Consideration of moral intensity in ethicality judgements: Its relationship with whistle-blowing and need-for-cognition

Journal of Business Ethics

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 527-541

  Singer, Ming ^a   Mitchell, Sarah ^a   Turner, Julie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032325867     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Armstrong, R. W. and J. Sweeney: 1994, 'Industry Type, Culture, Mode of Entry and Perceptions of International Marketing Ethics Problems: A Cross-Cultural Comparison', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 775-785.
2. Batson, C. D. and J. S. Coke: 1981, 'Empathy: A Source of Altruistic Motivation for Helping', in J. P. Rushton and R. M. Sorrentino (eds), Altruism and Helping Behaviour: Social, Personality and Developmental Perspectives (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ), pp. 167-187.
3. Batson, C., B. D. Duncan, T. B. Ackerman, T. Buckley and K. Birch: 1981, 'Is Empathy a Source of Altruistic Motivation?', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40, 290-302.
4. Bayles, M. D., ed.: 1968, Contemporary Utilitarianism (Doubleday, New York).
5. Brandt, R.: 1959, Ethical Theory (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
6. Brief, A. P. and S. J. Motowidlo: 1986, 'Prosocial Organizational Behaviours', Academy of Management Review 11, 710-725.
7. Cacioppo, J. T. and R. E. Petty: 1982, 'The Need for Cognition', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42, 116-131.
8. Cacioppo, J. T., R. E. Petty and C. F. Kao: 1984, 'The Efficient Assessment of the Need for Cognition', Journal of Personality Assessment 48, 306-307.
9. Cacioppo, J. T., R. E. Petty, C. F. Kao and R. Rodriguez: 1986, 'Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion: An Individual difference Perspective', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, 1032-1043.
10. Cacioppo, J. T., R. E. Petty and K. J. Morris: 1983, 'Effects of Need for Cognition on Message Evaluation, Recall and Persuasion', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45, 805-818.
11. Cohen, A. R., E. Stotland and D. M. Wolfe: 1995, 'An Experimental Investigation of Need for Cognition', Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 51, 291-294.
12. Coke, J. S., C. D. Bastonand and K. McDavis: 1978, 'Empathic Mediation of Helping: A Two-Stage Model', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36, 752-766.
13. DeGeorge, R. T.: 1990, Business Ethics, 3rd Ed. (Macmillan, New York).
14. Dozier, J. B. and M. P. Miceli: 1985, 'Potential Predictors of Whistle-Blowing: A Prosocial Behaviour Perspective', Academy of Management Review 10, 823-836.
15. Dubinsky, A. J. and B. Loken: 1989, 'Analyzing Ethical Decision Making in Marketing', Journal of Business Research 19, 83-107.
16. Dukerich, J. M., M. J. Waller, E. George and G. P. Huber: 1993, 'Moral Intensity in Group Problem Solving', Paper presented at the National Academy of Management Meetings, Atlanta, GA.
17. Dunegan, K. J.: 1993, 'Framing, Cognitive Modes, and Image Theory: Towards an Understanding of a Glass Half Full', Journal of Applied Psychology 78, 491-503.
18. Ewing, D. W: 1983, Do It My Way - Or You're Fired! (Wiley & Sons, New York).
19. Farrell, O. C. and L. G. Gresham: 1985, 'A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing', Journal of Marketing 29, 87-96.
20. Fazio, R. H.: 1990, 'Multiple Processes by which Attitudes Guide Behavior: The Mode Model a an Integrative Framework', in M. P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (vol. 23) (Academic Press, San Diego, CA), pp. 75-109.
21. Ford, R. C. and W. D. Richardson: 1994, 'Ethical Decision Making: A Review of the Empirical Literature', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 205-221.
22. Fritzche, D. J.: 1988, 'An Examination of Marketing Ethics: Role of the Decision Maker, Consequences of the Decision, Management Position and Sex of the Respondent', Journal of Macromarketing, Fall, 29-39.
