Chemical and volume changes during deformation and prograde metamorphism of sediments

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 138, Issue , 1998, Pages 215-246

  Vernon, R H ^a  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; METAMORPHISM; METASEDIMENTARY ROCK; SEDIMENT; VOLUME CHANGE;

EID: 0032323853     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.13     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. AGUE, J. J. 1991. Evidence of major mass transfer and volume strain during regional metamorphism of pelites. Geology, 19, 855-858.
2. _ 1994a. Mass transfer during Barrovian metamorphism of pelites, south-central Connecticut. I: Evidence for changes in composition and volume. American Journal of Science, 294, 989-1057.
3. _ 1994b. Mass transfer during Barrovian metamorphism of pelites, south-central Connecticut. II: Channelized fluid flow and the growth of staurolite and kyanite. American Journal of Science, 294, 1061-1134.
4. _ 1997a. Crustal mass transfer and index mineral growth in Barrow's garnet zone, northeast Scotland. Geology, 25, 73-76.
5. _ 1997b. Compositional variations in metamorphosed sediments of the Littleton Formation -discussion. American Journal of Science, 297, 440-449.
6. ALLARD, G. O. & CARPENTER, R. H. 1981. Alteration in the Otake geothermal field - a model for interpreting certain metamorphic assemblages in metamorphosed volcanic terranes. 1981 IAVCEI Symposium: Arc Volcanism, Tokyo-Hakone, 1-2 (abstract).
7. ALTENBERGER, U. 1996. Material transport in channelized fluids - examples from high-temperature shear zones in the Central-European Variscan belt. Mineralogy and Petrology, 57, 51-72.
8. ALTERMAN, I. B. 1973. Rotation and dewatering during slaty cleavage formation: some new evidence and interpretations. Geology, 1, 33-36.
9. ATHERTON, M. P. 1977. The metamorphism of the Dalradian rocks of Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology, 13, 331-370.
10. AYERS, J. C. & WATSON, E. B. 1993. Rutile solubility and mobility in supercritical aqueous fluids. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114, 321-330.
11. BEBOUT, G. E. & BARTON, M. D. 1989. Fluid flow and metasomatism in a subduction zone hydrothermal system: Catalina Schist terrane, California. Geology, 17, 976-980.
12. BELL, A. 1985. Strain paths during slaty cleavage formation - the role of volume loss. Journal of Structural Geology, 7, 563-568.
13. BELL, T. H. 1978. The development of slaty cleavage across the Nackara Arc of the Adelaide Geosyncline. Tectonophysics, 51, 171-201.
14. _ & RUBENACH, M. J. 1983. Sequential porphyroblast growth and crenulation cleavage development during progressive deformation. Tectonophysics, 92, 171-194.
15. BEUTNER, E. C. 1978. Slaty cleavage and related strain in Martinsburg Slate, Delaware Water Gap, New Jersey. American Journal of Science, 278, 1-23.
16. _ & CHARLES, E. G. 1985. Large volume loss during cleavage formation, Hamburg sequence, Pennsylvania. Geology, 13, 803-805.
17. BINNS, R. A. & EAMES. J. C. 1989. Geochemistry of wall rocks at the Clunes gold deposit, Victoria. Economic Geology Monograph, 6, 310-319.
18. BOULTER, C. A. 1974. Tectonic deformation of soft sedimentary clastic dikes from the Precambrian rocks of Tasmania, Australia, with particular reference to their relations with cleavages. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 85, 1413-1420.
19. _ 1986. Strain paths during slaty cleavage formation - the role of volume loss: Discussion. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 719-720.
20. 4+ -content of phengites through a three stage deformation sequence. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 48, 57-71.
21. BOYER, S. E. 1984. Origin and significance of compositional layering in Late Precambrian sediments, Blue Ridge Province, North Carolina, USA Journal of Structural Geology, 6, 121-133.
22. BRANDON, M. T., COWAN, D. S. & FEEHAN, J. G. 1994. Fault-zone structures and solution-mass-transfer cleavage in Late Cretaceous nappes, San Juan Islands, Washington. In: SWANSON, D. A. & HAUGERUD, R. A. (eds) Geologic Field Trips in the Pacific Northwest, 1994 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, 2, 2L1-2L19.
23. BUTLER, B. C. M. 1965. A chemical study of some rocks of the Moine Series of Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 121, 163-208.
