'A Fly in Outer Space': Soviet Ballistic Missile Defence during the Khrushchev Period

Journal of Strategic Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 31-59

  Mathers, Jennifer G ^a  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032328384     PISSN: 01402390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402399808437716     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. L. Dikin, 'Plani Razmeshcheniya Raketnogo Oruzhiya SShA v Zapadnoi Evrope', Mirovaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnie Otnoshenie (MEMO) (March 1958) pp. 101-2.
2. N. Inozemtsev, '"Atomnaya Diplomatiya" SShA: Proekti i Deistvitel'nost'', MEMO (March 1958) p.38.
3. M. Marinin, 'Nekotorie Osobennosti Nineshnego Etapa Mezhdunarodnikh Otnoshenii', MEMO (June 1958) p.12.
4. B. Artemov, 'O Sovetsko-Amerikanskikh Otnosheniyakh', MEMO (Nov. 1958) p.21.
5. Col. A. Makhov and Major E. Ribkin, 'Leninskoe Uchenie o Voine i Mire i Sovremennost", Kommunist Vooruchennikh Sil 7 (April 1961) p.21.
6. Griaorii Kisun'ko, 'Den'gi na Oboronu', Sovetskaya Rossiya, 5 Aug. 1990, p.4.
7. N.S. Khrushchev, Disarmament for Durable Peace and Friendship (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House 1960) p.49.
8. Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes, translated and edited by Jerrold L. Schecter and Vyacheslav V. Luchkov (Boston: Little, Brown 1990) pp. 187-8.
9. For a discussion of Khrushchev's attempts to exploit the appearance of Soviet strategic power for foreign policy gain, as well as the internal, legitimising, role served by his boasting, see Christoph Bluth, Soviet Strategic Arms Policy before SALT (Cambridge: CUP 1992) Ch.3.
10. Thomas W. Wolfe, Soviet Power and Europe: 1945-1970 (Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins Press 1970) p.88.
11. Arnold L. Horelick and Myron Rush, Strategic Power and Soviet Foreign Policy (Chicago and London: U. of Chicago Press 1966) pp.43-4.
12. Khrushchev, Glasnost Tapes (note 8) p. 188.
13. For the views of a scholar who shares this opinion, see John Thomas, 'The Role of Missile Defense in Soviet Strategy and Foreign Policy' in John Erickson (ed.) The Military-Technical Revolution: Its Impact on Strategy and Foreign Policy (London: Pall Mall Press, 1966) p.190.
14. Michael MccGwire, Perestroika and Soviet National Security (Washington DC: Brookings 1991) p.16.
15. Johan Jorgen Holst, 'Comparative US and Soviet Deployments, Doctrines, and Arms Limitation' in Morton A. Kaplan (ed.) SALT: Problems and Prospects (Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press 1973) pp.77-8.
16. Air Vice Marshal S.W.B. Menual, 'Air Defence of the Homeland', in Ray Bonds, The Soviet War Machine: An Encyclopedia of Russian Military Equipment and Strategy (London: Salamander 1977) p.52.
17. Holst (note 15) p.79.
18. Robbin F. Laird and Dale R. Herspring, The Soviet Union and Strategic Arms (Boulder, CO and London: Westview Press 1984) p. 13.
19. 'Rech' Marshala Sovetskogo Soyuza N.A. Bulganina, 1 Maya 1953 goda na Krasnoi Ploshchadi v Moskve', Voennii Vestnik (May 1953) p.4.
20. 'Speech by N.A. Bulganin at Meeting of Voters of Moscow Urban Election District', Pravda, 11 March 1954, translated in Current Digest of the Soviet Press (CDSP) 6/10, p.12.
21. 'Speech by N.A. Bulganin at Meeting of Voters of Moscow Urban Election District', Pravda, 11 March 1954, translated in Current Digest of the Soviet Press (CDSP) 6/10, p.12.
