NOx control through reburning

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Volumn 24, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 385-408

  Smoot, L D ^a,b   Hill, S C ^b   Xu, H ^a  

^a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Advanced reburning; Combustion modeling; Global model; Nitric oxide; NOx reduction; Reburning

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; FUEL INJECTION; FUELS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; NITROGEN OXIDES; REACTION KINETICS;

COMBUSTION MODEL; NITRIC OXIDE; REBURNING;

COMBUSTION;

EID: 0032318372     PISSN: 03601285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00022-1     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Smoot, L. D., Boardman, R. D., Brewster, B. S., Hill, S. C. and Foli, A. K., Development and application of an acid rain precursor model for practical furnaces. Energy & Fuels, 1993, 7, 786-795.
2. Wendt, J. O. L., Fundamental coal combustion mechanisms and pollutant formation in furnaces. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 1980, 6, 201-222.
3. Boardman, R. D. and Smoot, L. D.,. Pollutant formation and control, in Fundamentals of Coal Combustion, ed. L. D. Smoot. Elsevier, The Netherlands, Chapter 6 (1993).
4. Miller, J. A. and Bowman, C. T., Mechanism and modeling of nitrogen chemistry in combustion. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 1989, 15, 287-338.
5. Hayhurst, A. N. and Lawrence, A. D., Emissions of nitrous oxide from combustion sources. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 1992, 18, 529-552.
6. Bowman, C. T., Control of combustion-generated nitrogen oxide emissions: Technology driven by regulation, in Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 859-878 (1993).
7. Kramlich, J. C. and Linak, W. P., Nitrous oxide behavior in the atmosphere and in combustion and industrial systems. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 1994, 20, 149-202.
8. Mereb, B. J. and Wendt, J. O. L., Reburning mechanisms in a pulverized coal combustor, in Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 1273-1279 (1990).
9. x Control, Kansas City, MO, May 19 (1995).
10. x Control, Kansas City, MO, May 19 (1995).
11. Pratapas, J., Bartok, W. and Folsom, B. A., Reburning, in Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation, John Wiley & Sons, New York (in preparation) (1997).
12. x emissions from today's powerplants. Power, 1993, May, 11-28.
13. x control. Power Eng., 1994, 98, 47-50.
14. Patry, M. and Engel, G., Formation of HCN by the action of nitric oxide on methane at atmospheric pressure, 1. General conditions of formation. Compt. Rend., 1950, 231, 1302-1304.
15. Drummond, L. J., Shock induced reactions of methane with nitrous and nitric oxides. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1969, 42, 285.
16. Wendt, J. O. L., Sternling, C. V. and Matovich, M. A., Reduction of sulfur trioxide and nitrogen oxides by secondary fuel injection, in Fourteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 897-904 (1973).
17. Myerson, A. L., The reduction of nitric oxide in simulated combustion effluents by hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures, in Fifteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 1085-1092 (1974).
18. x Control. EPRI Report No. CS-3182, 1, July (1983).
19. x control. Comprehensive Report to Congress Clean Coal Technology Program, DOE/FE-0157, February (1990).
20. x by reburning with methane. Fuel, 1991, 70, 1137-1142.
21. 2 emission control technologies involving gas reburning, in AFRE-JFRC International Conference on Environmental Control of Combustion Processes, Honolulu, HI, October 7-10 (1991).
22. x burners on a wall-fired boiler. Comprehensive Report to Congress Clean Coal Technology Program, Irvine, CA, September (1990).
23. x control technologies. Office of Fossil Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, Spring, pp. 28-29 (1995).
24. Power Generation Tech Update, a publication of GRI on the use of natural gas in utility electric power generation, 2(1) (1994).
25. Pratapas, J., Gas reburning GRI program overview, in Proceedings - International Gas Reburn Technology Workshop, ed. W. Bartok, Malmö, Sweden, February 7-9, pp. D3-28 (1995).
26. Azevedo, J. L. T., Costa, M. and Carvalho, M. G., Center of heat and mass transfer in radiating and combusting systems, in Smoot, L. D., International activities in coal combustion research centers, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1998, 24, 409-501.
