Policy learning and the drink question in Britain 1850-1950

Political Studies

Volumn 46, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 903-918

  Greenaway, John ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032325305     PISSN: 00323217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9248.00174     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. 1 I am grateful to Jim Goddard, Andy Grantham, Andrew Jordan and John Street for making useful comments on an earlier draft of this article.
2. 2 For a recent overview see C. Radaelli, 'The role of knowledge in the policy process', Journal of European Public Policy, 2 (1995), 159-83.
3. 3 H. Heclo, Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden: From Relief to Income Maintenance (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1974), esp. pp. 2-10, 304-26.
4. 4 P. Sabatier, 'An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein', Policy Sciences, 21 (1988), 129-69; P. Sabatier and H. Jenkins-Smith (eds), Policy Change and Learning: an Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder, CO, Westview, 1993).
5. 4 P. Sabatier, 'An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein', Policy Sciences, 21 (1988), 129-69; P. Sabatier and H. Jenkins-Smith (eds), Policy Change and Learning: an Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder, CO, Westview, 1993).
6. 5 G. Majone, Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1989) see especially ch. 7.
7. 6 H. C. Jenkins-Smith and P. Sabatier, 'Evaluating the advocacy coalition framework', Journal of Public Policy, 14 (1994), 175-203.
8. 7 P. A. Hall, 'Policy paradigms, social learning, and the state: the case of economic policy-making in Britain', Comparative Politics, 25 (1993), 275-96.
9. 8 B. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (London, Faber & Faber, 1971), chs 4-12; D. A. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure: a Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations (Hassocks, Harvester, 1977), pp. 165-268; A. E. Dingle, The Campaign for Prohibition in Victorian England: the United Kingdom Alliance 1872-1895 (London, Croom Helm, 1980); David W. Gutzke, Protecting the Pub: Brewers and Publicans against Temperance (Wolfeboro, Boydell, 1989).
10. 8 B. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (London, Faber & Faber, 1971), chs 4-12; D. A. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure: a Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations (Hassocks, Harvester, 1977), pp. 165-268; A. E. Dingle, The Campaign for Prohibition in Victorian England: the United Kingdom Alliance 1872-1895 (London, Croom Helm, 1980); David W. Gutzke, Protecting the Pub: Brewers and Publicans against Temperance (Wolfeboro, Boydell, 1989).
11. 8 B. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (London, Faber & Faber, 1971), chs 4-12; D. A. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure: a Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations (Hassocks, Harvester, 1977), pp. 165-268; A. E. Dingle, The Campaign for Prohibition in Victorian England: the United Kingdom Alliance 1872-1895 (London, Croom Helm, 1980); David W. Gutzke, Protecting the Pub: Brewers and Publicans against Temperance (Wolfeboro, Boydell, 1989).
12. 8 B. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (London, Faber & Faber, 1971), chs 4-12; D. A. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure: a Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations (Hassocks, Harvester, 1977), pp. 165-268; A. E. Dingle, The Campaign for Prohibition in Victorian England: the United Kingdom Alliance 1872-1895 (London, Croom Helm, 1980); David W. Gutzke, Protecting the Pub: Brewers and Publicans against Temperance (Wolfeboro, Boydell, 1989).
13. 9 This can be seen in the increasingly influential Church of England Temperance Society and mounting concern among social reformers and the medical profession about the ravages of intemperance among the working classes.
14. 10 S. Wieselgren, The Gothenburg System: its Origins, Objects and Effects (Gothenburg, Goteborg Handelstidnings, 1886); E. R. L. Gould, The Gothenburg System of Liquor Traffic (Washington, US Department of Commerce and Labour, 1895).
15. 10 S. Wieselgren, The Gothenburg System: its Origins, Objects and Effects (Gothenburg, Goteborg Handelstidnings, 1886); E. R. L. Gould, The Gothenburg System of Liquor Traffic (Washington, US Department of Commerce and Labour, 1895).
