Experimental pathophysiology of panic

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 493-503

  Griez, E ^a   Schruers, K ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Carbon dioxide; CCK; Challenge test; Lactate; Panic

Indexed keywords

(3 CHLOROPHENYL)PIPERAZINE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHOLECYSTOKININ; LACTIC ACID; YOHIMBINE;

CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MODEL; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; HYPERCAPNIA; HYPERVENTILATION; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; PANIC; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROVOCATION TEST; REVIEW;

EID: 0032323123     PISSN: 00223999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00027-0     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Guttmacher L.B., Murphy D.L., Insel T.R. Pharmacologic models of anxiety. Compreh Psychiatry. 24:1983;312-326.
2. Uhde T.W., Lancer M.E. Chemical models of panic. a review and critique Tyrer P. Psychopharmacology of anxiety. 1989;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
3. Gorman J.M., Fyer M.R., Liebowitz M.R., Klein D.F. Pharmacologic provocation of panic attacks. Meltzer H.Y. Psychopharmacology. a third generation of progress:1987;985-993 Raven Press, New York.
4. Da Costa J.M. An irritable heart, a clinical form of functional cardiac disorder and its consequences. Am J Med Sc. 61:1871;17.
5. Westphal C. Agoraphobia. a neuropathic phenomenon Arch Psychiatrie Nervenkrankheiten. 3:1872;138-161.
6. Cordes E. Agoraphobia, a symptom of paretic exhaustion. Arch Psychiatrie. 3:1872;521-574.
7. Drury AN. The percentage of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air, and the tolerance to accumulating carbon dioxide in cases of so-called "irritable heart." Heart 1918-1920;7:105.
8. Cohen M.E., White P.D. Panic disorder. Life situations, emotions and neurocirculatory asthenia. Pro Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 13:1951;335-357.
9. Pitts F.N., McClure J.N. Lactate metabolism in anxiety neurosis. N Engl J Med. 277:1967;1329-1336.
10. Fink M., Taylor M.A., Volavka J. Anxiety precipitated by lactate. N Engl J Med. 281-1129:1970.
11. Kelly D., Mitchell-Hegge N., Sherman D. Anxiety and the effects of sodium lactate assessed clinically and physiologically. Br J Psychiatry. 119:1971;129-141.
12. Bonn J.A., Harrison J., Rees W.L. Lactate induced anxiety. therapeutic applications Br J Psychiatry. 119:1971;468-471.
13. Pitts F.N., Allen R.E. Biochemical induction of anxiety. Fann Weet al. Phenomenology and treatment of anxiety. 1979;Spectrum, New York.
14. Liebowitz M.R., Fyer A.J., Gorman J.M.et al. Specificity of lactate infusions in social phobia versus panic disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 142:1985;947-950.
15. Lapierre Y.D., Knott V.J., Gray R. Psychophysiological correlates of sodium lactate. Psychopharmacol Bull. 20:1984;50-57.
16. Cowley D.S., Stephen R., Dager R., McClennan J., Roy-Byrne P.P., Dunner D.L. Response to lactate infusion in generalized anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 24:1988;409-414.
17. Fyer A.J., Liebowitz M.R., Gorman J.M.et al. Lactate vulnerability of remitted panic patients. Psychiatry Res. 14:1985;143-148.
18. Liebowitz M.R., Gorman J.M., Fyer A.J.et al. Lactate provocation of panic attacks. II. biochemical and physiological findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 42:1985;709-719.
19. Hollander E., Liebowitz M.R., Gorman J.M.et al. Cortisol and sodium lactate induces panic. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46:1989;135-140.
20. Liebowitz M.R., Gorman J.M., Fyer A.J.et al. Possible mechanisms for lactate's induction of panic. Am J Psychiatry. 143:1986;495-502.
21. Gorman J.M., Levy G.F., Liebowitz M.R.et al. Effect of acute beta-adrenergic blockade on lactate-induced panic. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 40:1984;1079-1093.
22. Nesse R.M., Cameron O.G., Curtis G.C.et al. Adrenergic function in patients with panic anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 41:1984;771-776.
23. Rainey J.M., Pohl R.B., Williams M.et al. A comparison of lactate and isoproterenol anxiety states. Psychopathology. 17:1984;74-82.
24. Coplan J.D., Liebowitz M.R., Gorman J.M.et al. Noradrenergic function in panic disorder. Effects of IV clonidine treatment on lactate induced panic Biol Psychiatry. 31:1992;135-146.
25. Lum L.C. Hyperventilation. the tip of the iceberg J Psychoso Res. 19:1975;375-383.
26. Gorman J.M., Askanazi J., Liebowitz M.R.et al. Response to hyperventilation in a group of patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 141:1984;857-861.