27. x control. ASME Paper 94-JPGC-FACT-3, New York, pp. 1-10 (1994).
28. (CCT) Clean Coal Technology Program Demonstration Program, Program Update 1994, DOE/FE0330. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, April (1995).
29. x technology, in Proceedings -International Gas Reburn Technology Workshop, ed. W. Bartok, Malmö, Sweden, February 7-9, pp. D121-138 (1995).
30. x compliance, in Proceedings of the Power-Gen Sixth International Conference, Dallas, TX, pp. 175-187 (1993).
31. Chen, S. L., Cole, J. A., Heap, M. P., Kreamlich, J. C., McCarthy, J. M. and Pershing, D. W., Advanced NO reduction processes using -NH and -CN compounds in conjunction with staged air addition, in Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 1135-1145 (1988).
32. Zamansky, V. M., Ho, L., Maly, P. M. and Seeker, W. R., Reburning promoted by nitrogen- and sodium-containing compounds, in Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 2075-2082 (1997).
33. x control. Environ. Prog., 1991, 10, 182-185.
34. Karll, B., Gas reburning and gas injection in combustion with SNCR in a waste incineration plant, in Proceedings - International Gas Reburn Technology Workshop, ed. W. Bartok, Malmö, Sweden, February 7-9, pp. D109-119 (1995).
35. x cap at New York State Electric and Gas, in Tenth Annual Technical Conference at Advanced Combustion Engineering Research Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, March 6-8 (1996) [Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., in press (1997)].
36. x cap at New York State Electric and Gas, in Tenth Annual Technical Conference at Advanced Combustion Engineering Research Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, March 6-8 (1996) [Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., in press (1997)].
37. x emissions control for utility coal, oil and gas fired boilers. Presented at the Joint ASME/IEEE Power Generation Conference, Boston, MA, October 21-25 (1990).
38. Wendt, J. O. L. and Mereb, J. B., Nitrogen oxide abatement by distributed fuel addition. DOE Final Report, DE-AC22-87PC79850, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, September (1991).
39. Borio, R. W. and Thornock, D. E., ABB's activities in the reburn technology area, in Proceedings - International Gas Reburn Technology Workshop, ed. W. Bartok, Malm ö, Sweden, February 7-9, pp. D187-218 (1995).
40. Bilbao, R., Alzueta, M. U. and Millera, A., Simplified kinetic model of the chemistry in the reburning zone using natural gas. Indust. Eng. Chem. Res., 1995, 34, 4540-4548.
41. x control on a 175-MWe wall-fired unit. Comprehensive Report to Congress Clean Coal Technology Program, DOE/FE-0256P, June (1992).
42. x emissions in a precalciner kiln. World Cement, 1994, 25, 39-43.
43. Wendt, J. O. L., Mechanisms governing the formation and destruction of NO and other nitrogenous species in low NO coal combustion systems. Combust. Sci. Tech., 1995, 108, 323-344.
44. Kicherer, A., Spliethoff, H., Maier, H. and Hein, K. R. G., The effect of different reburning fuels on NO-reduction. Fuel, 1994, 73, 1443-1446.
45. Chen, W. Y. and Ma, L., Importance of heterogeneous mechanisms during reburning of nitrogen oxide, in Third Symposium (International) on Coal Combustion, Beijing, China, pp. 594-601 (1995).
46. x control, in Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 1119-1124 (1995).
47. x Control, Kansas City, MO (1995).
48. x reduction. Fuel, 1994, 73, 1437-1442.
49. x control on coal-fired boilers. JAPCA, 1989, 39, 1375-1379.
50. x emissions in air staging and reburning at a bench-scale test facility. Fuel, 1996, 75, 560-564.
51. Greul, U., Spliethoff, H., Magel, H.-C., Schnell, U., Rudiger, H., Hein, K. R. G., Li, C.-Z. and Nelson, P. F., Impact of temperature and fuel-nitrogen content on fuel-staged combustion with coal pyrolysis gas, in Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA pp. 2231-2239 (1996).
52. x concepts for high efficiency power generation systems, in Tenth Annual ACERC Technology Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, March (1996).
53. Brouwer, J., Heap, M. P., Bales, F. E., Inkley, D. S., Lighty, J. S. and Pershing, D. W., The use of wood as a reburning fuel in combustion systems, in Proceedings of BioEnergy Conference, Reno, NV, October (1994).
