., Onishi, M., & Gjerde, P. F. (1998). The study of romantic attachment: How do interview and self-report assessment converge? Manuscript submitted for publication.
15. Caspi, A., & Bem, D. J. (1990). Personality continuity and change across the life course. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 549-575). New York: Guilford.
16. Cicchetti, D., & Schneider-Rosen, K. (1986). An organizational approach to childhood depression. In M. Rutter, C. E. Izard, & P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people (pp. 71-134). New York: Guilford.
17. Cliff, N. (1987). Analyzing multivariate data. New York: Harcourt Brace.
18. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
19. Colvin, R. C., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (1995). Overly positive self evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1152-1162.
20. Compas, B. E., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993). Taxonomy, assessment, and diagnosis of depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 323-344.
21. Cook, W., & Medley, D. (1954). Proposed hostility and pharasaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38, 414-418.
22. Cramer, P. (1979). Defense mechanisms in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 15, 476-477.
23. Depue, R. A., Krauss, S., Spoont, M. R., & Arbisi, P. (1989). General Behavior Inventory identification of unipolar and bipolar affective conditions in a nonclinical university population. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 117-126.
24. Dobson, K. S. (1985). The relationship between anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 5, 307-324.
25. Feldman, L. A. (1993). Distinguishing depression and anxiety in self-report: Evidence from confirmatory factor analysis on nonclinical and clinical samples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 631-638.
26. Fleming, J. E., Boyle, M. H., & Offord, D. R. (1993). The outcome of adolescent depression in the Ontario child health study follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 28-33.
27. Ge, X., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., & Simons, R. L. (1994). Trajectories of stressful life event and depressive symptoms during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 467-483.
28. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. Gjerde, P. F. (1993). Depressive symptoms in young adults: A developmental perspective on gender differences. In D. Funder, R. Parke, C. Tomlinson-Keasey, & K. Widaman (Eds.), Studying lives through time: Personality and development (pp. 255-288). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
30. Gjerde, P. F. (1995). Alternative pathways to chronic depressive symptoms in young adults: Gender differences in developmental trajectories. Child Development, 66, 1277-1300.
31. Gjerde, P. F., & Block, J. (1991). Preadolescent antecedents of depressive symptomatology in late adolescence: A prospective study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 215-230.
32. Gjerde, P. F., & Block, J. (1996). A developmental perspective on depressive symptoms in adolescence: Gender differences in autocentric-allocentric modes of impulse regulation. In D. Cicchetti & S. Toth (Eds.), Adolescence: Resources and challenges: Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology (Vol. 6, pp. 169-198). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
33. Gjerde, P. F., Block, J., & Block, J. H. (1988). Depressive symptoms and personality during late adolescence: Gender differences in the externalization-internalization of symptom expression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 475-486.
34. Gjerde, P. F., Block, J., & Block, J. H. (1991). The preschool family context of 18-year-olds with depressive symptoms: A prospective study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 63-91.
35. Gore, S., Aseltine, R. H., & Colten, M. E. (1993). Gender, social-relational involvement, and depression. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3, 101-125.
36. Greenberg, M., Kusche, C. A., & Speltz, M. (1991). Emotional regulation, self-control, and psychopathology: The role of relationships in early childhood. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Internalization and externalization expression of dysfunction: Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology (Vol. 2, pp. 21-56). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
37. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1989). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale. Unpublished manuscript.
38. Hirshfeld, R. M. A., Klerman, G. L., Clayton, P. J., Keller, M. B., McDonald-Scott, P., & Larkin, B. H. (1983). Assessing personality: The effects of the depressive state on trait measurement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 695-699.
39. Hops, H., Lewinsohn, P. M., Andrews, J. A., & Roberts, R. E. (1990). Psychosocial correlates of depressive symptomatology among high school students. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 211-220.
40. Ingram, R. E., Cruet, D., Johnson, B. R., & Wisnicki, K. S. (1988). Self-focused attention, gender, gender role, and vulnerability to negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 967-978.
41. Kandel, D. B., & Davies, M. (1986). Sequelae of adolescent depressive symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 255-262.
