David Fieldhouse and 'imperialism': Some historiographical revisions

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 213-232

  Howe, Stephen ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032329744     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086539808583033     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. D K Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991 edn.), 103, quoted in Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London, 1993), 11.
2. D K Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991 edn.), 103, quoted in Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London, 1993), 11.
3. Fieldhouse, Economics and Empire 1830-1914 (2nd edn. London, 1984), 139, 83.
4. Economics, 462.
5. As a very crude indication, there sit on my own bookshelves rather over a hundred works that might be classified as 'colonial cultural studies', almost all published in the 1990s. Fewer than half a dozen of these have even bibliographical reference to Fieldhouse's work; though Edward Said, the effective founder of the genre, is an exception here.
6. Most forcefully, in Colonial Empires, 316-7.
7. 'For Richer, for Poorer?', in P.J. Marshall (ed.). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1996), 146.
8. Fieldhouse has attempted balance-sheets of Africa's post-colonial development record in Black Africa 1945-1980: Economie Decolonization and Arrested Development (London, 1986), and 'Decolonization, Development, and Dependence: A Survey of Changing Attitudes', in Prosser Gifford and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.). The Transfer of Power in Africa. Decolonization. 1940-1960 (New Haven and London, 1982).
9. Fieldhouse has attempted balance-sheets of Africa's post-colonial development record in Black Africa 1945-1980: Economie Decolonization and Arrested Development (London, 1986), and 'Decolonization, Development, and Dependence: A Survey of Changing Attitudes', in Prosser Gifford and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.). The Transfer of Power in Africa. Decolonization. 1940-1960 (New Haven and London, 1982).
10. 'Decolonization, Development, and Dependence'.
11. Unilever Overseas: The Anatomy of a Multinational 1895-1965 (London and Stanford. 1978), esp. 15-16, 119-22, 576-98; Merchant Capital and Economic Decolonization: The United Africa Company 1929-1987 (Oxford, 1994).
12. Unilever Overseas: The Anatomy of a Multinational 1895-1965 (London and Stanford. 1978), esp. 15-16, 119-22, 576-98; Merchant Capital and Economic Decolonization: The United Africa Company 1929-1987 (Oxford, 1994).
13. Though there is a considerable distance travelled between, say, the rather crude presentation of Marxist ideas in the 'Introduction' to Fieldhouse (ed.) The Theory of Capitalist Imperialism (London, 1967) and the far more detailed and nuanced discussion in 1982's 'Decolonization...', Fieldhouse would no doubt respond that this reflects, in large measure, the greater sophistication of the literature with which he was dealing in the latter.
14. 'For Richer...', 108.
15. Colonialism 1870-1945: An Introduction (London, 1981), 48. This remarkable, succinct overview of the phenomenon has only recently been matched in English by that of Jürgen Osterhammel, Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview (Princeton, NJ, and Kingston, 1997).
16. Colonialism 1870-1945: An Introduction (London, 1981), 48. This remarkable, succinct overview of the phenomenon has only recently been matched in English by that of Jürgen Osterhammel, Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview (Princeton, NJ, and Kingston, 1997).
17. Bill Warren, Imperialism, Pioneer of Capitalism (London, 1980).
18. Unilever, 577-8.
19. Ibid., 579.
20. Ibid., 579.
21. '"A New Imperial System"? The Role of Multinational Corporations Reconsidered', in Wolfgang Mommsen and Jürgen Osterhammel (eds.), Imperialism and After: Continuities and Discontinuities (London, 1986), 237, 238.
22. Unilever, 2.
23. Ibid., 19.
24. Ibid., 243, 244.
25. Ibid., 363.
26. Ibid., 417-8.
27. Merchant Capital, vii.
28. Ibid., viii.
29. Theories of Imperialism (London, 1981), 108.
30. Instances of rethinking and recantation by former dependency theorists could be multiplied ad nauseam. For critique from the left of overblown claims about the power and novelty of multinational-sponsored globalization, see especially Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question. (Oxford, 1996).
