Agrarian policies on pauper settlement and migration, Oxfordshire 1750-1834

Continuity and Change

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 363-389

  Song, Byung Khun ^a  

^a University of Cambridge   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL LABOR; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; LABOR MARKET; MIGRATION;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0032313575     PISSN: 02684160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S026841609800318X     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. For a review of the conventional approach, see D. Gowing, 'Migration in Gloucestershire 1662-1865: a geographical evaluation of the documentary evidence related to the administration of the laws of settlement and removal' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton, 1979), ch. 2; P. White and R. Woods eds., The geographical impact of migration (London, 1980), chs. 1-3; and C. G. Pooley and I. D. Whyte, 'Introduction: approaches to the study of migration and social change', in C. G. Pooley and I. D. Whyte eds., Migrants, emigrants and immigrants: a social history of migration (London, 1991).
2. For a review of the conventional approach, see D. Gowing, 'Migration in Gloucestershire 1662-1865: a geographical evaluation of the documentary evidence related to the administration of the laws of settlement and removal' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton, 1979), ch. 2; P. White and R. Woods eds., The geographical impact of migration (London, 1980), chs. 1-3; and C. G. Pooley and I. D. Whyte, 'Introduction: approaches to the study of migration and social change', in C. G. Pooley and I. D. Whyte eds., Migrants, emigrants and immigrants: a social history of migration (London, 1991).
3. For a review of the conventional approach, see D. Gowing, 'Migration in Gloucestershire 1662-1865: a geographical evaluation of the documentary evidence related to the administration of the laws of settlement and removal' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton, 1979), ch. 2; P. White and R. Woods eds., The geographical impact of migration (London, 1980), chs. 1-3; and C. G. Pooley and I. D. Whyte, 'Introduction: approaches to the study of migration and social change', in C. G. Pooley and I. D. Whyte eds., Migrants, emigrants and immigrants: a social history of migration (London, 1991).
4. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
5. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
6. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
7. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
8. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
9. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
10. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
11. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
12. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
13. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
14. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
15. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
16. See K. D. M. Snell, Annals of the labouring poor: social change and agrarian England 1660-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 'Pauper settlement and the right to the poor relief in England and Wales', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian: new approaches and opportunities', Rural History 3 (1992); N. Landau, 'The laws of settlement and the surveillance of immigration in eighteenth-century Kent', Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 'The regulation of immigration, economic structures and definitions of the poor in eighteenth-century England', Historical Journal 33 (1990), 'The eighteenth-century context of the laws of settlement', Continuity and Change 6 (1991), and 'Who was subjected to the laws of settlement? Procedure under the settlement laws in eighteenth-century England', Agricultural History Review 43 (1995); J. S. Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement in the Industrial Revolution: sojourners' narratives (Palo Alto, California, 1989); and R. Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century southern England', Southern History 15 (1993). For earlier studies, see E. M. Hampson, 'Settlement and removal in Cambridgeshire 1662-1834', Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (1928), and The treatment of poverty in Cambridgeshire 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934). For the development of the laws see P. Styles, 'The evolution of the law of settlement', University of Birmingham Historical Journal 9 (1963), and J. S. Taylor, 'The impact of pauper settlement, 1691-1834', Past & Present 73 (1976).
17. The term 'migration' is therefore not always accurate, although in this article I stick to the term for convenience reasons. For non-resident relief, see A. Redford, Labour migration in England 1800-1850, 2nd edn (New York, 1968), 81-96, J. S. Taylor, 'A different kind of Speenhamland: nonresident relief in the Industrial Revolution', Journal of British Studies 30 (1991), 183-208, and Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy'.
18. The term 'migration' is therefore not always accurate, although in this article I stick to the term for convenience reasons. For non-resident relief, see A. Redford, Labour migration in England 1800-1850, 2nd edn (New York, 1968), 81-96, J. S. Taylor, 'A different kind of Speenhamland: nonresident relief in the Industrial Revolution', Journal of British Studies 30 (1991), 183-208, and Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy'.