22. 'Speech by N.S. Khrushchev at All-Union Conference of Industrial Personnel', Pravda and Izvestiya 19 May 1955, translated in CDSP 7/20, p.7; 'Interview Given to Turner Catledge, Editor-in-Chief of New York Times, 10 May 1957', in N.S. Khrushchev, Speeches and Interviews on World Problems: 1957 (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House 1958)
23. 'Speech by N.S. Khrushchev at All-Union Conference of Industrial Personnel', Pravda and Izvestiya 19 May 1955, translated in CDSP 7/20, p.7; 'Interview Given to Turner Catledge, Editor-in-Chief of New York Times, 10 May 1957', in N.S. Khrushchev, Speeches and Interviews on World Problems: 1957 (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House 1958)
24. 'Speech by N.S. Khrushchev at All-Union Conference of Industrial Personnel', Pravda and Izvestiya 19 May 1955, translated in CDSP 7/20, p.7; 'Interview Given to Turner Catledge, Editor-in-Chief of New York Times, 10 May 1957', in N.S. Khrushchev, Speeches and Interviews on World Problems: 1957 (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House 1958)
25. 'Speech by N.S. Khrushchev', Pravda, 27 April 1954, translated in CDSP 6/22, p.8.
26. 'Speech by N.S. Khrushchev', Pravda, 27 April 1954, translated in CDSP 6/22, p.8.
27. 'Answers to Questions Put by J. Reston, New York Times Chief Diplomatic Correspondent, 7 October 1957', in Khrushchev, Speeches (note 22) p.214.
28. Robert P. Berman and John C. Baker, Soviet Strategic Forces: Requirements and Responses (Washington DC: Brookings 1982) pp.50-1.
29. David Holloway, The Soviet Union and the Arms Race, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1984) p.11.
30. M.G. Mimrin, 'Printsipi Bor'bi s Ballisticheskimi Raketami', Vestnik PVO (April 1961) p.27.
31. Engineer Col. M. Pavlov, 'Neitroni i Luchi', Krasnaya Zvezda, 15 Sept. 1962.
32. 'Speech by Malenkov to Session of USSR Supreme Soviet', Pravda and Izvestiya, 9 Aug. 1953, translated in CDSP 5/30, p.3.
33. 'Speech by Malenkov to Session of USSR Supreme Soviet', Pravda and Izvestiya, 9 Aug. 1953, translated in CDSP 5/30, p.3.
34. Carl G. Jacobsen, Soviet Strategy-Soviet Foreign Policy: Military Considerations Affecting Soviet Policymaking (Glasgow UP 1972) p.32.
35. Raymond L. Garthoff, Soviet Military Policy: A Historical Analysis (London: Faber 1966) p.48.
36. Lincoln P. Bloomfield, Walter C. Clemens Jr and Franklyn Griffiths, Khrushchev and the Arms Race: Soviet Interests in Arms Control and Disarmament 1954-1964 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1966) p.225.
37. Ibid. pp. 107-8.
38. 'Speech at a Meeting of the Working People of Leipzig during a Visit of the Soviet Party and Government Delegation to the GDR, 9 May 1957' in Khrushchev, Speeches (note 22) p. 175.
39. 'Speech at UN General Assembly, 18 September 1959', in N.S. Khrushchev, World Without Arms, World Without Wars, Vol.2 (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House 1961) p. 170.
40. N.S. Khrushchev, General and Complete Disarmament is a Guarantee of Peace and Security for All Nations (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House 1962) p.31.
41. Ibid. p.42.
42. N.S. Khrushchev, 'International Significance of the October Revolution' from the report '4O Years of the Great October Socialist Revolution to the Jubilee Session of the USSR Supreme Soviet, 6 November 1957', in Khrushchev, Speeches (note 22) p.253; see also note 35, p.171.