31. 'Can Humpty-Dumpty be put Together Again? Imperial History in the 1980s', in R.F. Holland and G. Rizvi (eds.), Perspectives on Imperialism and Decolonization (London, 1984).
32. The most extensive is John MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts (Manchester, 1995); others include Dane Kennedy, 'Imperial History and Post-Colonial Theory', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24, 3 (1996); Russell Jacoby, 'Marginal Returns: The Trouble with Post-Colonial Theory', Lingua Franca (Sept.Oct. 1995). Perhaps the best overviews are recent works by a literary critic and an anthropologist - though neither is sufficiently critical of the dominant trends in colonial cultural studies: Bart J. Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts. Practices. Politics (London, 1997), and Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Oxford, 1994).
33. The most extensive is John MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts (Manchester, 1995); others include Dane Kennedy, 'Imperial History and Post-Colonial Theory', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24, 3 (1996); Russell Jacoby, 'Marginal Returns: The Trouble with Post-Colonial Theory', Lingua Franca (Sept.Oct. 1995). Perhaps the best overviews are recent works by a literary critic and an anthropologist - though neither is sufficiently critical of the dominant trends in colonial cultural studies: Bart J. Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts. Practices. Politics (London, 1997), and Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Oxford, 1994).
34. The most extensive is John MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts (Manchester, 1995); others include Dane Kennedy, 'Imperial History and Post-Colonial Theory', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24, 3 (1996); Russell Jacoby, 'Marginal Returns: The Trouble with Post-Colonial Theory', Lingua Franca (Sept.Oct. 1995). Perhaps the best overviews are recent works by a literary critic and an anthropologist - though neither is sufficiently critical of the dominant trends in colonial cultural studies: Bart J. Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts. Practices. Politics (London, 1997), and Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Oxford, 1994).
35. The most extensive is John MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts (Manchester, 1995); others include Dane Kennedy, 'Imperial History and Post-Colonial Theory', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24, 3 (1996); Russell Jacoby, 'Marginal Returns: The Trouble with Post-Colonial Theory', Lingua Franca (Sept.Oct. 1995). Perhaps the best overviews are recent works by a literary critic and an anthropologist - though neither is sufficiently critical of the dominant trends in colonial cultural studies: Bart J. Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts. Practices. Politics (London, 1997), and Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Oxford, 1994).
36. The most extensive is John MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts (Manchester, 1995); others include Dane Kennedy, 'Imperial History and Post-Colonial Theory', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24, 3 (1996); Russell Jacoby, 'Marginal Returns: The Trouble with Post-Colonial Theory', Lingua Franca (Sept.Oct. 1995). Perhaps the best overviews are recent works by a literary critic and an anthropologist - though neither is sufficiently critical of the dominant trends in colonial cultural studies: Bart J. Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts. Practices. Politics (London, 1997), and Nicholas Thomas, Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government (Oxford, 1994).
37. Colonising Egypt (Berkeley, Ca, 1988; cited from 1991 2nd edn.), ix.
38. Colonising Egypt (Berkeley, Ca, 1988; cited from 1991 2nd edn.), ix.
39. Colonialism's Culture, 4.
40. Houston A. Baker Jr., Workings of the Spirit: The Poetics of Afro-American Women's Writing (Chicago, 1991), 207.
41. Bruce Robbins, 'Colonial Discourse: A Paradigm and Its Discontents', Victorian Studies, 35, 2 (1992), 213.
42. 'Orientalist Constructions of India', Modern Asian Studies, 20, 3 (1986); Imagining India (Oxford, 1990). For the necessary counter-insistence that if modern India is indeed something imagined rather than handed down, it is a product at least as much of the nationalist as of the colonialist 'mind', see inter alia Sudipta Kaviraj, 'The Imaginary Institution of India', in Partha Chatterjee and Gyanendra Pandey (eds.), Subaltern Studies VII (Delhi, 1992); Sunil Khilnani, The Idea of India (London, 1997).