23. Glazer, M. P. and P. M. Glazer: 1986, 'Whistle-blowing', Psychology Today, August, 36-43.
24. Graham, J. W: 1986, 'Principled Organizational Dissent: A Theoretical Essay', in B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behaviour, Vol. 8 (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT), pp. 1-52.
25. Hann, N.: 1983, 'An Interactional Morality of Everyday Life', in N. Hann, R. H. Bellah, P. Rabinow and W. M. Sullivan (eds.), Social Science as Moral Inquiry (Columbia University Press, New York), pp. 218-250.
26. Hogan, R.: 1973, 'Moral Conduct and Moral Character: A Psychological Perspective', Psychological Bulletin 79, 217-232.
27. Hornstein, H. A.: 1978, 'Promotive Tension and Prosocial Behaviour: A Lewinian Analysis', in L. Wispe (ed.), Altruism, Sympathy, and Helping: Psychological and Sociological Principles (Academic Press, New York), pp. 177-207.
28. Jones, T. M.: 1991, 'Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model', Academy of Management Review 16, 366-395.
29. Jones, T. M. and V. L. Huber: 1992, 'Issue Contingency in Ethical Decision Making', International Association for Business and Society Proceedings, 156-166.
30. Kahn, W. A.: 1990, 'Toward an Agenda for Business Ethics Research', Academy of Management Review 15, 311-328.
31. Kant, I.: 1964, Groupwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Harper & Row, New York).
32. Khalil, O. E. M.: 1993, 'Artificial Decision-Making and Artificial Ethics: A Management Concern', Journal of Business Ethics 12, 313-321.
33. Klein, H. J.: 1989, 'An Integrated Control Theory Model of Work Motivation', Academy of Management Review 14, 150-172.
34. Knouse, S. B. and R. A. Giacalone: 1992, 'Ethical Decision-Making in Business: Behavioral Issues and Concerns', Journal of Business Ethics 11, 369-377.
35. Kohlberg, L.: 1973, 'The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgement', Journal of Philosophy 70, 630-646.
36. Kohlberg, L.: 1976, 'Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach', in T. Lickona (ed.), Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York).
37. Krebs, D.: 1975, 'Empathy and Altruism', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32, 1134-1146.
38. Latane, B. and J. M. Darley: 1968, 'Group Inhibition of Bystander Intervention', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10, 215-221.
39. Latane, B. and J. M. Darley: 1970, The Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn't He Help? (Appleton-Century Cliffs, New York).
40. Lessiter, D. G., M. A. Briggs and R. E. Bowman: 1991, 'Need for Cognition and the Perception of Ongoing Behavior', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17, 156-160.
41. Lessiter, D. G., M. A. Briggs and R. D. Slaw: 1991, 'Need for Cognition, Causal Processing and Memory for Behavior', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17, 694-700.
42. Lichenstein, T. K. and M. Rothbart: 1985, 'Associative storage and Retrieval Processes in Person Memory', Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 11, 316-345.
43. Lord, R. G. and K. J. Maher: 1990, 'Alternative Information-Processing Models and Their Implications for Theory, Research and Practice', Academy of Management Review 15, 9-28.
44. Lyons, D.: 1965, Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
45. Macheswaran, D. and S. Chaiken: 1991, 'Promoting Systematic Processing in Low-Motivation Settings: Effects of Incongruent Information on Processing and Judgement', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61, 13-25.
46. Malin, M. H.: 1983, 'Protecting the Whistle-blower form Retaliatory Discharge', University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 16, 277-318.
47. Miceli, M. P. and J. P. Near: 1985, 'Characteristics of Perceived Wrongdoing and Organizational Climate Associated with Whistle-blowing Decisions', Personnel Psychology 38, 525-544.
48. Miceli, M. P. and J. P. Near: 1992, Blowing the Whistle: The Organizational and Legal Implications for Companies and Employees (Lexington Books, New York).
49. Moberg, D. J.: 1989, 'The Ethics of Impression Management', in R. A. Giacalone and P. Rosenfeld (eds.), Impression Management in the Organization (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ), pp. 377-396.