27. Wolpe The practice of behavior therapy. 2:1973;Pergamon, Oxford.
28. Griez E, van den Hout MA. Effects of carbon dioxide-oxygen inhalations on subjective Anxiety and some neurovegetative parameters. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1982;13:1:27-32.
29. van den Hout M.A., Griez E. Cardiovascular and subjective responses to inhalation of carbon dioxide. A controlled test with anxious patients. Psychother Psychosom. 37:1982;75-82.
30. van den Hout M.A., Griez E. Panic symptoms after inhalation of carbon dioxide. Br J Pychiatry. 144:1984;503-507.
31. 2 on panic anxiety. Compreh Psychiatry. 29:1988;490-497.
32. van den Hout M.A., Boek C., van der Molen M., Jansen A., Griez E. Rebreathing to cope with hyperventilation. experimental tests of the paper bag method J Behav Med. 11:1988;303-309.
33. Zandbergen J., Lousberg H., Pols H., de Loof C., Griez E. Hypercarbia versus hypocarbia in panic disorder. J Affect Disord. 18:1990;75-81.
34. Griez E., Pols H., van den Hout M.A. Acid base balance in real life panic. J Affect Disord. 12:1987;263-266.
35. Ley R., Walker H. Effects of carbon dioxide-oxygen inhalation on heart rate, blood pressure and subjective anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 4:1973;223-228.
36. Sanderson W.C., Wetzler S. Five percent carbon dioxide challenge. valid analogue and marker of panic disorder? Biol Psychiatry. 27:1990;689-701.
37. 2 vulnerability in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 20:1987;87-95.
38. 2 challenge of patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 144:1987;1080-1082.
39. Gorman J.M., Papp L.A., Martinez J., Goetz R.R. High dose carbon dioxide challenge test in anxiety disorder patients. Biol Psychiatry. 28:1990;743-757.
40. 2 inhalation test in panic patients. Psychiatry Res. 52:1994;159-171.
41. Perna G., Gebariele A., Caldirola D., Bellodi L. Hypersensitivity to inhalation of carbon dioxide and panic attacks. Psychiatry Res. 57:1996;267-273.
42. Griez E., Zandbergen J., Pols H., de Loof C. Response to 35% carbon dioxide as a marker of panic in severe anxiety. Am J Psychiatry. 147:1990;796-797.
43. Griez E., de Loof C., Pols H., Zandbergen J., Lousberg H. Specific sensitivity of patients with panic attacks to carbon dioxide inhalation. Psychiatry Res. 31:1990;193-199.
44. 2 challenges. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1995;85-89.
45. Verburg C., Griez E., Meijer J. A 35% carbon dioxide challenge in simple phobias. Acta Psychiatrica Scand. 90:1994;420-423.
46. Verburg C., Griez E., Meijer J., Pols H. Discrimination between panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder with 35% carbon dioxide challenge. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1995;1081-1083.
47. 2 challenge test in social phobics (unpublished manuscript).
48. Klaassen T, Klumperbeek J, Deutz N, Van Praag HM, Griez E. Effects of tryptophan depletion on anxiety and on carbon dioxide provoked panic (in press).
49. 2 challenge in panic and mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 33:1995;189-194. a.
50. Verburg C, Pols H, Griez E. Influence of comorbid mood disorder on vulnerability to 35% carbon dioxide panic provocation (in press).
51. Pols H., Zandbergen J., de Loof C., Griez E. Attenuation of carbon dioxide-induced panic after clonazepam treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scand. 84:1991;585-586.
52. 2 challenge. J Clin Psychiatry. 57:1996;539-542.
53. Perna G., Cocchi S., Arancio C., Bellodi L. Pharmacologic effects of toloxatone on reactivity to the 35% carbon dioxide challenge. a single-blind, random, placebo controlled study J Clin Psychopharmacol. 14:1994;414-418.
54. Bertani A., Perna G. Pharmacologic effect of imipramine, paroxetine and sertraline on 35% carbon dioxide hypersensitivity. a double blind, random, placebo-controlled study J Clin Psychopharmacol. 17:1997;97-101.
55. Perna G., Bertani A. Modification of 35% carbondioxide hypersensitivity across one week of treatment with Clomipramine and Fluvoxamine. a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study J Clin Psychopharmacol. 17:1997;173-178.
56. 2 sensitivity in healthy first degree relatives of patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1995;623-625.
57. 2 challenge test. Psychiatry Genet 3(suppl. 3)1993:184.
58. Lousberg H., Griez E., van den Hout M.A. Carbon dioxide chemosensitivity in panic disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scand. 77:1988;214-218.
59. Pols H, Zandbergen J, de Loof C, Fernandez I, Griez E. Clinical effects of fluvoxamine on panic symptomatology. Acta Psychiatrica Belgi 1993;3.