19. The term 'migration' is therefore not always accurate, although in this article I stick to the term for convenience reasons. For non-resident relief, see A. Redford, Labour migration in England 1800-1850, 2nd edn (New York, 1968), 81-96, J. S. Taylor, 'A different kind of Speenhamland: nonresident relief in the Industrial Revolution', Journal of British Studies 30 (1991), 183-208, and Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy'.
20. See R. Burn, The justice of the peace and parish officer, 26th edn, vol. II (London, 1831), 1063; R. Samuel, 'Village labour', in R. Samuel ed., Village life and labour (London, 1975), 1-26; D. H. Morgan, 'The place of harvesters in nineteenth-century village life', in Samuel, Village life, 27-72; J. P. Huzel, 'The labour and the poor law, 1750-1850', in G. E. Mingay ed., The agrarian history of England and Wales, vol. VI: 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1989), 781; Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy', 109; E. P. Thompson, 'Custom, law and common right', in his Customs in common (London, 1991), 139; and J. M. Neeson, Commoners: common right, enclosure and social change in England, 1700-1820 (Cambridge, 1993), 116, 176, 324.
21. See R. Burn, The justice of the peace and parish officer, 26th edn, vol. II (London, 1831), 1063; R. Samuel, 'Village labour', in R. Samuel ed., Village life and labour (London, 1975), 1-26; D. H. Morgan, 'The place of harvesters in nineteenth-century village life', in Samuel, Village life, 27-72; J. P. Huzel, 'The labour and the poor law, 1750-1850', in G. E. Mingay ed., The agrarian history of England and Wales, vol. VI: 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1989), 781; Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy', 109; E. P. Thompson, 'Custom, law and common right', in his Customs in common (London, 1991), 139; and J. M. Neeson, Commoners: common right, enclosure and social change in England, 1700-1820 (Cambridge, 1993), 116, 176, 324.
22. See R. Burn, The justice of the peace and parish officer, 26th edn, vol. II (London, 1831), 1063; R. Samuel, 'Village labour', in R. Samuel ed., Village life and labour (London, 1975), 1-26; D. H. Morgan, 'The place of harvesters in nineteenth-century village life', in Samuel, Village life, 27-72; J. P. Huzel, 'The labour and the poor law, 1750-1850', in G. E. Mingay ed., The agrarian history of England and Wales, vol. VI: 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1989), 781; Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy', 109; E. P. Thompson, 'Custom, law and common right', in his Customs in common (London, 1991), 139; and J. M. Neeson, Commoners: common right, enclosure and social change in England, 1700-1820 (Cambridge, 1993), 116, 176, 324.
23. See R. Burn, The justice of the peace and parish officer, 26th edn, vol. II (London, 1831), 1063; R. Samuel, 'Village labour', in R. Samuel ed., Village life and labour (London, 1975), 1-26; D. H. Morgan, 'The place of harvesters in nineteenth-century village life', in Samuel, Village life, 27-72; J. P. Huzel, 'The labour and the poor law, 1750-1850', in G. E. Mingay ed., The agrarian history of England and Wales, vol. VI: 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1989), 781; Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy', 109; E. P. Thompson, 'Custom, law and common right', in his Customs in common (London, 1991), 139; and J. M. Neeson, Commoners: common right, enclosure and social change in England, 1700-1820 (Cambridge, 1993), 116, 176, 324.
24. See R. Burn, The justice of the peace and parish officer, 26th edn, vol. II (London, 1831), 1063; R. Samuel, 'Village labour', in R. Samuel ed., Village life and labour (London, 1975), 1-26; D. H. Morgan, 'The place of harvesters in nineteenth-century village life', in Samuel, Village life, 27-72; J. P. Huzel, 'The labour and the poor law, 1750-1850', in G. E. Mingay ed., The agrarian history of England and Wales, vol. VI: 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1989), 781; Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy', 109; E. P. Thompson, 'Custom, law and common right', in his Customs in common (London, 1991), 139; and J. M. Neeson, Commoners: common right, enclosure and social change in England, 1700-1820 (Cambridge, 1993), 116, 176, 324.
