Recent trends in high-energy materials

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-30

  Agrawal, J P ^a,b   Field, J E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b HIGH ENERGY MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORY   (India)

Author keywords

Advanced explosives; Advanced propellants; Explosive characteristics; High energy materials; Processing techniques; Recent trends

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; BINDERS; EXTRUSION; HEAT RESISTANCE; MELT SPINNING; NITROGEN COMPOUNDS; PRESSING (FORMING); PROPELLANTS; RELIABILITY; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); THERMODYNAMIC STABILITY;

HIGH ENERGY MATERIALS; MELT CASTING; NITROGEN PENTOXIDE;

EXPLOSIVES;

EID: 0032309342     PISSN: 03601285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00015-4     Document Type: Article

References (229)

1. Davis T. L., The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives, Vol. 2. John Wiley, New York (1943).
2. Cook M. A., The Science of High Explosives, Reinhold, New York (1958).
3. Urbanski T., Chemistry and Technology of Explosives (3 vols). Pergamon, Oxford (1964).
4. Bailey, A. and Murray S. G., Explosives, Propellants and Pyrotechnics. Brassey's, Oxford (1989).
5. Urbanski T., Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, Vol. 4. Pergamon, Oxford, p. 202 (1984).
6. Dunstan, I., Chemistry in the technology of explosives and propellants. Chemistry in Britain, 1971, 7, 62-69.
7. Urbanski, T. and Vasudeva, S. K., Heat-resistant explosives. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 1978, 37, 250-255.
8. Lu, C. X., Development and present situation of heat resistant explosives. Kogyo Kayaku, 1990, 51, 275-279.
9. Gilbert, E. E. and Sollott, G. P., Explosive compound undergoes testing. Chem. and Engng News, 1980, 58, 32.
10. Gilbert, E. E., The preparation of hexanitrobibenzyl from TNT with sodium hypochlorite. Propell. Explos., 1980, 5, 15-19.
11. Iyer, S., Explosive desensitisation studies via chemical group modification of nitroso-derivatives of RDX and 3-amino-TNT. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1982, 7, 37-39.
12. Iyer, S., Explosive desensitization studies via chemical group modification. II: 3,5-diamino-and 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. J. Energ. Mater., 1984, 2, 151-158.
13. Hutchinson, C. D., Mohan, V. K. and Millar, R. W., Aminotetryl: synthesis, spectral characterisation, thermal decomposition and explosive properties. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1984, 9, 161-171.
14. Ayres, J. N., Montesi, L. J. and Bauer, R. J., Small scale gap test data compilation, Vol. 1. Report No. NOLTR 73-132 (1973).
15. Gibbs, T. R. and Popolato, A., LASL Explosive Property Data. Univ. California Press, Los Angeles, p. 38, 157 (1980).
16. Meyer, R., Explosives. Verlag Chimie, Weinheim (1981).
17. Zeman, S., The thermoanalytical study of some amino derivatives of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene. Thermochim. Acta, 1993, 216, 157-168.
18. Ott, D. G. and Benziger, T. M., Preparation of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene from 3,5-dichloroanisole. J. Energ. Mater., 1987, 5, 343-354.
19. Chaykovsky, M. and Adolph, H. G., Synthesis and properties of some trisubstituted trinitrobenzenes: TATB analogues. J. Energ. Mater., 1990, 8, 392-414.
20. Wright, S. B., Granular explosive molding powder. US Patent No. 3 173 817 (1965); Chem. Abstr., 1965, 62, 12968g.
21. Wright, S. B., Granular explosive molding powder. US Patent No. 3 173 817 (1965); Chem. Abstr., 1965, 62, 12968g.
22. Wright, S. B., Granulated crystalline plastic-bonded explosives. US Patent No. 3 296 041 (1967); Chem. Abstr., 1967, 66, 87227p.
23. Wright, S. B., Granulated crystalline plastic-bonded explosives. US Patent No. 3 296 041 (1967); Chem. Abstr., 1967, 66, 87227p.
24. Bailey, A., Bellerby, J. M. and Kinloch, S. A., The identification of bonding agents for TATB/HTPB polymer bonded explosives. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 1992, A339, 321-333.
25. Kaye, S. M., Encylopedia of Explosives and Related Items, Vol. 9. ARDEC, Dover, NJ, pp. T34-T55 (1980).