43. 'Orientalist Constructions of India', Modern Asian Studies, 20, 3 (1986); Imagining India (Oxford, 1990). For the necessary counter-insistence that if modern India is indeed something imagined rather than handed down, it is a product at least as much of the nationalist as of the colonialist 'mind', see inter alia Sudipta Kaviraj, 'The Imaginary Institution of India', in Partha Chatterjee and Gyanendra Pandey (eds.), Subaltern Studies VII (Delhi, 1992); Sunil Khilnani, The Idea of India (London, 1997).
44. 'Orientalist Constructions of India', Modern Asian Studies, 20, 3 (1986); Imagining India (Oxford, 1990). For the necessary counter-insistence that if modern India is indeed something imagined rather than handed down, it is a product at least as much of the nationalist as of the colonialist 'mind', see inter alia Sudipta Kaviraj, 'The Imaginary Institution of India', in Partha Chatterjee and Gyanendra Pandey (eds.), Subaltern Studies VII (Delhi, 1992); Sunil Khilnani, The Idea of India (London, 1997).
45. 'Orientalist Constructions of India', Modern Asian Studies, 20, 3 (1986); Imagining India (Oxford, 1990). For the necessary counter-insistence that if modern India is indeed something imagined rather than handed down, it is a product at least as much of the nationalist as of the colonialist 'mind', see inter alia Sudipta Kaviraj, 'The Imaginary Institution of India', in Partha Chatterjee and Gyanendra Pandey (eds.), Subaltern Studies VII (Delhi, 1992); Sunil Khilnani, The Idea of India (London, 1997).
46. See Christopher Harrison, France and Islam in West Africa, 1860-1960 (Cambridge, 1988), esp. Part III.
47. The work of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a major case in point.
48. Colonialism. 42.
49. Space precludes even indicative citation here. Among historians of modern Britain, Patrick Joyce and James Vernon have been perhaps the most insistent evangelists for such a perspective. For a vigorous, if sometimes indiscriminate, counter-attack see Richard J. Evans, In Defence of History (London, 1997).
50. Colonialism , 48-9.
51. Any reader doubting this last entry on my list should consult Warwick Anderson, 'Excremental Colonialism: Public Health and the Poetics of Pollution', Critical Inquiry, 21 (1995), which might have been quite a good joke had it not apparently been written, as it were, po-faced.
52. D.K. Fieldhouse, '"Imperialism": An Historiographical Revision', Economic History Review, XIV, 2 (1961), 209.
53. Daniel Bivona, Desire and Contradiction: Imperial Visions and Domestic Debates in Victorian Literature (Manchester, 1990).
54. Major examples of what might be called the 'anxieties of empire' literature include Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London, 1994); Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, 'Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda', in idem (eds.), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, 1997): Nigel Leask, British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire (Cambridge, 1992); Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago, 1991); Robert J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory. Culture and Race (London, 1995).
55. Major examples of what might be called the 'anxieties of empire' literature include Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London, 1994); Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, 'Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda', in idem (eds.), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, 1997): Nigel Leask, British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire (Cambridge, 1992); Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago, 1991); Robert J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory. Culture and Race (London, 1995).
56. Major examples of what might be called the 'anxieties of empire' literature include Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London, 1994); Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, 'Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda', in idem (eds.), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, 1997): Nigel Leask, British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire (Cambridge, 1992); Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago, 1991); Robert J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory. Culture and Race (London, 1995).
57. Major examples of what might be called the 'anxieties of empire' literature include Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London, 1994); Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, 'Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda', in idem (eds.), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, 1997): Nigel Leask, British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire (Cambridge, 1992); Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago, 1991); Robert J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory. Culture and Race (London, 1995).
58. Major examples of what might be called the 'anxieties of empire' literature include Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London, 1994); Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, 'Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda', in idem (eds.), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, 1997): Nigel Leask, British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire (Cambridge, 1992); Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago, 1991); Robert J.C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory. Culture and Race (London, 1995).