24. CARDENAS, A. A., GIRTY, G. H., HANSON, A. D., LAHREN, M. M., KNAACK, C. & JOHNSON, D. 1996. Assessing differences in composition between low metamorphic grade mudstones and high-grade schists using logratio techniques. Journal of Geology, 194, 279-293.
25. CARPENTER, R. H. & ALLARD, G. O. 1980. Mineralization, alteration and volcanism in the Lincolnton-McCormick district, Georgia and South Carolina. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 7, 398-399.
26. CARSON, W. P. 1968. Development of flow-cleavage in the Martinsburg Slate, Port Jervis South area, (northern New Jersey). Tectonophysics, 5, 531-541.
27. CLARK, B. R. 1970. Origin of slaty cleavage in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 81, 3161-3176.
28. CLARK, M. B. & FISHER, D. M. 1995. Strain partitioning and crack-seal growth of chlorite-muscovite aggregates during progressive noncoaxial strain: an example form the slate belt of Taiwan. Journal of Structural Geology, 17, 461-474.
29. CLARKE, G. L., POWELL, R. & VERNON, R. H. 1995. Reaction relationships during retrograde metamorphism at Olary, South Australia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 13, 715-726.
30. COSGROVE, J. W. 1976. The formation of crenulation cleavage. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 132, 155-178.
31. Cox, S. C. 1993. Fluid-rock interaction and the source of gold in metamorphic belts: an example from the Torlesse Terrane and Otago Schist of New Zealand. Irish Association for Economic Geology Annual Review, 1993, 44-51.
32. _, CEPELCHA, J., WALL, V. J., ETHERIDGE, M. A., CAS, R. A. F., HAMMOND, R. & WILLMAN, C. E. 1983. Lower Ordovician Bendigo Trough sequence, Castlemaine area, Victoria - deformation and implications for the tectonic evolution of the Lachlan Fold Belt. Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 9, 41-42.
33. _, ETHERIDGE, M. A., CAS, R. A. F. & CLIFFORD, B. A. 1991. Deformational style of the Castle-maine area, Bendigo-Ballarat Zone: implications for evolution of crustal structure in central Victoria. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 151-170.
34. DURNEY, D. W. 1972. Solution-transfer, an important geological deformation mechanism. Nature, 235, 315-317.
35. ENGELDER, T. 1984. The role of pore water circulation during the formation of foreland fold and thrust belts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 4319-4325.
36. EPSTEIN, J. B. & EPSTEIN, A. G. 1969. Geology of the Valley and Ridge province between Delaware Water Gap and Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania. In: SUBITZKY, S. (ed.) Geology of Selected Areas in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania, and Guidebook of Excursions. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 132-205.
37. ERSLEV, E. & MANN, C. 1984. Pressure solution shortening in the Martinsburg Formation, New Jersey. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 58, 84-88.
38. _ & WARD, D. J. 1993. Non-volatile element and volume flux in coalesced slaty cleavage. Journal of Structural Geology, 16, 531-553.
39. ESPENSHADE, G. H. & POTTER, D. B. 1960. Kyanite, sillimanite and andalusite deposits of the southeastern States. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 336.
40. ETHERIDGE, M. A. & HOBBS, B. E. 1974. Chemical and deformational controls on recrystallization of mica. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 43, 111-124.
41. _ & LEE, M. F. 1975. Microstructure of slate from Lady Loretta, Queensland, Australia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 86, 13-22.
42. _ WALL, V. J. & VERNON, R. H. 1983. The role of the fluid phase during regional metamorphism and deformation. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 1, 205-226.
43. FYFE, W. S. & KERRICH, R. 1985. Fluids and thrusting. Chemical Geology, 49, 353-362.
44. GEISER, A. 1975. Slaty cleavage and the dewatering hypothesis - an examination of some critical evidence. Geology, 3, 717-720.
45. GLEN, R. A. 1982. Component migration patterns during the formation of a metamorphic layering, Mount Franks area, Willyama Complex, N.S.W., Australia. Journal of Structural Geology, 4, 457-467.
46. GOLDSTEIN, A., PICKENS, J., KLEPEIS, K. & LINN, F. 1995. Finite strain heterogeneity and volume loss in slates of the Taconic Allocthon, Vermont, USA Journal of Structural Geology, 17, 1207-1216.
47. GRATIER, J.-P. 1979. Mise en évidence de relations entre changement de composition chimique et intensité de déformation dans les roches à schistosité. Bulletin de la Societé géologique de France, 21, 95-104.
48. _ 1983. Estimation of volume changes by comparative chemical analyses in heterogeneously deformed rocks (folds with mass transfer). Journal of Structural Geology, 5, 329-339.