25. See R. Burn, The justice of the peace and parish officer, 26th edn, vol. II (London, 1831), 1063; R. Samuel, 'Village labour', in R. Samuel ed., Village life and labour (London, 1975), 1-26; D. H. Morgan, 'The place of harvesters in nineteenth-century village life', in Samuel, Village life, 27-72; J. P. Huzel, 'The labour and the poor law, 1750-1850', in G. E. Mingay ed., The agrarian history of England and Wales, vol. VI: 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1989), 781; Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy', 109; E. P. Thompson, 'Custom, law and common right', in his Customs in common (London, 1991), 139; and J. M. Neeson, Commoners: common right, enclosure and social change in England, 1700-1820 (Cambridge, 1993), 116, 176, 324.
26. See R. Burn, The justice of the peace and parish officer, 26th edn, vol. II (London, 1831), 1063; R. Samuel, 'Village labour', in R. Samuel ed., Village life and labour (London, 1975), 1-26; D. H. Morgan, 'The place of harvesters in nineteenth-century village life', in Samuel, Village life, 27-72; J. P. Huzel, 'The labour and the poor law, 1750-1850', in G. E. Mingay ed., The agrarian history of England and Wales, vol. VI: 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1989), 781; Wells, 'Migration, the law and parochial policy', 109; E. P. Thompson, 'Custom, law and common right', in his Customs in common (London, 1991), 139; and J. M. Neeson, Commoners: common right, enclosure and social change in England, 1700-1820 (Cambridge, 1993), 116, 176, 324.
27. For examples of the return migration, see Parliamentary Papers (hereafter PP) (1834), XXX-XXXIV (44), Reports of the Royal Commissioners on the administration and practical operation of the poor laws. Appendix (B)1: Answers to rural queries, Q. 51; and Hampson, 'Settlement and removal', 285.
28. For examples of the return migration, see Parliamentary Papers (hereafter PP) (1834), XXX-XXXIV (44), Reports of the Royal Commissioners on the administration and practical operation of the poor laws. Appendix (B)1: Answers to rural queries, Q. 51; and Hampson, 'Settlement and removal', 285.
29. Oxfordshire was renowned for the coexistence of the arable and pasture, and of lands under various crop rotations. See R. Davis, General view of the agriculture of the county of Oxford (London, 1794), 8-9, and A. Young, General view of the agriculture of Oxfordshire (London, 1813; repr. New York, 1969), frontispiece and pp. 3-14.
30. Oxfordshire was renowned for the coexistence of the arable and pasture, and of lands under various crop rotations. See R. Davis, General view of the agriculture of the county of Oxford (London, 1794), 8-9, and A. Young, General view of the agriculture of Oxfordshire (London, 1813; repr. New York, 1969), frontispiece and pp. 3-14.
31. An inquiry into the nature and the causes of the wealth of nations (first published 1776; repr. Harmondsworth, 1977), 245.
32. The history of the poor laws (London, 1764), 211.
33. The state of the poor, vol. I (London, 1797), 181.
34. The village labourer 1760-1832 (London, 1911), 117.
35. English poor law history: the old poor law (London, 1929), 327.
36. Treatment of poverty, 134.
37. Annals, 18-19, 46, 144-5, 246.
38. 'Laws of settlement', 391, 409.
39. Snell's emphasis; 'Pauper settlement', 401, and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian'.
40. 'Poor relief and English economic development before the Industrial Revolution', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 48 (1995), 14; for a similar argument, see Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement, 167, 172.
41. 'Poor relief and English economic development before the Industrial Revolution', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 48 (1995), 14; for a similar argument, see Taylor, Poverty, migration, and settlement, 167, 172.