54. Tree, D., Temperature, velocity and species profile measurements for reburning in a pulverized, entrained flow coal combustor. Contract DE-FG22-95PC95223, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, USDOE, Advanced Combustion Engineering Research Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT (1995).
55. Nazeer, W., Detailed natural gas reburning measurements in a pulverized coal reactor. MS thesis, Mechanical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT (1997).
56. Griffiths, J. F., Reduced kinetic models and their application to practical combustion system. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 1995, 21, 25-107.
57. Freklach, M., Wang, H. and Rabinowitz, N. J., Optimization and analysis of large chemical kinetic mechanisms using the solution mapping method - combustion of methane. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 1992, 18, 47-73.
58. 3, in Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 379-386 (1990).
59. Warnatz, J., Resolution of gas phase and surface combustion chemistry into elementary reactions, in Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 553-579 (1992).
60. Bowman, C. T., Hanson, R. K., Davidson, D. F., Gardner, W. C., Lissianski, V., Smith, G. P., Golden, D. M., Frenklach, M. and Goldenberg, M., http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/ (1996).
61. Glarborg, P. and Hadvig, S., Development and test of a kinetic model for natural gas combustion. Nordic Gas Technology Centre, Denmark, ISBN 87-89309-44-8 (1991).
62. Baulch, D. C., Cobos, C. J., Cox, R. A., Esser, C., Frank, P., Just, Th., Kerr, J. A., Pilling, M. J., Troe, J., Walker, R. W. and Warnatz, J., Evaluated kinetic data for combustion modeling. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1992, 21, 411-737.
63. Thorne, L. R., Branch, M. C., Chandler, D. W., Kee, R. J. and Miller, J. A., Hydrocarbon/nitric oxide interactions in low-pressure flames, in Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 965-977 (1986).
64. x control. ASME Fact, 1993, 17, 87-94.
65. x control. ASME Fact, 1993, 17, 51-69.
66. Burch, T. E., Tillman, F. R., Chen, W. Y., Lester, T. W., Conway, R. B. and Sterling, A. M., Partitioning of nitrogenous species in the fuel-rich stage of reburning. Energy and Fuels, 1991, 5, 231-237.
67. 2 flames, in Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 925-932 (1992).
68. x reburning, in Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 2083-2090 (1996).
69. Burch, T. E., Chen, W. Y., Lester, T. W. and Sterling, A. M., Interaction of fuel nitrogen with nitric oxide during reburning with coal. Combust. Flame, 1994, 98, 391-401.
70. Kristensen, P. G., Glarborg, P. and Dam-Johansen, K., Nitrogen chemistry during burnout in fuel-staged combustion. Combust. Flame, 1996, 107, 211-222.
71. Bilger, R. W., Turbulent flow with nonpremixed reactants, in Topics in Applied Physics, Volume 44: Turbulent Reacting Flows, ed. P. A. Libby and F. A. Williams. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg (1980).
72. Drake, M. C. and Blint, R. J., Relative importance of nitric oxide formation mechanisms in laminar opposed-flow diffusion flames. Combust. Flame, 1991, 83, 185-203.
73. Chen, W., Modeling of nitrogen pollutants in coal combustion. PhD dissertation, Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT (1994).
74. Chen, W., Smoot, L. D., Fletcher, T. H. and Boardman, R. D., Part 1. A computational method for determining global fuel-NO rate expressions. Energy & Fuels, 1996, 10, 1036-1045.
75. Chen, W., Smoot, L. D., Hill, S. C. and Fletcher, T. H., A global rate expression for nitric oxide reburning. Part 2. Energy & Fuels, 1996, 10, 1046-1052.
76. 2O flames by LIF diagnostics and chemical kinetic modeling. Combust. Sci. Tech., 1992, 83, 115-134.
77. Kee, R. J., Rupley, F. M. and Miller, J. A. Chemkin-II: A FORTRAN chemical kinetics package for the analysis of gas-phase chemical kinetics. SANDIA Report, SAND89-8009.UC-401, Livermore, CA (1991).
78. De Soete, G. C., "Nitric oxides" formation and decomposition in the combustion of hydrocarbon flames (La formation et la decomposition d'oxyde nitrique dans les produits de combustion de flammes d'hydrocarbures). Rev. Pet. Inst. Fr., 1972, XXVII, 372.
79. De Soete, G. C., Mechanisms of nitric oxides from ammonia and amines in hydrocarbon flames (Le mechanisme de formation d'oxyde azotique a partir d'ammoniac et d'amines dans les flammes d'hydrocarbures). Rev. Pet. Inst. Fr., 1973, XXVIII, 171.
80. 2 formation from fuel nitrogen, in Fifteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 1093-1102 (1975).