26. Jackson, R. K. and Weingart, R. C., Detonation properties of the insensitive explosive TATB. Chem. Abstr., 1976, 85, 179841.
27. Jackson, R. K. and Weingart, R. C., Detonation properties of the insensitive explosive TATB. Chem. Abstr., 1977, 86, 45331.
28. Kolb, J. R. and Rizzo, H. F., Growth of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB). 1: Anisotropic thermal expansion. Propell. Explos., 1979, 4, 10-16. (and references therein).
29. Rosen, J. M. and Dacons, J. C., The relationship of thermal stability with structure of some trinitrophenyl explosives. Explosivstoffe, 1968, 16, 250-252.
30. Lu, C. X., Lu, Z. S. and Deng, A. M., Research on condensation reaction in synthesis in potassium 3,3′-diamino-2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitro diphenyl amide. Chem. Abstr., 1991, 115, 32128g.
31. Coburn, M. D. and Jackson, T. E., Picrylamino substituted heterocycles. III: 1,2,4-triazoles. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1968, 5, 199-203.
32. Coburn, M. D., 3-picrylamino-1,2,4-triazole. US Patent No. 3 483 211 (1969); Chem. Asbtr., 1970, 72, 55458x.
33. Coburn, M. D., 3-picrylamino-1,2,4-triazole. US Patent No. 3 483 211 (1969); Chem. Asbtr., 1970, 72, 55458x.
34. Li, J., Chen, B. and Ou, Y., Modified preparation and nitration of 3-picrylamino-1,2,4-triazole. In Proc. 17th Int. Pyrotech. Seminar (combined with the 2nd Beijing Inst. Symp. on Pyrotechnics and Explosives), Vol. 1. Beijing Inst. Tech. Press, Beijing, pp. 196-199 (1991).
35. Shipp, K. G., Reactions of substituted polynitrotoluenes. 1: Synthesis of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene. J. Org. Chem., 1964, 29, 2620-2623.
36. Shipp, K. G. and Kaplan, L. A., Reactions of substituted polynitrotoluenes. II: The generation and reactions of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzyl anion. J. Org. Chem., 1966, 31, 857-861.
37. Golding, P. and Hayes, G. F., Studies on the synthesis of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene. Propell. Explos., 1979, 4, 115-120.
38. Bement, L. J., Application of temperature resistant explosives to NASA missions. In Proc. Symp. on Thermally Stable Explosives, Whiteoak, MD. Naval Ordnance Laboratory (1970).
39. O'Keefe, D. M., Hexanitrotetrachloroazobenzene explosive and method of preparation. U.S. Patent No. 4 751 289 (1988); Chem. Abstr., 1988, 109, 152561r.
40. O'Keefe, D. M., Hexanitrotetrachloroazobenzene explosive and method of preparation. U.S. Patent No. 4 751 289 (1988); Chem. Abstr., 1988, 109, 152561r.
41. Hasman, E., Gvishi, M. and Carmel, Y., Measurement of shock initiation threshold of HNAB by flyer plate impact. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1986, 11, 144-149.
42. Feng, Z-G. and Chen, B-R., Synthesis of 3,3′-bis(2,2′, 4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene). Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1991, 16, 12-15.
43. Chen, B. and Feng, Z., Synthesis of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitro-3-methylnitro aminostilbene. Chem. Abstr., 1987, 107, 117877k.
44. Urbanski T., Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, Vol. 4. Pergamon, Oxford, p. 206 (1984).
45. Coburn, M. D., Picrylamino-substituted heterocycles. I: 2,4,6-tris(picrylamino)-s-triazine and related compounds. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1966, 3, 365-366.
46. Coburn, M. D. and Singleton, J. L., Picrylamino-substituted heterocycles. V: Pyridines. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1972, 9, 1039-1044.
47. Harris, B. W., Singleton, J. L and Coburn, M. D., Picrylamino-substituted heterocycles. VI: Pyrimidines. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1973, 10, 167-171.
48. Baytos, J. F., Los Alamos National Laboratory Report No. LA-5829-MS (1975).
49. Riggs, R. S., Explosive 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-tripicryl benzene. US Patent No. 2 904 544 (1960); Chem. Abstr., 1960, 54, 11062.
50. Riggs, R. S., Explosive 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-tripicryl benzene. US Patent No. 2 904 544 (1960); Chem. Abstr., 1960, 54, 11062.