42. Oxfordshire County Record Office (hereafter OCRO), Mss D.D. Par. series; OCRO, private collections, Wi VIII, Blackthorn VII, X/2, 5, 7, Bladon P.C. IV, Woot. P.C.; Bodleian Library, Oxford, Certificates of Ewelme, Ms. Top. Oxon. c.231. Eleven Oxford parishes were excluded from the analysis because, first, they were collectively administered under a local act of 1771, leaving no parish-level data and, second, the major concern of this article is predominantly agricultural areas.
43. OCRO, Mss D.D. Par. series; OCRO, private collections, Blackthorn VII, X/2, 5, 7, Bladon P.C. IV, Wi VIII, Wool. P.C. IX.
44. OCRO, Quarter Sessions Rolls, vol. IV, Orders for removal. The material examined is the manuscript transcribed from the original Quarter Sessions rolls.
45. This figure does not include multiple entry of removal appeals resulting from the transfer of appeals from the preceding sessions, a phenomenon particularly notable during the 1820s. There was a parliamentary return on the number of appeals in the 1820s. Its figure for Oxfordshire corresponds to the number of appeals in the 'Note of Appeals', excluding the double-counted cases; see PP (1826-7), XIX (104), Removal appeals entered for trial during the last six years, 3-27.
46. 35 George III, c. 101.
47. 3 George II, c. 29.
48. Of many qualifying conditions for a new settlement, only the £10 lease and yearly service as a parish officer applied to the certificated poor (Burn, Justice of the peace, vol. IV, 663).
49. To make a removal order valid, one had either to deliver the original order or to serve a copy of the order, producing the original at the same time (ibid., 750).
50. Ibid., 757.
51. See E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest technology and labour supply in Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 22 (1969), and 'Migrant labour in British agriculture in the nineteenth century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 29 (1976); A. Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981), and A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (Cambridge, 1990); E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (1981; Cambridge, 1989); E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997); and B. Bushaway, By rite: custom, ceremony and community in England 1700-1880 (London, 1982). For studies on Oxfordshire, see G. E. Thomas, 'Treatment of poverty in Berkshire, Essex and Oxfordshire 1723-1834' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971); W. Thwaites, 'Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800', Agricultural History Review 33 (1985); and D. H. Morgan, Harvesters and harvesting, 1840-1900: a study of the rural proletariat (London, 1982).
52. See E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest technology and labour supply in Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 22 (1969), and 'Migrant labour in British agriculture in the nineteenth century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 29 (1976); A. Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981), and A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (Cambridge, 1990); E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (1981; Cambridge, 1989); E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997); and B. Bushaway, By rite: custom, ceremony and community in England 1700-1880 (London, 1982). For studies on Oxfordshire, see G. E. Thomas, 'Treatment of poverty in Berkshire, Essex and Oxfordshire 1723-1834' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971); W. Thwaites, 'Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800', Agricultural History Review 33 (1985); and D. H. Morgan, Harvesters and harvesting, 1840-1900: a study of the rural proletariat (London, 1982).
53. See E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest technology and labour supply in Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 22 (1969), and 'Migrant labour in British agriculture in the nineteenth century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 29 (1976); A. Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981), and A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (Cambridge, 1990); E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (1981; Cambridge, 1989); E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997); and B. Bushaway, By rite: custom, ceremony and community in England 1700-1880 (London, 1982). For studies on Oxfordshire, see G. E. Thomas, 'Treatment of poverty in Berkshire, Essex and Oxfordshire 1723-1834' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971); W. Thwaites, 'Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800', Agricultural History Review 33 (1985); and D. H. Morgan, Harvesters and harvesting, 1840-1900: a study of the rural proletariat (London, 1982).
54. See E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest technology and labour supply in Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 22 (1969), and 'Migrant labour in British agriculture in the nineteenth century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 29 (1976); A. Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981), and A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (Cambridge, 1990); E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (1981; Cambridge, 1989); E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997); and B. Bushaway, By rite: custom, ceremony and community in England 1700-1880 (London, 1982). For studies on Oxfordshire, see G. E. Thomas, 'Treatment of poverty in Berkshire, Essex and Oxfordshire 1723-1834' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971); W. Thwaites, 'Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800', Agricultural History Review 33 (1985); and D. H. Morgan, Harvesters and harvesting, 1840-1900: a study of the rural proletariat (London, 1982).