81. Glarborg, P., Miller, J. A. and Kee, R. J., Kinetic modeling and sensitivity analysis of nitrogen oxide. Combust. Flame, 1986, 65, 177-202.
82. Glarborg, P., Lilleheie, N. I., Byggstøyl, S., Magnussen, B. F., Kilpinen, P. and Hupa, M., A reduced mechanism for nitrogen chemistry in methane combustion, in Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 889-898 (1992).
83. Peters, N., Reduced mechanisms, in Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms and Asymptotic Approximations for Methane-Air Flames, ed. M. D. Smooke. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Chapter 3, pp. 48-67 (1991).
84. Payne, R. and Moyeda, D. K., Scale up and modelling of gas reburning. Combustion modeling, scaling and air toxins. ASME Fact, 1994, 18, 115-122.
85. Ballester, J., Fueyo, N. and Dopazo, C., Natural gas reburning in coal-fired boilers: experiments and computations, in Proceedings - International Gas Reburn Technology Workshop, ed. W. Bartok, Malmö, Sweden, February 7-9, pp. D187-218 (1995).
86. Rasmussen, N. B. K., Modelling of flow and combustion in a MSW incineration plant, in Proceedings - International Gas Reburn Technology Workshop, ed. W. Bartok, Malmö, Sweden, February 7-9, pp. D175-185 (1995).
87. Tyson, T., Gas reburning design process considerations, in Proceedings - International Gas Reburn Technology Workshop, ed. W. Bartok, Malmö, Sweden, February 7-9, pp. D121-138, D173 (1995).
88. Freklach, M., in Numerical Approaches to Combustion Modeling, ed. E. S. Oran and J. P. Boris. AIAA, New York, Chapter 5 (1991).
89. Fiveland, W., Personal communication. Babcock and Wilcox, Alliance, OH (1996).
90. Power Generation Tech Update, a publication of GRI on the use of natural gas in utility electric power generation, November (1996).
91. Brouwer, J., Heap, M. P., Pershing, D. W. and Smith, P. J., A model for prediction of selective noncatalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia, urea and cyanuric acid with mixing limitations in the presence of CO, in Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 2117-2124 (1996).
92. x: a review, 1987, 32, 433-443.
93. Brouwer, J., Personal communication. Reaction Engineering International, Salt Lake City, UT (1997).
94. x control through reburning. PhD dissertation prospectus, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, in process (1997).
95. x process, in 1997 Fall Meeting of Western States Section. The Combustion Institute, Diamond Bar, CA 91765 (1997).
96. Furusawa, T., Tsunoda, M., Tsujimura, M. and Adschiri, T., Nitric oxide reduction by char and carbon monoxide. Fuel, 1985, 64, 1306-1309.
97. Teng, H., Suuberg, E. M. and Calo, J. M., Studies on the reduction of nitric oxide by carbon: the NO-carbon gasification reaction. Energy and Fuels, 1992, 6, 398-406.
98. Illan-Gomez, M. J., Linares-Solano, A., Radovic, L. and Salinas-Martinez de Lecea, C., NO reduced by activated carbons. 2. Catalytic effect of potassium. Energy and Fuels, 1995, 9, 97-103.
99. Guo, F. and Hecker, W. C., Effects of CaO and burnout on kinetics of NO reduction by the Beulah Zap char, in Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 2251-2257 (1996).
100. Yamashita, H., Yamada, H. and Tomita, A., Reaction of nitric oxide with metal-loaded carbon in the presence of oxygen. Applied Catalysis, 1991, 78, L1-L6.
101. Shimizu, T., Sazawa, Y., Adschiri, T. and Furusawa, T., Conversion of char-bound nitrogen to nitric oxide during combustion. Fuel, 1992, 71, 361-365.
102. Yamashita, H. and Tomita, A., Influence of char surface chemistry on the reduction of nitric oxide with chars. Energy and Fuels, 1993, 7, 85-89.
103. Levy, J., Chan, L. K., Sarofim, A. F. and Beer, J. M., NO/ char reactions at pulverized coal flame conditions, in Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 111-120 (1981).
104. Hill, S. C. and Smoot, L. D., A comprehensive three-dimensional model for simulation of combustion systems: PCGC-3. Energy and Fuels, 1993, 7, 874-883.
105. Brewster, B. S., Eaton, A. M. and Boardman, R. D., User's manual 93-PCGC-2: pulverized coal gasification and combustion model (2-dimensional) with a generalized coal reactions submodel (FG-DVC). Final Report, Vol. 2, DOE DE-AC21-86MC23075, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT (1993).
106. x formation in coal combustion. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., in preparation (1997).
107. Wendt, J. O. L., Personal communication. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (1996).