16. 11 J. Chamberlain to Jesse Collings, 10 April 1876, Chamberlain Papers, University of Birmingham, JC 5/16/51; J. Chamberlain, 'The right method with the publicans', Fortnightly Review, N.S. 19 (1876), 631-51.
17. 11 J. Chamberlain to Jesse Collings, 10 April 1876, Chamberlain Papers, University of Birmingham, JC 5/16/51; J. Chamberlain, 'The right method with the publicans', Fortnightly Review, N.S. 19 (1876), 631-51.
18. 12 J. Chamberlain, Licensing Reform and Local Option (Birmingham, 1876); Parl. Deb., 3rd Series, 232, col. 1864 (13 March 1877); Evidence, House of Lords Select Committee on Intemperance, q. 2571, P.P., 1877, S.C., H.L. (171), XI.
19. 12 J. Chamberlain, Licensing Reform and Local Option (Birmingham, 1876); Parl. Deb., 3rd Series, 232, col. 1864 (13 March 1877); Evidence, House of Lords Select Committee on Intemperance, q. 2571, P.P., 1877, S.C., H.L. (171), XI.
20. 12 J. Chamberlain, Licensing Reform and Local Option (Birmingham, 1876); Parl. Deb., 3rd Series, 232, col. 1864 (13 March 1877); Evidence, House of Lords Select Committee on Intemperance, q. 2571, P.P., 1877, S.C., H.L. (171), XI.
21. 13 E. E. Gulley, Joseph Chamberlain and English Social Politics (New York, Columbia University Press, 1926), pp. 37-8; D. A. Hamer, Liberal Politics in the Age of Gladstone and Rosebery: a Study in Leadership and Policy (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1972), p. 51.
22. 13 E. E. Gulley, Joseph Chamberlain and English Social Politics (New York, Columbia University Press, 1926), pp. 37-8; D. A. Hamer, Liberal Politics in the Age of Gladstone and Rosebery: a Study in Leadership and Policy (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1972), p. 51.
23. 14 Alliance News, 1 December 1877, p. 771.
24. 15 J. Rowntree and A. Sherwell, The Temperance Problem and Social Reform (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1899).
25. 16 H. Carter, The Control of the Drink Trade (London, Longmans, Green, 1918).
26. 17 J. Turner, 'State purchase of the liquor trade in the First World War', The Historical Journal, 23 (1980), 589-615.
27. 18 Bonar Law to J. P. Croal, 17 April 1915, Bonar Law Papers, House of Lords, 37/5/19.
28. 19 M. E. Rose, 'The Success of Social Reform? The Central Control Board (Liquor Traffic) 1915-21' in M. R. D. Foot (ed.). War and Society (London, Elek, 1973), pp. 71-84.
29. 20 G. B. Evens, The Truth about Direct Control in Carlisle (London, King [n.d. but 1917]), p. 4. Evens became a prominent supporter of state control so his account is partisan.
30. 21 Carter, Control, pp. 200-22.
31. 22 Carlisle and District Direct Control Area: General Manager's Report to the Board for the Year ending 31 December 1918, P.P., 1919 [Cmd.137], XXIV.
32. 23 J. G. Chisholm of Cromarty Firth State Management, Dingwall District to J. G. Paterson, State Management District Office Scotland, 22 July 1925, PRO/HO/185/124.
33. 24 Draft Memo, 7 June 1928, PRO HO 45 13178 522977 3.
34. 25 Pedder in 1919 did his best to mobilize Whitehall support against the threatened abolition of all war-time restrictions: gloss on draft memo. of J. C. G. Sykes, 23 July 1919, PRO/HO/185/265 and in 1922 had to be dissuaded by his superiors from speaking at the Cambridge Union in favour of state control of drink, Pedder to Astor, 27 September 1922, Astor Papers, University of Reading 1067
35. 26 Memo, J. S. Eagles December 1925, also Eagles to Sykes, 18 December 1925, PRO/HO/190/ 498.
36. 27 J. S. Eagles to S. O. Nevile, 20 January 1927, PRO/HO/190/1232.