55. See E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest technology and labour supply in Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 22 (1969), and 'Migrant labour in British agriculture in the nineteenth century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 29 (1976); A. Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981), and A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (Cambridge, 1990); E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (1981; Cambridge, 1989); E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997); and B. Bushaway, By rite: custom, ceremony and community in England 1700-1880 (London, 1982). For studies on Oxfordshire, see G. E. Thomas, 'Treatment of poverty in Berkshire, Essex and Oxfordshire 1723-1834' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971); W. Thwaites, 'Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800', Agricultural History Review 33 (1985); and D. H. Morgan, Harvesters and harvesting, 1840-1900: a study of the rural proletariat (London, 1982).
56. See E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest technology and labour supply in Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 22 (1969), and 'Migrant labour in British agriculture in the nineteenth century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 29 (1976); A. Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981), and A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (Cambridge, 1990); E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (1981; Cambridge, 1989); E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997); and B. Bushaway, By rite: custom, ceremony and community in England 1700-1880 (London, 1982). For studies on Oxfordshire, see G. E. Thomas, 'Treatment of poverty in Berkshire, Essex and Oxfordshire 1723-1834' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971); W. Thwaites, 'Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800', Agricultural History Review 33 (1985); and D. H. Morgan, Harvesters and harvesting, 1840-1900: a study of the rural proletariat (London, 1982).
57. See E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest technology and labour supply in Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 22 (1969), and 'Migrant labour in British agriculture in the nineteenth century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 29 (1976); A. Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981), and A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (Cambridge, 1990); E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (1981; Cambridge, 1989); E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997); and B. Bushaway, By rite: custom, ceremony and community in England 1700-1880 (London, 1982). For studies on Oxfordshire, see G. E. Thomas, 'Treatment of poverty in Berkshire, Essex and Oxfordshire 1723-1834' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971); W. Thwaites, 'Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800', Agricultural History Review 33 (1985); and D. H. Morgan, Harvesters and harvesting, 1840-1900: a study of the rural proletariat (London, 1982).
58. See E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest technology and labour supply in Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 22 (1969), and 'Migrant labour in British agriculture in the nineteenth century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 29 (1976); A. Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981), and A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (Cambridge, 1990); E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (1981; Cambridge, 1989); E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997); and B. Bushaway, By rite: custom, ceremony and community in England 1700-1880 (London, 1982). For studies on Oxfordshire, see G. E. Thomas, 'Treatment of poverty in Berkshire, Essex and Oxfordshire 1723-1834' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971); W. Thwaites, 'Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800', Agricultural History Review 33 (1985); and D. H. Morgan, Harvesters and harvesting, 1840-1900: a study of the rural proletariat (London, 1982).
59. See E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest technology and labour supply in Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 22 (1969), and 'Migrant labour in British agriculture in the nineteenth century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 29 (1976); A. Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981), and A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (Cambridge, 1990); E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (1981; Cambridge, 1989); E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997); and B. Bushaway, By rite: custom, ceremony and community in England 1700-1880 (London, 1982). For studies on Oxfordshire, see G. E. Thomas, 'Treatment of poverty in Berkshire, Essex and Oxfordshire 1723-1834' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971); W. Thwaites, 'Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800', Agricultural History Review 33 (1985); and D. H. Morgan, Harvesters and harvesting, 1840-1900: a study of the rural proletariat (London, 1982).
60. See E. J. T. Collins, 'Harvest technology and labour supply in Britain', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 22 (1969), and 'Migrant labour in British agriculture in the nineteenth century', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 29 (1976); A. Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981), and A general view of the rural economy of England, 1538-1840 (Cambridge, 1990); E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The population history of England 1541-1871 (1981; Cambridge, 1989); E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English population history from family reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997); and B. Bushaway, By rite: custom, ceremony and community in England 1700-1880 (London, 1982). For studies on Oxfordshire, see G. E. Thomas, 'Treatment of poverty in Berkshire, Essex and Oxfordshire 1723-1834' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971); W. Thwaites, 'Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800', Agricultural History Review 33 (1985); and D. H. Morgan, Harvesters and harvesting, 1840-1900: a study of the rural proletariat (London, 1982).