51. Riggs, R. S., Explosive 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-tripicryl benzene. U.S. Pat. No. 4 861 924 (1989); Chem. Abstr., 1990, 112, 59246u.
52. Carboni, R. A., Dibenzotetraazacyclooctatetraene and derivatives. US Patent No. 2 904 544 (1959); Chem. Abstr., 1960, 54, 11062d.
53. Carboni, R. A., Dibenzotetraazacyclooctatetraene and derivatives. US Patent No. 2 904 544 (1959); Chem. Abstr., 1960, 54, 11062d.
54. Carboni, R. A. and Castle, J. E., Dibenzo-1,3a,4,6a-tetraazapentalene: a new heteroaromatic system. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1962, 84, 2453-2454.
55. Harder, R. J., Carboni, R. A. and Castle, J. E., Aromatic azapentalenes. V: 1,1′-and 2,2′-bibenzotriazoles and their conversion to dibenzotetraazapentalenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1967, 89, 2643-2647.
56. Coburn, M. D., 2,6-Bis(picrylamino)-3,5-dinitropyridine and a method for its preparation. U.S. Patent No. 3 678 061 (1972).
57. Pallanck, R. G., PYX purification. U.S. Patent No. 4 564 405 (1986); Chem. Abstr., 1986, 104, 209534n.
58. Pallanck, R. G., PYX purification. U.S. Patent No. 4 564 405 (1986); Chem. Abstr., 1986, 104, 209534n.
59. Sitzmann, M. E., 2,5-Dipicryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole: a shock sensitive explosive with high thermal stability (thermally stable substitute for PETN). J. Energ. Mater., 1988, 6, 129-144.
60. Kamlet, M. J. and Adolph, H. G., The relationship of impact sensitivity with structure of organic high explosives. II: Polynitro aromatic explosives. Propell. Explos., 1979, 4, 30-34.
61. Kaye, S. M., Encyclopedia of Explosives, Vol. 8. ARDEC, Dover, NJ, p. N169 (1978).
62. Dacons, J. C., Nonanitroterphenyl. U.S. Patent No. 3 755 471 (1973); Chem. Abstr., 1974, 80, 49964h.
63. Dacons, J. C., Nonanitroterphenyl. U.S. Patent No. 3 755 471 (1973); Chem. Abstr., 1974, 80, 49964h.
64. Gilbert, E. E., Thermally stable octanitro macrocyclic explosives. U.S. Patent No. 3 941 812 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 1976, 85, 23292r.
65. Gilbert, E. E., Thermally stable octanitro macrocyclic explosives. U.S. Patent No. 3 941 812 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 1976, 85, 23292r.
66. Ritter, H. and Wanders, B., Polynitropyridine: a new class of explosives. Chem. Abstr., 1988, 113, 81640k.
67. Buckley, E., Everard, J. E. and Wells, C. H. J., Synthesis of 1,3,5-and 1,4,5-trinitro-and 1,3,5,7-and 1,3,5,8-tetranitro-2,6-dimethyl naphthalenes. Chemistry and Industry (London), 1978, 124, 124-125.
68. Buckley, E., Houiellebecq, T. F. and Wells, C. H. J., Synthesis of 2,4,8-and 4,5,8-trinitro-and 2,4,5,7-and 2,4,5,8-tetranitro-1-methyl naphthalene. Chemistry and Industry (London), 1981, 127, 774-775.
69. Avrami, L., in Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, Vol. 9, eds. S. M. Kaye and H. L. Herman. ARDEC, Dover, NJ, pp. R5-R67 (1980).
70. Bowden, F. P. and Yoffe, A. D., Initiation and Growth of Explosion in Liquids and Solids. Cambridge University Press (1952) (republ. 1985).
71. Mellor, A. M., Boggs, T. L., Covino, J., Dickinson, C. W., Dreitzler, D., Thorn, L. B., Frey, R. B., Gibson, P. W., Roe, W. E., Kirshenbaum, M. and Mann, D. M., Hazard initiation in solid rocket and gun propellants and explosives. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 1988, 14, 213-244.
72. Walley, S. M., Field, J. E. and Palmer, S. J. P., Impact sensitivity of propellants. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 1992, A438, 571-583.
73. Field, J. E., Bourne, N. K., Palmer, S. J. P. and Walley, S. M., Hot spot ignition mechanisms for explosives and propellants. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 1992, A339, 269-283.
74. Dickson, P. M. and Field, J. E., Initiation and propagation in primary explosives. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 1993, A441, 359-375.
75. Coffey, C. S. and de Vost, V. F., Impact testing of explosives and propellants. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1995, 20, 105-115.
76. Bonnett, D. L and Butler, P. B., Hot-spot ignition of condensed phase energetic materials. J. Propulsion Power, 1996, 12, 680-690.