59. Though see Teresa Brennan's ingenious effort to uncover a theory of history in the French writer's work: History After Lacan (London, 1993).
60. Roger Owen, 'Introduction' to idem and Bob Sutcliffe (eds.), Studies in the Theory of Imperialism (London, 1972). For dismissal of Fieldhouse as a latterday epigone of the German 'Aussenpolitik' theorists, and an astonishing claim that only ignorance of economic history could sanction such a view, see Hans-Ulrich Wehler, 'Industrial Growth and Early German Imperialism', in the same volume, 74.
61. Roger Owen, 'Introduction' to idem and Bob Sutcliffe (eds.), Studies in the Theory of Imperialism (London, 1972). For dismissal of Fieldhouse as a latterday epigone of the German 'Aussenpolitik' theorists, and an astonishing claim that only ignorance of economic history could sanction such a view, see Hans-Ulrich Wehler, 'Industrial Growth and Early German Imperialism', in the same volume, 74.
62. 'Imperialism and the Victorians: The Dynamics of Territorial Expansion', English Historical Review, CXII, 447 (1997), 616, n.4.
63. P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, vol.1. Innovation and Expansion 1688-1914; vol 2. Crisis and Deconstruction 1914-1990 (London, 1993). Conversely, one might register surprise at how small a place this work accords Fieldhouse's views among those the authors seek to supplant: see esp. their vol.1, 5-22; vol.2, 300-15.
64. Numerous instances could be cited. Fairly typical, if more sweepingly scornful than many, is Antoinette Burton, 'Rules of Thumb: British History and "Imperial Culture" in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Britain', Women's History: Review 3, 4 (1994). Far more substantial critiques and alternatives are presented in the work-in-progress of Catherine Hall; for example, 'Rethinking Imperial History: The Reform Act of 1867', New Left Review, 208 (1994).
65. Numerous instances could be cited. Fairly typical, if more sweepingly scornful than many, is Antoinette Burton, 'Rules of Thumb: British History and "Imperial Culture" in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Britain', Women's History: Review 3, 4 (1994). Far more substantial critiques and alternatives are presented in the work-in-progress of Catherine Hall; for example, 'Rethinking Imperial History: The Reform Act of 1867', New Left Review, 208 (1994).
66. 'Humpty Dumpty', 10-11.
67. Culture and Imperialism, 10: emphasis in original.
68. For some of the signposts on that very long journey, see Rees Davies, 'The English State and the "Celtic" Peoples 1100-1400', Journal of Historical Sociology, 6, 1 (1993); John Gillingham, 'The Beginnings of English Imperialism', JHS (1992); Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain & France c.1500 c.18000 (New Haven and London, 1995); David Armitage, 'The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire' Historical Journal 35, 3 (1992); Nicholas Canny, Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800 (Baltimore, 1988); John Robertson (ed.), A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995); C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830 (London, 1989).
69. For some of the signposts on that very long journey, see Rees Davies, 'The English State and the "Celtic" Peoples 1100-1400', Journal of Historical Sociology, 6, 1 (1993); John Gillingham, 'The Beginnings of English Imperialism', JHS (1992); Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain & France c.1500 c.18000 (New Haven and London, 1995); David Armitage, 'The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire' Historical Journal 35, 3 (1992); Nicholas Canny, Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800 (Baltimore, 1988); John Robertson (ed.), A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995); C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830 (London, 1989).
70. For some of the signposts on that very long journey, see Rees Davies, 'The English State and the "Celtic" Peoples 1100-1400', Journal of Historical Sociology, 6, 1 (1993); John Gillingham, 'The Beginnings of English Imperialism', JHS (1992); Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain & France c.1500 c.18000 (New Haven and London, 1995); David Armitage, 'The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire' Historical Journal 35, 3 (1992); Nicholas Canny, Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800 (Baltimore, 1988); John Robertson (ed.), A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995); C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830 (London, 1989).