43. Roman Kolkowicz, The Soviet Military and the Communist Party (Princeton UP 1967) p. 152.
44. Khrushchev, Disarmament (note 7) p.50.
45. Michael J. Deane, Political Control of the Soviet Armed Forces (London: Macdonald and Jane's 1977) p.75.
46. Ibid. p.76.
47. John Prados, The Soviet Estimate: US Intelligence Analysis and Russian Military Strength (NY: The Dial Press 1982) p.153.
48. Thomas (note 13) pp.192-3.
49. 'Rech' Tovarishcha R.Ya. Malinovskogo', Pravda, 25 Oct. 1961.
50. Alexander Otto Ghebhardt, 'Implications of Organizational and Bureaucratic Policy Models for Soviet ABM Decisionmaking' (PhD Diss., Columbia U. 1975) p.46.
51. Ibid. pp.4-6. Bluth in his book Soviet Strategic Arms Policy (note 9 above) also subscribes to this view of the importance of organizational rivalries in understanding Soviet ABM policy.
52. Ibid. pp.4-6. Bluth in his book Soviet Strategic Arms Policy (note 9 above) also subscribes to this view of the importance of organizational rivalries in understanding Soviet ABM policy.
53. Roman Kolkowicz, 'The Military' in H. Gordon Skilling and Franklyn Griffiths (eds.) Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (Princeton UP 1973) p.147.
54. Ibid, p.150.
55. Herbert S. Dinerstein, War and the Soviet Union: Nuclear Weapons and the Revolution in Soviet Military and Political Thinking (NY: Praeger 1962) pp.181, 186-7, 192-4.
56. Khrushchev, Disarmament (note 7) pp.30-1, 49.
57. Michael J. Deane, The Role of Strategic Defense in Soviet Strategy (Coral Gables, FL: U. of Miami Press 1980) p.38.
58. Bruce G. Blair, The Logic of Accidental Nuclear War (Washington DC: Brookings 1993) p.35.
59. Lt. Gen. S. Krasil'nikov, 'O Kharaktere Sovremennoi Voini', Krasnaya Zvezda, 18 Nov. 1960.
60. Marshal V. Sokolovskii and Major General M. Cherednichenko, 'Voennoe Iskusstvo na Novom Etape', Krasnaya Zvezda, 28 Aug. 1964.
61. Col. Gen. N. Lomov, 'O Sovetskoi Voennoi Doktrine', Kommunist Vooruzhennikh Sil 10 (May 1962) pp.19-20.
62. See, for example: Col. I. Sidel'nikov, 'O Sovetskoi Voennoi Doktrine', Krasnaya Zvezda, 11 May 1962.
63. Lt. Col. A. Makarov, 'Nekotorie Voprosi Primeneniya Atomnogo Oruzhiya i Zashchiti ot Nego po Amerikanskim Vzglyadam', Voennii Vestnik (Sept. 1954) p.75.
64. Lt. Col. I.V. Viktorov, 'Protivoraketnaya Oborona', Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota (April 1958) p.93.
65. This assumption was confirmed by V. Eshchenko, editor of Voenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal in an interview with the author in March 1992.
66. V.D. Sokolovskiy, Soviet Military Strategy, edited by Harriet Fast Scott (NY: Crane, Russak 1975) pp.203-4, 251, 285, 296.
67. Ibid, p.199.
68. A. Golubev, 'O Nekotorikh Voprosakh Voennoi Istorii v Knige "Voennaya Strategiya"', Voenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal (May 1963) p.94.
69. Ibid. p.94.
70. Maj. Gen. N. Talenskii, 'Anti-Missile Systems and Disarmament', International Affairs (Moscow) (Oct. 1964) pp. 16-17.
71. Ibid. p.17.
72. Ibid. p.18.
73. Prof. B. Olisov, Major General of Engineering and Technical Corps, 'Atomic Weapons and Atomic Defense', Krasnaya Zvezda, 3-4 Aug. 1954, translated in CDSP 6/31, p.3.
74. Prof. B. Olisov, Major General of Engineering and Technical Corps, 'Atomic Weapons and Atomic Defense', Krasnaya Zvezda, 3-4 Aug. 1954, translated in CDSP 6/31, p.3.