49. GRAY, D. R. 1977. Differentiation associated with discrete crenulation cleavages. Lithos, 10, 89-101.
50. _ 1978. Cleavages in deformed psammitic rocks from southeastern Australia: their nature and origin. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 89, 577-590.
51. _ 1979. Microstructure of crenulation cleavages: an indicator of cleavage origin. American Journal of Science, 279, 97-128.
52. _ 1981. Compound tectonic fabrics in singly folded rocks from southwest Virginia, USA Tectonophysics, 78, 229-248.
53. _ & WILLMAN, C. E. 1991a. Deformation in the Ballarat slate belt, central Victoria and implications for crustal structure across SE Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 171-201.
54. _ & _ 1991b. Thrust-related strain gradients and thrusting mechanisms in a chevron-folded sequence, southeastern Australia. Journal of Structural Geology, 13, 691-710.
55. _ & WRIGHT, T. O. 1984. Problems of volume loss, fabric development, and strain determination in low-grade pelitic rocks, Martinsburg Formation, USA Journal of Structural Geology, 7, 492.
56. _, GREGORY, R. T. & DURNEY, D. W. 1991. Rock-buffered fluid-rock interaction in deformed quartz-rich turbidite sequences, eastern Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 19681-19704.
57. GREGG, W. J. 1985. Microscopic deformation mechanisms associated with mica film formation in cleaved psammitic rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, 7, 45-56.
58. _ 1986. Deformation of chlorite-white mica aggregates in cleaved psammitic and pelitic rocks from Islesboro, Maine, USA Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 59-68.
59. GRESENS, R. L. 1971. Application of hydrolysis equilibria to the genesis of pegmatite and kyanite deposits in northern New Mexico. Mountain Geology, 8, 3-16.
60. GROSHONG, R. H. 1976. Strain and pressure solution in the Martinsburg Slate, Delaware Water Gap, New Jersey. American Journal of Science, 276, 1131-1146.
61. GUSTAFSON, L. B. & HUNT, J. P. 1975. The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. Economic Geology, 70, 857-912.
62. HAACK, U., HEINRICHS, H., BONESS, M. & SCHNEIDER, A. 1984. Loss of metals from pelites during regional metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 85, 116-132.
63. HAMMOND, R. L. 1987. The influence of deformation partitioning on dissolution and solution transfer in low-grade tectonic mélange. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 5, 195-211.
64. HARA, I., SHIITE, T. & HIDE, K. 1984. Pressure solution of plagioclase and garnet during Naghama folding in the Sambagawa Belt of central Shikoku. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 90, 33-42.
65. HART, R. 1970. Chemical exchange between sea water and deep ocean basalt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 9, 269-279.
66. HELLMAN, P. L. & SMITH, R. E. 1979. The mobility of the rare earth elements: evidence and implications from selected terrains affected by burial metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 71, 23-44.
67. HO, N.-C., PEACOR, D. R. & VAN DER PLUIJM, B. A. 1995. Reorientation mechanisms of phyllosilicates in the mudstone-to-slate transition at Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania. Journal of Structural Geology, 17, 345-356.
68. HOBBS, B. E., MEANS, W. D. & WILLIAMS, P. F. 1976. An Outline of Structural Geology. Wiley, New York.
69. HOLEYWELL, R. C. & TULLIS, T. E. 1975. Mineral reorientation and slaty cleavage in the Martinsburg Formation, Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 86, 1296-1304.
70. JOHNSON, S. E., VERNON, R. H. & HOBBS, B. E. 1994. Deformation and metamorphism of the Cooma Complex, southeastern Australia. Specialist Group in Tectonics & Structural Geology, Geological Society of Australia, Field Guide 4.
71. KANAGAWA, K. 1991. Change in dominant mechanisms for phyllosilicate preferred orientation during cleavage development in the Kitakami slates of NE Japan. Journal of Structural Geology, 13, 927-943.
72. 5-bearing segregations in the Lepontine Alps, Switzerland: Aluminum mobility in metapelites. Geology, 16, 636-640.
73. KISCH, H. J. 1989. Discordant relationship between degree of very low-grade metamorphism and the development of slaty cleavage. In: DALY, J. S., CLIFF, R. A. & YARDLEY, B. W. D. (eds) Evolution of Metamorphic Belts. Geological Society, Special Publication, 43, Blackwell, Oxford, 173-185.
74. KNIPE, R. J. 1979. Chemical changes during slaty cleavage development. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 102, 206-209.