71. For some of the signposts on that very long journey, see Rees Davies, 'The English State and the "Celtic" Peoples 1100-1400', Journal of Historical Sociology, 6, 1 (1993); John Gillingham, 'The Beginnings of English Imperialism', JHS (1992); Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain & France c.1500 c.18000 (New Haven and London, 1995); David Armitage, 'The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire' Historical Journal 35, 3 (1992); Nicholas Canny, Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800 (Baltimore, 1988); John Robertson (ed.), A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995); C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830 (London, 1989).
72. For some of the signposts on that very long journey, see Rees Davies, 'The English State and the "Celtic" Peoples 1100-1400', Journal of Historical Sociology, 6, 1 (1993); John Gillingham, 'The Beginnings of English Imperialism', JHS (1992); Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain & France c.1500 c.18000 (New Haven and London, 1995); David Armitage, 'The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire' Historical Journal 35, 3 (1992); Nicholas Canny, Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800 (Baltimore, 1988); John Robertson (ed.), A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995); C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830 (London, 1989).
73. For some of the signposts on that very long journey, see Rees Davies, 'The English State and the "Celtic" Peoples 1100-1400', Journal of Historical Sociology, 6, 1 (1993); John Gillingham, 'The Beginnings of English Imperialism', JHS (1992); Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain & France c.1500 c.18000 (New Haven and London, 1995); David Armitage, 'The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire' Historical Journal 35, 3 (1992); Nicholas Canny, Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800 (Baltimore, 1988); John Robertson (ed.), A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995); C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830 (London, 1989).
74. For some of the signposts on that very long journey, see Rees Davies, 'The English State and the "Celtic" Peoples 1100-1400', Journal of Historical Sociology, 6, 1 (1993); John Gillingham, 'The Beginnings of English Imperialism', JHS (1992); Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain & France c.1500 c.18000 (New Haven and London, 1995); David Armitage, 'The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire' Historical Journal 35, 3 (1992); Nicholas Canny, Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800 (Baltimore, 1988); John Robertson (ed.), A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995); C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830 (London, 1989).
75. For nineteenth-century attempts to formulate, or urge, such a sense of global Britishness, see Charles Dilke, Greater Britain (London, 1868); idem. Problems of Greater Britain (2 vols. London, 1890); J.R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (London, 1883). For an argument that the effort had already been made, and had failed, a century earlier: P.J. Marshall, 'A Nation Defined by Empire, 1755-1776', in Alexander Grant and Keith J. Stringer (eds.), Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History (London, 1995). David Armitage, 'Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World 1542-1707', Past and Present. 155 (1997), pushes the argument still further back in time. David Marquand, conversely, is among those emphasizing how long into the post-1945 era such ideas lingered: 'After Whig Imperialism: Can There be a New British Identity?', New Community, 21,2 (1995).
76. For nineteenth-century attempts to formulate, or urge, such a sense of global Britishness, see Charles Dilke, Greater Britain (London, 1868); idem. Problems of Greater Britain (2 vols. London, 1890); J.R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (London, 1883). For an argument that the effort had already been made, and had failed, a century earlier: P.J. Marshall, 'A Nation Defined by Empire, 1755-1776', in Alexander Grant and Keith J. Stringer (eds.), Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History (London, 1995). David Armitage, 'Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World 1542-1707', Past and Present. 155 (1997), pushes the argument still further back in time. David Marquand, conversely, is among those emphasizing how long into the post-1945 era such ideas lingered: 'After Whig Imperialism: Can There be a New British Identity?', New Community, 21,2 (1995).
77. For nineteenth-century attempts to formulate, or urge, such a sense of global Britishness, see Charles Dilke, Greater Britain (London, 1868); idem. Problems of Greater Britain (2 vols. London, 1890); J.R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (London, 1883). For an argument that the effort had already been made, and had failed, a century earlier: P.J. Marshall, 'A Nation Defined by Empire, 1755-1776', in Alexander Grant and Keith J. Stringer (eds.), Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History (London, 1995). David Armitage, 'Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World 1542-1707', Past and Present. 155 (1997), pushes the argument still further back in time. David Marquand, conversely, is among those emphasizing how long into the post-1945 era such ideas lingered: 'After Whig Imperialism: Can There be a New British Identity?', New Community, 21,2 (1995).