75. V. Petrov and A. Sochivko, 'Mezhkontinental'nie Ballisticheskie Snaryadi', Voennie Znaniya (July 1957) p.14.
76. Ibid. pp. 14-16.
77. 'Rech' Ministra Oboroni SSSR Marshala Sovetskogo Soyuza R. Ya. Malinovskogo', Krasnava Zvezda, 27 Nov. 1957.
78. Viktorov (note 59) p.92.
79. M.N. Nikolaev, Snaryad protiv Snaryada (Moscow: Voenizdat 1960).
80. Engineer Col. Ya. I. Faenov, 'Radiolokatsionnie Stantsii Obnaruzheniya Ballisticheskikh Raket', Vestnik PVO (May 1961) pp.29-33.
81. Maj. V.A. Belokhvostov and Engineer Capt. N.I. Sizov, 'Boevoe Snaryazhenie Protivoraket', Vestnik PVO (July 1961) pp.21-4.
82. Engineer Col. V.N. Anyutin, 'Osnovnie Parametri Poleta Ballisticheskoi Raketi', Vestnik PVO (March 1961) pp.25-9.
83. Faenov (note 74) pp.29-33; Mimrin (note 27) pp.24-7.
84. Mimrin (note 27) pp.24-7.
85. Sokolovskiy (note 61) p.298.
86. Ibid. p.204.
87. Ibid. p.251, emphasis added.
88. Ibid, p.193.
89. Ibid, p.299.
90. B. Uzen'ev, 'Ob Ekonomicheskoi i Sotsial'no-Politicheskoi Osnove Voennoi Moshchi Gosudarstv', Kommunist Vooruzhennikh Sil 6 (March 1961) p.53.
91. Marshal N.I. Krilov, 'Strategicheskie Raketi', Izvestiya, 17 Nov. 1963.
92. Col. Gen. S. Shtemenko, 'Nauchno-Tekhnicheskii Progress i Ego Vliyanie Na Razvitie Voennogo Dela', Kommunist Vooruzhennikh Sil 3 (Feb. 1963) p.27.
93. Marshal S.S. Biryuzov, 'Moguchaya Sila', Izvestiya, 8 Nov. 1963.
94. Ibid.
95. For another example of praise for Soviet accomplishments in developing both offensive and defensive missiles, see I. Anureev, 'Imperialisticheskaya Agressiya v Kosmose', Kommunist Vooruzhennikh Sil 15 (Aug. 1962) pp. 17-23.
96. C.L. Sulzberger, 'Khrushchev Says He is Ready to Meet Kennedy', New York Times, 8 Sept. 1961.
97. 'Rech' Tovarishcha R. Ya. Malinoskogo', Pravda, 25 Oct. 1961.
98. 'Vseobshchee i Polnoe Razoruzhenie - Garantiya Mira i Bezopasnosti Vsekh Narodov, Rech' N.S. Khrushcheva na Vsemirnom Kongresse za Vseobshchee Razoruzhenie i Mir', Pravda, 11 July 1962.
99. Theodore Shabad, 'Khrushchev Says Missile Can Hit a Fly in Space', New York Times, 17 July 1962.
100. 'Sovetskie Boevie Raketi dlya Okhrani Rodnogo Neba, Beseda s General Polkovnikom Artillerii P.N. Kuleshovim', Krasnaya Zvezda, 18 Nov. 1961.
101. Anureev (note 76) pp.17-23.
102. Cols. V. Glazov and I. Zheltikov, 'Rastushchee Mogushchestvo Sovetskikh Vooruzhennikh Sil', Kommunist Vooruzhennikh Sil 6 (March 1962) pp.26-35.
103. Col. I. Zheltikov, 'Poligonnaya Likhoradka', Krasnaya Zvezda, 13 Oct. 1963.
104. Biryuzov (note 87).
105. Krilov (note 85).
106. Thomas (note 13) p.205.