75. _ 1981. The interaction of deformation and metamorphism in slates. Tectonophysics, 78, 249-272.
76. _ & WHITE, S. H. 1977. Microstructural variation of an axial plane cleavage around a fold - a HVEM study. Tectonophysics, 39, 355-380.
77. LAFRANCE, B. & VERNON, R. H. 1993. Mass transfer and microfracturing in gabbroic mylonites of the Guadalupe Igneous Complex, California. In: BOLAND. J. N. & FITZ GERALD, J. D. (eds) Defects and Processes in the Solid State: Geoscience Applications. The McLaren Volume. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 151-167.
78. LEE, J. H., PEACOR, D. R., LEWIS, D. D. & WINTSCH, R. P. 1986. Evidence for syntectonic crystallization for the mudstone to slate transition at Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania, USA. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 767-780.
79. LOWDER, G. G. & Dow, J. A. S. 1978. Geology and exploration of porphyry copper deposits in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Economic Geology, 73, 628-644.
80. MACKENZIE, J. S., NEEDHAM, D. T. & AGAR, S. M. 1987. Progressive deformation in an accretionary complex: An example from the Shimanto belt of eastern Kyushu, southwest Japan. Geology, 15, 353-356.
81. MALTMAN, A. J. 1981. Primary bedding-parallel fabrics in structural geology, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 138, 475-483.
82. MANCKTELOW, N. S. 1979. The development of slaty cleavage, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia. Tectonophysics, 58, 1-20.
83. _ 1994. On volume change and mass transport during the development of crenulation cleavage. Journal of Structural Geology, 16, 1217-1231.
84. MARLOW, P. C. & ETHERIDGE, M. A. 1977. Development of layered crenulation cleavage in mica schists of the Kanmantoo Group near Maccles-field, South Australia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 88, 873-882.
85. MAXWELL, J. C. 1962. Origin of slaty and fracture cleavage in the Delaware Water Gap area, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In: ENGEL, A. E. J., JAMES, H. L. & LEONARD, B. F. (eds) Petrologic Studies - a Volume in Honour of A. F. Buddington. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, 281-311,.
86. MILODOWSKI, A. E. & ZALASIEWICZ, J. A. 1991. The origin and sedimentary, diagenetic and metamorphic evolution of chlorite-mica stacks in Llandovery sediments of central Wales, U.K. Geological Magazine, 128, 263-278.
87. 2 schistosity to metamorphosed clastic dikes, Rangeley-Phillips area, Maine. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 77, 1449-1462.
88. MOORE, J. C. 1973. Complex deformation of Cretaceous trench dEPOSITS, N. W. Alaska. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 84, 2005-2020.
89. _ & GEIGLE, J. E. 1974. Slaty cleavage: incipient occurrences in the deep sea. Science, 183, 509-510.
90. Moss, B. E., HASKIN, L. A. & DYMEK, R. F. 1995. Redetermination and reevaluation of compositional variations in metamorphosed sediments of the Littleton Formation, New Hampshire. American Journal of Science, 295, 988-1019.
91. _, _ & _ 1996. Compositional variations in metamorphosed sediments of the Littleton Formation, New Hampshire, and the Carrabassett Formation, Maine, at sub-hand specimen, outcrop, and regional scales. American Journal of Science, 296, 473-505.
92. NICHOLSON, R. 1966. Metamorphic differentiation in crenulated schists. Nature, 209, 68-69.
93. NORRIS, R. J. & BISHOP, D. G. 1990. Deformed conglomerate and textural zones in the Otago Schists, New Zealand. Tectonophysics, 174, 331-349.
94. _ & RUPKE, N. A. 1986. Development of slaty cleavage in a mudstone unit from the Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 871-878.
95. OERTEL, G. 1970. Deformation of a slaty, lapillar tuff in the Lake District, England. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 81, 1173-1188.
96. PATERSON, S. R. & TOBISCH, O. T. 1993. Prelithification structures, deformation mechanisms, and fabric ellipsoids in slumped turbidites from the Pigeon Point Formation, California. Tectonophysics, 222, 135-149.
97. _, Yu, H. & OERTEL, G. 1995. Primary and tectonic fabric intensities in mudrocks. Tectonophysics, 247, 105-119.
98. PHILIPOTT, P. & SELVERSTONE, J. 1991. Trace-element-rich brines in eclogitic veins: implications for fluid composition and transport during subduction. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 106, 417-430.