61. OCRO, Mss D.D. Par. Adderbury b. 5-8.
62. Although doctors' bills could have been seasonal, exclusion of the item helps to explore the seasonal variations in the shortage of means of subsistence.
63. In the autumn of 1741, for instance, large occupiers of land in Bampton gathered to agree that they would not employ any certificated poor until early next year and that those who failed to abide by the agreement would be fined 20 shillings for each man so employed (OCRO Mss D.D. Par. Bampton b. 16). On the other hand, the predictable advent of the slack season did not immediately put the labouring poor into destitution as long as they retained part of what they had earned in the peak season. Moreover, there may have been sources of household earnings other than formal employment, such as common and customary rights, charities and other forms of community funds, which may have delayed the time of chargeability (Song, 'Poor law policy and the operation of labour markets in Oxfordshire, c. 1750-1870' (unpublished D. Phil, thesis, University of Oxford, 1995), 176-8).
64. Having a little child was a significant disadvantage in finding work. The mean and mode of the ages of the youngest children were 2.3 and 1.0 respectively, when an 'infant' is assumed to be one year old.
65. See her 'Laws of settlement' and 'Eighteenth-century context'.
66. 'Pauper settlement', 383-6. Although he admitted marginal causes of the interval at a later stage of the debate, he maintained that the gap was usually less than a fortnight (Annals, 19n6, 246n42, 'Pauper settlement', 410n69, and 'Settlement, poor law and the rural historian', 151.
67. My criterion for this category is those who had been married for less than three years and had no child, and those who were married without children and under 25 years of age. Many examinations record that the examinees were 'married lately' or 'married last Saturday' or even 'married this morning' (OCRO, Mss D.D. Par. Rotherfield Greys c. 10; South Newington c. 7).
68. Styles, ('Evolution', 61) encountered examinations which were endorsed '1 month allowed to get a certificate' and regarded that length as the norm.
69. Landau, 'Eighteenth-century context', 434 n16.
70. In Oxfordshire, petty sessions were normally held either fortnightly or weekly in the 1830s. Irregular petty sessions were often held, too (Song, 'Poor law policy', ch. 3). See also D. Eastwood, Governing rural England: tradition and transformation in local government 1780-1840 (Oxford, 1994), ch. 3; B. K. Song, 'Landed interest, local government and the labour market in England, 1750-1850', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 51 (1998), 471-4.
71. In Oxfordshire, petty sessions were normally held either fortnightly or weekly in the 1830s. Irregular petty sessions were often held, too (Song, 'Poor law policy', ch. 3). See also D. Eastwood, Governing rural England: tradition and transformation in local government 1780-1840 (Oxford, 1994), ch. 3; B. K. Song, 'Landed interest, local government and the labour market in England, 1750-1850', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 51 (1998), 471-4.
72. In Oxfordshire, petty sessions were normally held either fortnightly or weekly in the 1830s. Irregular petty sessions were often held, too (Song, 'Poor law policy', ch. 3). See also D. Eastwood, Governing rural England: tradition and transformation in local government 1780-1840 (Oxford, 1994), ch. 3; B. K. Song, 'Landed interest, local government and the labour market in England, 1750-1850', Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 51 (1998), 471-4.
73. PP (1834), XXVIII (44), Reports of assistant commissioners, 2A.
74. 'Laws of settlement', 409, and 'Eighteenth-century context', 420.
75. 'Laws of settlement', 409, and 'Eighteenth-century context', 420.