42. Kendall, P. C., & Watson, D. (1989). Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features. New York: Academic.
43. Kremen, A. M. (1996). Depressive tendencies and susceptibility to anxiety: Differential personality correlates. Journal of Personality, 64, 209-242.
44. Levit, D. B. (1991). Gender differences in ego defenses in adolescence: Sex roles as one way of understanding the differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 991-999.
45. Lewinsohn, P. M., Hoberman, H., & Rosenbaum, M. (1988). A prospective study of risk factors for unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 251-264.
46. Lewinsohn, P. M., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., Rohde, P., Gotlib, I. H., & Hops, H. (1994). Adolescent psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 302-316.
47. Loeber, R. (1991). Antisocial behavior: More enduring than changeable. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 393-397.
48. Luthar, S. S., & Ripple, C. H. (1994). Sensitivity to emotional stress among intelligent adolescents: A short-term prospective study. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 343-357.
49. Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships. American Psychologist, 45, 513-520.
50. McNemar, Q. (1969). Psychological statistics. New York: Wiley.
51. Novaco, R. A. (1975). Anger control: The development and evaluation of an experimental treatment. Lexington, MA: Lexington.
52. Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (1994). Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of internalizing problems in children: The role of longitudinal data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 918-927.
53. Onishi, M. (1993). A prototype-matching methodology for the measurement of romantic attachment. Unpublished 2nd year research project, University of California, Santa Cruz. (The prototype scores are available from Miyoko Onishi or Per F. Gjerde.)
54. Onishi, M., & Gjerde, P. F. (1994, March). Attachment styles: A multi-method examination of concurrent and prospective personality characteristics. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Diego, CA.
55. Ostrov, E., Offer, D., & Howard, K. I. (1989). Gender differences in adolescent symptomatology: A normative study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 394-398.
56. Patterson, G. R., & Stoolmiller, M. (1991). Replications of a dual failure model for boys' depressed mood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 491-498.
57. Perry, D. G., Perry, L. C., & Weiss, R. J. (1989). Sex differences in the consequences that children anticipate for aggression. Developmental Psychology, 25, 312-319.
58. Petersen, A. C., Compas, B. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Stemmler, M., Ey, S., Sydney, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993). Depression in adolescence. American Psychologist, 48, 155-168.
59. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 385-401.
60. Radloff, L. S. (1991). The use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 20, 149-166.
61. Radloff, L. S. & Rae, D. S. (1979). Susceptibility and precipitating factors in depression: Sex differences and similarities. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 174-181.
62. Riskin, J. H., Beck, A. T., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1987). Taking the measure of anxiety and depression: Validity of the reconstructed Hamilton scales. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 474-479.
63. Rook, K. S., Pierromonaco, P. R., & Lewis, M. A. (1994). When are dysphoric individuals distressing to others and vice versa: Effects of friendship, similarity, and interaction task. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 548-559.
64. Shapiro, D. (1965). Neurotic styles. New York: Basic Books.
65. Silverstein, B., Caceres, J., Perdue, L., & Cimarolli, V. (1995). Gender differences in depressive symptomatology: The role played by "anxious somatic depression" associated with gender-related achievement concerns. Sex Roles, 33, 621-636.
66. Smith, T. W., Sanders, J. D., & Alexander, J. F. (1990). What does the Cook and Medley Hostility scale measure? Affect, behavior, and attributions in the marital context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 699-708.
67. Taylor, J. A. (1953). A personality scale of manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, 285-290.
68. Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety with emphasis on self-reports. In A. Tuma & J. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681-706). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
69. Tennen, H., Hall, J. A., & Affleck, G. (1995). Depression research methodologies in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: A review and critique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 870-884.
70. Watson, D. (1988). The vicissitudes of mood measurement: Effects of varying descriptors, time frames, and response formats of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 128-141.
71. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346-353.
72. Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
73. Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P. M., & Barrett, K. C. (1991). Guilt and empathy: Sex differences and implications for the development of depression. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 243-272). New York: Cambridge University Press.
74. Zimmerman, M., & Coryell, W. (1994). Screening for major depressive disorder in the community: A comparison of measures. Psychological Assessment, 6, 71-74.