99. PHILLIPS, G. N. & DE NOOY, D. 1988. High-grade metamorphic processes which influence Archaean gold deposits, with particular reference to Big Bell, Australia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 6, 95-114.
100. PIQUE, A. 1982. Relations between stages of diagenetic and metamorphic evolution and the development of a primary cleavage in the northwesten Moroccan Meseta. Journal of Structural Geology, 4, 491-500.
101. PLESSMAN, W. 1964. Gesteinslösun, ein Hauptfaktor beim Schieferungsprozess. Geologische Mitteilungen, 4, 69-82.
102. POWELL, C. M. 1969. Intrusive sandstone dykes in the Siamo Slate near Negaunee, Michigan. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 80, 2585-2594.
103. _ 1972a. Tectonic dewatering and strain in the Michigamme Slate, Michigan. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 83, 2149-2158.
104. _ 1972b. Tectonically dewatered slates in the Ludlovian of the Lake District, England. Geological Journal, 8, 95-110.
105. _ & RICKARD, M. J. 1985. Significance of the early foliation at Bermagui, N.S.W., Australia. Journal of Structural Geology, 1, 385-400.
106. RAMSAY, J. G. & HUBER, M. I. 1983. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology. Volume 1: Strain Analysis. Academic Press, London
107. _ & WOOD. D. S. 1973. The geometric effects of volume change during deformation processes. Tectonophysics, 13, 263-277.
108. ROSER, B. P. & NATHAN, S. 1997. An evaluation of elemental mobility during metamorphism of a turbidite sequence (Greenland Group, New Zealand). Geological Magazine, 134, 219-234.
109. ROY, A. B. 1978. Evolution of slaty cleavage in relation to diagenesis and metamorphism: a study from the Hunsrückschiefer. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 89, 1775-1785.
110. SCHANDL, E. S., DAVIS, D. W. & KROGH, T. E. 1990. Are the alteration halos of massive sulfide deposits syngenetic? Evidence from U-Pb dating of hydrothermal rutile at the Kidd volcanic center, Abitibi subprovince, Canada. Geology, 18, 505-508.
111. SHAW, D. M. 1956. Geochemistry of pelitic rocks. Part III: Major elements and general geochemistry. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 67, 919-934.
112. SIDDANS, A. W. 1972. Slaty cleavage - a review of research since 1815. Earth Science Reviews, 8, 205-232.
113. SORBY, H. C. 1853. On the origin of slaty cleavage. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 55, 137-148.
114. SPANG, J. H., OLDERSHAW, A. E. & STOUT, M. Z. 1979. Development of cleavage in the Banff Formation at Pigeon Mountain, Front Ranges, Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, 1108-1115.
115. STANTON, R. L. & VAUGHAN, J. P. 1979. Facies of ore formation: a preliminary account of the Pegmont deposit as an example of potential relations between small 'iron formations' and stratiform sulphide ores. Proceedings of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 270, 25-38.
116. STEPHENS, M. B., GLASSON, M. G. & KEAYS, R. R. 1979. Structural and chemical aspects of metamorphic layering development in metasediments from Clunes, Australia. American Journal of Science, 279, 129-160.
117. STILLWELL, F. L. 1918. The metamorphic rocks of Adelie Land. Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14 Scientific Report, Series A, 3, 1-320.
118. SUTTON, S. J. 1991. Development of domainal slaty cleavage at Ococee Gorge, Tennessee. Journal of Geology, 99, 789-800.
119. _ & LAND, L. S. 1996. Postdepositional chemical alteration of Ouchita Shales. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, 978-99.
120. SYKES, M. L. & MOODY, J. B. 1978. Pyrophyllite and metamorphism in the Carolina slate belt. American Mineralogist, 63, 96-108.
121. TALBOT, J. L. 1964. Crenulation cleavage in the Hunsrückschiefer of the Middle Moselle region. Geologische Rundschau, 54, 1026-1043.
122. TAN, B. K., GRAY, D. R. & STEWART, I. 1995. Volume change accompanying cleavage development in graptolitic shales from Gisborne, Victoria, Australia. Journal of Structural Geology, 17, 1387-1394.
123. TRANTER, T. H. 1992. Underplating of an accretionary prism: An example from the LeMay Group of central Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 6, 1-20.
124. VALIANT, R. L, BARNETT, R. L. & HODDER, R. W. 1983. Aluminum silicate-bearing rock and its relation to gold mineralization, Bousquet Mine, Bousquet Township, Quebec. CIM Bulletin, 76, 81-90.