76. OCRO, Mss D.D. Par. Hook Norton b. 12, 10 November, 1770; Mss D.D. Par. Witney b. 18, 25 October, 1782; and 7, 6 and 6 examinations on 4, 21 and 24 April 1772 respectively, Mss D.D. Par. Rotherford Greys c. 10.
77. Hampson ('Settlement and removal', 276) and Snell ('Settlement, poor law and the rural historian', 153) have briefly touched on the practice of lawyer-hiring, but the extent of its usage has not been explored.
78. Hampson ('Settlement and removal', 276) and Snell ('Settlement, poor law and the rural historian', 153) have briefly touched on the practice of lawyer-hiring, but the extent of its usage has not been explored.
79. OCRO, Mss D.D. Par. Woolvercote c. 20a, Bills of Attorney at Law.
80. For the latter, see the case of John Parrot, February 1818-January 1819.
81. Cases of Sarah Bailey, 1818; William Sellman, 1818; Joseph Sellman, 1818; John Parrot, 1818-1819; John Tidmarsh, 1827-1828; Mrs Eare, 1834.
82. Case of William Look, 1832.
83. Burn went further to suggest that 'the overseers and churchwardens of the parish to which it is proposed to remove the pauper, be summoned to attend the examination' to avoid a costly litigation (Justice of the peace, vol. IV, 741).
84. OCRO, Quarter Sessions Rolls, vol. IV, Note of Appeals.
85. Note that the actually appealed cases form only part of the cases in which appeal was considered at one stage.
86. At least by the mid-1820s, a national network of lawyers working on various counties, with London agents as a connecting point, was likely to be in operation.
87. See Landau, 'Eighteenth-century context', 419; Webbs, English poor law history, 333-43.
88. See Landau, 'Eighteenth-century context', 419; Webbs, English poor law history, 333-43.
89. The only notable change is found in the proportion of pregnant women. The proportion jumped from 0% before 1795 to 2.7% in 1796-1815 and to 5.4% in 1816-1834.
90. The continuity of the settlement practice before and after 1795 is also found in the distance of migration. The transfer of removal expenses by the 1795 act from the parish of settlement to the parish of residence did not significantly affect the distance (Song, 'Poor law policy', 194-5). There is no evidence to support Landau's metaphor of a game of chicken, which implies that the parishes were deterred by the act from removing those who had moved from far afield and, consequently, that the parish of settlement preferred a long-distance migration (see Landau, 'Regulation of immigration', 565).
91. For petty sessional divisions, see OCRO, QSD series, Land Tax Assessments, 1825-1831.
92. Eden, State of the poor, vol. II, 691.
93. F. M. Lloyd-Prichard, 'The treatment of poverty in Norfolk from 1700-1850' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1949), 198. See also Landau, 'Regulation of immigration', 564.
94. F. M. Lloyd-Prichard, 'The treatment of poverty in Norfolk from 1700-1850' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1949), 198. See also Landau, 'Regulation of immigration', 564.
95. OCRO, Mss D.D. Par. Bampton b. 16.
96. Contemporary statutes required a joint action of two magistrates for the vast majority of business concerning poor relief and settlement. The established practice was that judicial acts had to be done by two magistrates meeting together, whereas ministerial acts could be conducted by those who did not necessarily meet with each other (Burns, Justice of the peace, vol. III, 466-7). For the development of petty sessions, see J. Stone, The practice of the petty sessions, 5th edn (London, 1844); S. and B. Webb, The parish and the county (London, 1906), 298-9n, 392-411; J. V. Beckett, The aristocracy in England 1660-1914 (Oxford, 1986), ch. 11; and N. Landau, The justice of the peace, 1679-1760 (London, 1984), 232-8.
97. Contemporary statutes required a joint action of two magistrates for the vast majority of business concerning poor relief and settlement. The established practice was that judicial acts had to be done by two magistrates meeting together, whereas ministerial acts could be conducted by those who did not necessarily meet with each other (Burns, Justice of the peace, vol. III, 466-7). For the development of petty sessions, see J. Stone, The practice of the petty sessions, 5th edn (London, 1844); S. and B. Webb, The parish and the county (London, 1906), 298-9n, 392-411; J. V. Beckett, The aristocracy in England 1660-1914 (Oxford, 1986), ch. 11; and N. Landau, The justice of the peace, 1679-1760 (London, 1984), 232-8.