50. Morris, S. A. and R. A. McDonald: An Empirical Investigation', Journal of Business Ethics 14, 715-726.
51. Near, J. P. and T. C. Jensen: 1983, 'The Whistle-blowing Process: Retaliation and Perceived Effectiveness', Work and Occupations 10, 3-28.
52. Near, J. P. and M. P. Miceli: 1986, 'Retaliation Against Whistle-blowers: Predictors and Effects', Journal of Applied Psychology 71, 137-145.
53. Near, J. P. and M. P. Miceli: 1987, 'Whistle-blowers in Organizations: Dissidents or Reformers?', in B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behaviour (Vol. 9) (JAI Press, Greenwich, CT), pp. 321-368.
54. Parmerlee, M. A., J. P. Near and T. C. Jensen: 1982, 'Correlates of Whistle-blowers' Perceptions of Organizational Retaliation', Administrative Science Quarterly 7, 17-34.
55. Petty, R. E. and J. T. Cacioppo: 1986, Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routs to attitude Change (Springer-Verlag, New York).
56. Petty, R. E., J. T. Cacioppo and J. A. Kasmer: 1985, 'Individual Differences in Social Loafing on Cognitive Tasks', Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.
57. Piaget, J.: 1965, The Judgment of the Child (Free Press, New York).
58. Ralin, J. A.: 1987, 'The Professional as the Executive's Ethical Aide-de-camp', Academy of Management Executive 1, 171-182.
59. Rawls, J.: 1971, A Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts).
60. Rossouw, G. J.: 1994, 'Rational Interaction for Moral Sensitivity: A Postmodern Approach to Moral Decision-making in Business', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 11-20.
61. Scudder, J. N., R. T. Herschel and M. D. Crossland: 1994, 'Test of a Model Linking Cognition Motivation, Assessment of Alternatives, Decision Quality and Group Process Satisfaction', Small Group Research 25, 57-82.
62. Singer, M.: 1995, 'The Role of Moral Intensity and Fairness Perception in Judgements of Ethicality: A Comparison of Managerial Professionals and the General Public', Journal of Business Ethics, in press.
63. Singer, M. and A. Singer: 1995, 'Observer Judgements about Moral Agents' Ethical Decisions: The Role of Scope of Justice and Moral Intensity', Journal of Business Ethics, in press.
64. Soeken, K. L. and D. R. Soeken: 1987, 'A Survey of Whistle-blowers: Their Stressors and Coping Strategies', Proceedings of the Hearing on H.R. 25 (US Government Printing Office, Washington DC), pp. 156-166.
65. Tevino, L. K.: 1986, 'Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-situation Interactionist Model', Academy of Management Review 11, 601-617.
66. Trevino, L. K., C. D. Sutton and R. W. Woodman: 1985, 'Effects of Reinforcement Contingencies and Cognitive Moral Development on Ethical Decision-making Behavior', Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, San Diego.
67. Velasquez, M. G.: 1982, Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
68. Verplanken, B.: 1993, 'Need for Cognition and External Information Search: Responses to Time Pressure during Decision Making', Journal of Research in Personality 27, 238-252.
69. Verplanken, B., P. T. Hazenherg and G. P. Palenewen: 1992, 'Need for Cognition and External Information Search', Journal of Research in Personality 26, 128-136.
70. Victor, B. and J. B. Cullen: 1988, 'The Organizational Bases of Ethical Work Climates', Administrative Science Quarterly 33, 101-125.
71. Victor, B., L. K. Trevino and D. L. Shapiro: 1993, 'Peer Reporting of Unethical Behavior: The Influence of Justice Evaluations and Social Context Factors', Journal of Business Ethics 12, 253-263.
72. Weinstein, D.: 1979, Bureaucratic Opposition (Pergamon Press, New York).
73. Westin, A. F., ed.: 1981, Whistle-blowing: Loyalty and Dissent in the Corporation (McGraw-Hill, New York).
74. Wofford, J. C. and V. L. Goodwin: 1990, 'Effects of Feedback on Cognitive Processing and Choice of Decision Style', Journal of Applied Psychology 75, 603-612.