60. Woods S.W., Charney D.S., Loke J., Goodman W.K., Redmond D.E., Heninger G.R. Carbon dioxide sensitivity in panic anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 43:1986;900-909.
61. Zandbergen J., Pols H. Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 39:1991;13-19.
62. Papp L.A., Goetz E., Cole R., Klein D.F., Jordan F., Liebowitz M.R., Fyer A.J., Hollander E., Gorman J.M. Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide in panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 146:1989;779-781.
63. Karajgi B., Rifkin A., Dodde S., Kalli R. The prevalence of anxiety disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Psychiatry. 147:1990;200-201.
64. Shavit R.G., Gentil V., Mandetta R. The association of panic-agoraphobia and asthma. contributing factors and clinical implications Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 14:1992;420-423.
65. Zandbergen J., Pols H., de Loof C., Griez E. Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 39:1991;13-19.
66. Verburg C., Griez E., Meijer J., Pols H. Respiratory disorders as a possible predisposing factor for panic disorder. J Affect Disorders. 3:1995;129-134.
67. Perna G., Bertani A., Diaferia G., Arancio C., Bellodi L. Prevalence of respiratory diseases in patients with panic and obsessive compulsive disorders. Anxiety. 1:1994;100-101.
68. Rainey J.M., Pohl R.B., Williams M. A comparison of lactate and isoproterenol anxiety states. Psychopathology. 17(suppl 1):1984;74.
69. Nesse R.M., Cameron O.G., Curtis G.C. Adrenergic function in patients with panic anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 41:1984;771.
70. Charney D.S., Honinger G.R., Jatlow P.I. Increased anxiogenic effects of caffeine in panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 42:1985;233-243.
71. Charney D.S., Woods S.W.et al. Neurobiological mechanisms of panic anxiety. Am J Psychiatry. 144:1987;1030-1036.
72. Bourin M., Malinge M., Guittou B. Provocative agents in panic disorder. Therapie. 50:1995;301-306.
73. Targum S.D., Marshall L.E. Fenfluramine provocation of anxiety in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 28:1989;295-300.
74. Bradwejn J., Koszycki D., Shriqui C. Enhanced sensitivity to cholecystokinin-tetraptide in panic disorder. clinical and behavioral findings Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48:1991;603-607.
75. Bradwejn J., Koszycki D., Payeuret al. Replication of action of cholescystokinin tetrapeptide in panic disorder. clinical and behavioral findings Am J Psychiatry. 149:1992;962-964.
76. Bradwejn J., Koszycki D. Comparison of the panicogenic effect of cholescystokinin 30-33 and carbon dioxide in panic disorder. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 15:1991;237-289.
77. Bradwejn J., Legrand J.M., Koszycki D., Bates J., Bourin M. Effects of cholescystokinin-tetrapeptide on respiratory function in healthy volunteers. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;280-282.
78. Carr D., Sheehan D. Panic anxiety a new biological model. Clin Psychiatry. 45:1984;323-330.
79. Gorman J.M., Goetz R.R., Dillon D., Liebowitz M.R., Feyer A.J., Davies S., Klein D.F. Sodium D-lactate infusion of panic disorder patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 3:1990;181-190.
80. Coplan J.D., Sharma T., Rosenblum L.A., Friedman S., Bassoff T.B., Barbour R.L., Gorman J.M. Effects of sodium lactate infusion on cisternal lactate and carbon dioxide levels in nonhuman primates. Am J Psychiatry. 149:1992;1369-1373.
81. Dager S.R., Strauss W.L., Marro K.I., Richards T.L., Metzger G.D., Adtru A.A. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of hyperventilation in subjects with panic disorder and comparison subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1995;666-672.
82. Dager S.R., Marro K.I., Richards T.L., Metzger G.D. Preliminary application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate lactate-induced panic. Am J Psychiatry. 151:1994;57-63.
83. Klein D.F. False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50:1993;305-317.
84. Liebowitz M.R., Coplan J.D., Martinez J., Fyer A.J., Dillon D.J., Campeas R.B., Davies S.O., Gorman J.M., Klein D.F. Effects of intravenous diazepam pretreatment on lactate-induced panic. Psychiatry Res. 58:1995;127-138.
85. 2 test for panic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 29:1995;111-119.
86. 2 panic provocation challenge as diagnostic test for panic disorder (in press).
87. Hsiao J.K., Bartko J.J., Potter W.Z. Diagnosing diagnoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46:1989;664-670.