98. Contemporary statutes required a joint action of two magistrates for the vast majority of business concerning poor relief and settlement. The established practice was that judicial acts had to be done by two magistrates meeting together, whereas ministerial acts could be conducted by those who did not necessarily meet with each other (Burns, Justice of the peace, vol. III, 466-7). For the development of petty sessions, see J. Stone, The practice of the petty sessions, 5th edn (London, 1844); S. and B. Webb, The parish and the county (London, 1906), 298-9n, 392-411; J. V. Beckett, The aristocracy in England 1660-1914 (Oxford, 1986), ch. 11; and N. Landau, The justice of the peace, 1679-1760 (London, 1984), 232-8.
99. Contemporary statutes required a joint action of two magistrates for the vast majority of business concerning poor relief and settlement. The established practice was that judicial acts had to be done by two magistrates meeting together, whereas ministerial acts could be conducted by those who did not necessarily meet with each other (Burns, Justice of the peace, vol. III, 466-7). For the development of petty sessions, see J. Stone, The practice of the petty sessions, 5th edn (London, 1844); S. and B. Webb, The parish and the county (London, 1906), 298-9n, 392-411; J. V. Beckett, The aristocracy in England 1660-1914 (Oxford, 1986), ch. 11; and N. Landau, The justice of the peace, 1679-1760 (London, 1984), 232-8.
100. Contemporary statutes required a joint action of two magistrates for the vast majority of business concerning poor relief and settlement. The established practice was that judicial acts had to be done by two magistrates meeting together, whereas ministerial acts could be conducted by those who did not necessarily meet with each other (Burns, Justice of the peace, vol. III, 466-7). For the development of petty sessions, see J. Stone, The practice of the petty sessions, 5th edn (London, 1844); S. and B. Webb, The parish and the county (London, 1906), 298-9n, 392-411; J. V. Beckett, The aristocracy in England 1660-1914 (Oxford, 1986), ch. 11; and N. Landau, The justice of the peace, 1679-1760 (London, 1984), 232-8.
101. In a land-ownership survey in the 1870s, F. M. L. Thompson calculated the proportion of total area occupied by estates of 1,000 to 10,000 acres at no less than 40% in Oxfordshire, the third highest in England (English landed society in the nineteenth century (London, 1963), 113). For the gentry's preponderance in local politics and administration, see R. Davis, General view, 11; and Eastwood, Governing rural England, chs. 3-4. With regard to labour-mobility regulation in Suffolk mentioned above, it should be noted that the petty sessional division was largely coterminous with the boundary of a hundred or a few hundreds combined.
102. In a land-ownership survey in the 1870s, F. M. L. Thompson calculated the proportion of total area occupied by estates of 1,000 to 10,000 acres at no less than 40% in Oxfordshire, the third highest in England (English landed society in the nineteenth century (London, 1963), 113). For the gentry's preponderance in local politics and administration, see R. Davis, General view, 11; and Eastwood, Governing rural England, chs. 3-4. With regard to labour-mobility regulation in Suffolk mentioned above, it should be noted that the petty sessional division was largely coterminous with the boundary of a hundred or a few hundreds combined.
103. In a land-ownership survey in the 1870s, F. M. L. Thompson calculated the proportion of total area occupied by estates of 1,000 to 10,000 acres at no less than 40% in Oxfordshire, the third highest in England (English landed society in the nineteenth century (London, 1963), 113). For the gentry's preponderance in local politics and administration, see R. Davis, General view, 11; and Eastwood, Governing rural England, chs. 3-4. With regard to labour-mobility regulation in Suffolk mentioned above, it should be noted that the petty sessional division was largely coterminous with the boundary of a hundred or a few hundreds combined.