37. 28 Nevile to Eagles, 15 January 1927, 1 October 1927, PRO/HO/190/1233.
38. 29 S. O. Nevile, Seventy Rolling Years (London, Faber & Faber), 1958; John R. Greenaway, 'The "improved" public house, 1870-1950: the key to civilised drinking or the primrose path to drunkenness?', Addiction, 93 (1998), 173-81.
39. 29 S. O. Nevile, Seventy Rolling Years (London, Faber & Faber), 1958; John R. Greenaway, 'The "improved" public house, 1870-1950: the key to civilised drinking or the primrose path to drunkenness?', Addiction, 93 (1998), 173-81.
40. 30 Report of the Committee on War Damaged Licensed Premises and Reconstruction, P.P., 1943-44 [Cmd.6504], IV.
41. 31 Ministry of Town and Country Planning/Department of Health for Scotland, Final Report of the New Towns Committee, July 1946, P.P., 1945-46 [Cmd.6876], XIV.
42. 32 J. J. Mallon to Sir Alexander Maxwell, n.d. but sent 30 August 1946, PRO/HO/185/315.
43. 33 H. Carter to Seebohm Rowntree, 23 September 1946, B. S. Rowntree Papers, Borthwick Institute, York, Temp/3.
44. 34 'Licensed Premises in New Towns: Question of State Management', 7 April 1948, LP(48)26, PRO/CAB/132/10. See also A. Johnson to H. Morrison, 22 April 1948, LP(48)37, PRO/CAB/124/ 887.
45. 35 Sir Thomas Sheepshanks to Morrison, 14 December 1948; E. M. King to Morrison, 15 December 1948; Beveridge to Morrison, 15 December 1948; PRO/CAB/124/887
46. 36 PRO/CAB/124/887; Parl. Deb., 5th series, 459, cols. 1128-38 (14 Dec. 1948).
47. 37 L. P. (48) 37, PRO/CAB/132/9.
48. 38 E.g. Home Office draft memorandum for Labour MPs on the Licensing Bill, 2 December 1948, PRO/CAB/124/887; Home Office's attempts to mobilize support from 'persons connected with town and country planning', Seebohm Rowntree to Astor, 22 November 1948, Rowntree Papers, J. Rowntree Foundation, York, Temperance 4.
49. 39 For criticisms of Sabatier on this point see A. Hann, 'Sharpening up Sabatier: belief systems and public policy', Politics, 15 (1995), 19-26.
50. 40 E.g. correspondence between D'Abernon and R. S. Meiklejohn of Treasury, about continued funding for industrial canteens, December 1918, PRO/HO/185/263.
51. 41 Paul Smith in his very detailed account of the 1874-80 Conservative Ministry illustrates the often crucial role of individual MPs in particular episodes of social reform at this time. P. Smith, Disraelian Conservatism and Social Reform (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967).
52. 42 Bureaucratic forces were far greater in other areas of social policy, for example education or poverty.
53. 43 W. Lawson to J. Whyte, U.K.A. Minute Books, 3 January 1901; Lawson to Canon Hicks, 30 April 1906, quoted J. H. Fowler, The Life and Letters of Edward Lee Hicks (London, Christophers, 1922), p. 197.
54. 43 W. Lawson to J. Whyte, U.K.A. Minute Books, 3 January 1901; Lawson to Canon Hicks, 30 April 1906, quoted J. H. Fowler, The Life and Letters of Edward Lee Hicks (London, Christophers, 1922), p. 197.
55. 44 D'Abernon to Lord Derby, 8 January 1918, PRO/HO/185/263.
56. 45 Keith Dowding makes a useful point when he suggests that exponents of advocacy coalitions, by concentrating on the interactions between the values of coalition members and exogenous shocks to the system, may miss out on the way ideas are manipulated and misused by other agencies for their own purposes. K. Dowding, 'Model or metaphor? A critical review of the policy network approach', Political Studies, 3 (1995), 150.