78. For nineteenth-century attempts to formulate, or urge, such a sense of global Britishness, see Charles Dilke, Greater Britain (London, 1868); idem. Problems of Greater Britain (2 vols. London, 1890); J.R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (London, 1883). For an argument that the effort had already been made, and had failed, a century earlier: P.J. Marshall, 'A Nation Defined by Empire, 1755-1776', in Alexander Grant and Keith J. Stringer (eds.), Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History (London, 1995). David Armitage, 'Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World 1542-1707', Past and Present. 155 (1997), pushes the argument still further back in time. David Marquand, conversely, is among those emphasizing how long into the post-1945 era such ideas lingered: 'After Whig Imperialism: Can There be a New British Identity?', New Community, 21,2 (1995).
79. For nineteenth-century attempts to formulate, or urge, such a sense of global Britishness, see Charles Dilke, Greater Britain (London, 1868); idem. Problems of Greater Britain (2 vols. London, 1890); J.R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (London, 1883). For an argument that the effort had already been made, and had failed, a century earlier: P.J. Marshall, 'A Nation Defined by Empire, 1755-1776', in Alexander Grant and Keith J. Stringer (eds.), Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History (London, 1995). David Armitage, 'Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World 1542-1707', Past and Present. 155 (1997), pushes the argument still further back in time. David Marquand, conversely, is among those emphasizing how long into the post-1945 era such ideas lingered: 'After Whig Imperialism: Can There be a New British Identity?', New Community, 21,2 (1995).
80. For nineteenth-century attempts to formulate, or urge, such a sense of global Britishness, see Charles Dilke, Greater Britain (London, 1868); idem. Problems of Greater Britain (2 vols. London, 1890); J.R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (London, 1883). For an argument that the effort had already been made, and had failed, a century earlier: P.J. Marshall, 'A Nation Defined by Empire, 1755-1776', in Alexander Grant and Keith J. Stringer (eds.), Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History (London, 1995). David Armitage, 'Making the Empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic World 1542-1707', Past and Present. 155 (1997), pushes the argument still further back in time. David Marquand, conversely, is among those emphasizing how long into the post-1945 era such ideas lingered: 'After Whig Imperialism: Can There be a New British Identity?', New Community, 21,2 (1995).
81. For some of the bolder and perhaps less sustainable claims in this sphere, see for example, Simon Gikandi, Maps of Englishness: Writing Identity in the Culture of Colonialism (New York, 1996); Ulf Hedetoft, British Colonialism and Modern Identity (Aalborg, 1985).
82. For some of the bolder and perhaps less sustainable claims in this sphere, see for example, Simon Gikandi, Maps of Englishness: Writing Identity in the Culture of Colonialism (New York, 1996); Ulf Hedetoft, British Colonialism and Modern Identity (Aalborg, 1985).
83. See the repeated recent cries of distress at this by the great New Zealand historian J.G.A. Pocock: for example, 'Conclusion: Contingency, Identity, Sovereignty', in Grant and Stringer, Uniting the Kingdom?, 297-302; idem, 'Deconstructing Europe', in Peter Gowan and Perry Anderson (eds.), The Question of Europe (London, 1997), 297-300, 316; 'Removal from the Wings', London Review of Books, 20 March 1997. For the more optimistic view of a younger New Zealand historian - and former student of David Fieldhouse - James Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Auckland, 1996). Compare James Loughlin's argument on the shifting relationships of Ulster Unionists to Britishness: Ulster Unionism and British National Identity since 1885 (London, 1995).