125. VAN DER PLUIJM, B. A. & KAARS-SIJPESTEIJN, C. H. 1984. Chlorite-mica aggregates: morphology, orientation, development and bearing on cleavage formation in very low-grade rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, 6, 399-407.
126. VERNON, R. H. 1977. Relationships between microstructures and metamorphic assemblages. Tectonophysics, 39, 439-452.
127. _ 1978. Porphyroblast-matrix microstructural relationships in deformed metamorphic rocks. Geologische Rundschau, 67, 288-305.
128. _ 1979. Formation of late sillimanite by hydrogen metasomatism (base-leaching) in some high-grade gneisses. Lithos, 12, 143-152.
129. _ 1987. Growth and concentration of fibrous sillimanite related to heterogeneous deformation in K-feldspar - sillimanite metapelites. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 5, 51-68.
130. _ 1996a. Problems with inferring P-T-t paths in low-P granulite facies rocks. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 14, 143-153.
131. _ 1996b. Structural evidence of parent rocks in high-grade metamorphic areas - especially Broken Hill. In: PONGRATZ, J. & DAVIDSON, G. (eds) New Developments in Broken Hill Type Deposits. Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies, University of Tasmania, Special Publication 1, 17-20.
132. _, FLOOD, R. H. & D'ARCY, W. F. 1987. Sillimanite and andalusite produced by basecation leaching and contact metamorphism of felsic igneous rocks. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 5, 439-450.
133. VOLL, G. 1960. New work on petrofabrics. Liverpool and Manchester Geological Journal, 2, 503-567.
134. WALDRON, H. M. & SANDIFORD, M. 1988. Deformation volume and cleavage development in metasedimentary rocks from the Ballarat slate belt. Journal of Structural Geology, 10, 53-62.
135. WATANABE, J. & HASEGAWA, K. 1986. Borosilicates (datolite, schorl) and aluminosilicates (andalusite, sillimanite) in the Oketo Rhyolite, Hokkaido. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series IV, 21, 583-598.
136. WEBER, K. 1981. Kinematic and metamorphic aspects of cleavage formation in very low-grade metamorphic slates. Tectonophysics, 78, 291-306.
137. WHITE, S. H. & JOHNSTON, C. 1981. A microstructural and microchemical study of cleavage lamellae in a slate. Journal of Structural Geology, 3, 279-290.
138. _ & KNIPE, R. J. 1978. Microstructure and cleavage development in selected slates. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 66, 165-174.
139. WILLIAMS, P. F. 1972. Development of metamorphic layering and cleavage in low grade metamorphic rocks at Bermagui, Australia. American Journal of Science, 272, 1-47.
140. _ 1983. Timing of deformation and the mechanism of cleavage development in a Newfoundland mélange. Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology, 19, 31-48.
141. _ 1990. Differentiated layering in metamorphic rocks. Earth-Science Reviews, 29, 267-281.
142. _, COLLINS, A. R. & WILTSHIRE, R. G. 1969. Cleavage and penecontemporaneous deformation structures in sedimentary rocks. Journal of Geology, 77, 415-425.
143. _ MEANS, W. D. & HOBBS, B. E. 1977. Development of axial-plane slaty cleavage and schistosity in experimental and natural materials. Tectonophysics, 42, 139-158.
144. WINTSCH, R. P., KVALE, C. M. & KISCH, H. D. 1991. Open-system, constant volume development of slaty cleavage, and strain-induced replacement reactions in the Martinsburg Formation, Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 103, 916-927.
145. WOOD, D. S. 1974. Current views of the development of slaty cleavage. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2, 369-401.
146. WOODLAND, B. G. 1985. Relationship of concretions and chlorite-muscovite porphyroblasts to the development of domainal cleavage in low-grade metamorphic deformed rocks from north-central Wales, Great Britain. Journal of Structural Geology, 1, 205-215.
147. WRIGHT, T. O. & HENDERSON, J. R. 1992. Volume loss during cleavage formation in the Meguma Group, Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of Structural Geology, 14, 281-290.
148. _ & PLATT, L. B. 1982. Pressure dissolution and cleavage in the Martinsburg Shale. American Journal of Science, 282, 122-135.
149. YARDLEY, B. W. D. 1977. Relationships between the chemical and modal compositions of metapelites from Connemara, Ireland. Lithos, 10, 235-242.
150. _ & BOTTRELL, S. H. 1992. Silica mobility and fluid movement during metamorphism of the Connemara schists, Ireland. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 10, 435-464.