84. See the repeated recent cries of distress at this by the great New Zealand historian J.G.A. Pocock: for example, 'Conclusion: Contingency, Identity, Sovereignty', in Grant and Stringer, Uniting the Kingdom?, 297-302; idem, 'Deconstructing Europe', in Peter Gowan and Perry Anderson (eds.), The Question of Europe (London, 1997), 297-300, 316; 'Removal from the Wings', London Review of Books, 20 March 1997. For the more optimistic view of a younger New Zealand historian - and former student of David Fieldhouse - James Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Auckland, 1996). Compare James Loughlin's argument on the shifting relationships of Ulster Unionists to Britishness: Ulster Unionism and British National Identity since 1885 (London, 1995).
85. See the repeated recent cries of distress at this by the great New Zealand historian J.G.A. Pocock: for example, 'Conclusion: Contingency, Identity, Sovereignty', in Grant and Stringer, Uniting the Kingdom?, 297-302; idem, 'Deconstructing Europe', in Peter Gowan and Perry Anderson (eds.), The Question of Europe (London, 1997), 297-300, 316; 'Removal from the Wings', London Review of Books, 20 March 1997. For the more optimistic view of a younger New Zealand historian - and former student of David Fieldhouse - James Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Auckland, 1996). Compare James Loughlin's argument on the shifting relationships of Ulster Unionists to Britishness: Ulster Unionism and British National Identity since 1885 (London, 1995).
86. See the repeated recent cries of distress at this by the great New Zealand historian J.G.A. Pocock: for example, 'Conclusion: Contingency, Identity, Sovereignty', in Grant and Stringer, Uniting the Kingdom?, 297-302; idem, 'Deconstructing Europe', in Peter Gowan and Perry Anderson (eds.), The Question of Europe (London, 1997), 297-300, 316; 'Removal from the Wings', London Review of Books, 20 March 1997. For the more optimistic view of a younger New Zealand historian - and former student of David Fieldhouse - James Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Auckland, 1996). Compare James Loughlin's argument on the shifting relationships of Ulster Unionists to Britishness: Ulster Unionism and British National Identity since 1885 (London, 1995).
87. See the repeated recent cries of distress at this by the great New Zealand historian J.G.A. Pocock: for example, 'Conclusion: Contingency, Identity, Sovereignty', in Grant and Stringer, Uniting the Kingdom?, 297-302; idem, 'Deconstructing Europe', in Peter Gowan and Perry Anderson (eds.), The Question of Europe (London, 1997), 297-300, 316; 'Removal from the Wings', London Review of Books, 20 March 1997. For the more optimistic view of a younger New Zealand historian - and former student of David Fieldhouse - James Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Auckland, 1996). Compare James Loughlin's argument on the shifting relationships of Ulster Unionists to Britishness: Ulster Unionism and British National Identity since 1885 (London, 1995).
88. See, among others, Andrew Porter, 'Religion and Empire: British Expansion in the Long Nineteenth Century, 1780-1914', JICH 20, 3 (1992); Doug Stuart, '"For England and For Christ": The Gospel of Liberation and Subordination in Early Nineteenth Century Southern Africa', Journal of Historical Sociology, 6,4 (1993), Jean and John Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity. Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa, Vol. I (Chicago, 1991).
89. See, among others, Andrew Porter, 'Religion and Empire: British Expansion in the Long Nineteenth Century, 1780-1914', JICH 20, 3 (1992); Doug Stuart, '"For England and For Christ": The Gospel of Liberation and Subordination in Early Nineteenth Century Southern Africa', Journal of Historical Sociology, 6,4 (1993), Jean and John Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity. Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa, Vol. I (Chicago, 1991).
90. See, among others, Andrew Porter, 'Religion and Empire: British Expansion in the Long Nineteenth Century, 1780-1914', JICH 20, 3 (1992); Doug Stuart, '"For England and For Christ": The Gospel of Liberation and Subordination in Early Nineteenth Century Southern Africa', Journal of Historical Sociology, 6,4 (1993), Jean and John Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity. Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa, Vol. I (Chicago, 1991).
91. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven and London, 1992).
92. Culture and Imperialism, 4.