77. Chapman, D. L., On the rate of explosion in gases. Philos. Mag. (Ser. 5), 1899, 47, 90-104.
78. ème Sér.), 1905, 1, 347-425.
79. ème Sér.), 1906, 2, 5-86.
80. Bliss, D. E., Christian, S. L and Wilson, W. S., Impact sensitivity of polynitroaromatics. J. Energ. Mater., 1991, 9, 319-345.
81. Vanderah, D. J., A parametric study of the synthesis of 2,3,4,6-tetranitroaniline. J. Energ. Mater., 1990, 8, 391-392.
82. Gasco, A. and Boulton, A. J., Furoxans and benzofuroxans. In Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Vol. 29, ed. A. R. Katritzky. University of Florida Press (1991).
83. Wang, N-X., Chen, B-R. and Ou, Y-X., Synthesis of N,N′-bis(2,4-dintrobenzofuroxan)-1,3,5-trinitro-2,6-diaminobenzene. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1993, 18, 111-112.
84. Hudson, F. M., Synthesis of 2,6-bis(picrylamino)-3,5-dinitropyridine. Eur. Pat. Appl. EPO 104717 (1984); Chem. Abstr., 1984, 101, 110736f.
85. Hudson, F. M., Synthesis of 2,6-bis(picrylamino)-3,5-dinitropyridine. Eur. Pat. Appl. EPO 104717 (1984); Chem. Abstr., 1984, 101, 110736f.
86. Chen, B. and Liao, Z., Synthesis of 5,7-diamino-4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan. In Proc. 21st Int. Ann. Conf. ICT, Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany, paper 58 (1990).
87. Chafin, A. P. and Atkins, R. L., Method for preparing explosive compounds. US Patent No. 4 754 040 (1988); Chem. Asbtr., 1989, 110, 10723s.
88. Chafin, A. P. and Atkins, R. L., Method for preparing explosive compounds. US Patent No. 4 754 040 (1988); Chem. Asbtr., 1989, 110, 10723s.
89. Wang, N., Chen, B. and Ou, Y., Synthesis of N,N′-bis(2-nitrobenzodifuroxanyl)-3,5-dinitro-2,6-diamino pyridine. J. Energ. Mater., 1993, 11, 47-50.
90. Wang, N-X., Chen, B-R. and Ou, Y-X., Review on benzofuroxan system compounds. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1994, 19, 145-148.
91. Yinon, J. and Read, R. W., MS/MS of energetic compounds. A collision induced dissociation (CID) study of some polynitrobiphenyl-2-amines. J. Energ. Mater., 1991, 9, 191-204.
92. 5) group: the selection and study of a model compound. J. Energ. Mater., 1990, 8, 352-374.
93. Hudlicky, M., Chemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds, 2nd edn. Halstead Press, New York, Ch. 7 (1976).
94. Kamlet, M. J. and Jacobs, S. J., Chemistry of detonations. I: A simple method for calculating detonation properties of C-H-N-O explosives. J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 48, 23-25.
95. Marchand, A. P., Synthesis and chemistry of novel polynitro polycyclic cage molecules. Tetrahedron, 1988, 44, 2377-2395.
96. Marchand, A. P., Annapurna, P., Arney Jr., B. E., Dave, P. R., Gadgil, V. R., Rajapaksa, D., Sharma, G. V. M., Sharma, R. and Zope, U. R., Synthesis and explosive performance characteristics of polynitropolycyclic cage explosives. In Proc. 4th Int. Symposium on Anal. Detect. Explos., The Weizmann Institute of Science, Jerusalem, pp. 241-263 (1992).
97. Marchand, A. P., Synthesis and chemistry of homocubanes, bishomocubanes and trishomocubanes. Chem. Rev., 1989, 89, 1011-1033.
98. Marchand, A. P. and Sun, S. C., Synthesis of 3,5,5-trinitropentacyclo[5.3.0.0.0.0.]decane. J. Org. Chem., 1984, 49, 2041-2043.
99. 3-hexanitrotrishomocubane). J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 4784-4788.
100. Marchand, A. P., Dave, P. R., Rajapaska, D. and Arney Jr., B. E., Synthesis of 4,4,8,8,11,11-hexanitropentacyclo[5.4.0.0.0.0.]undecane. J. Org. Chem., 1989, 54, 1769-1771.
101. 4,7]nonane-2,4-bis(trinitroethyl ester). In Proc. 17th Int. Pyrotech. Seminar (combined with the 2nd Beijing Int. Symp. on Pyrotechnics and Explosives). Beijing Inst. Tech. Press, Beijing, pp. 224-228 (1991).
102. Sollott, G. P., Alster, J., Gilbert, E. E., Sandus, O. and Slagg, N., Research towards novel energetic materials. J. Energ. Mater., 1986, 4, 5-28.
103. Eaton, P. E. and Shankar, B. K. R., Synthesis of 1,4-dinitrocubane. J. Org. Chem., 1984, 49, 185-186.
104. Griffin, G. W., Umrigar, P. P. and Vaz, C. J., Working Croup Meeting on Synthesis of High Density Energetic Materials. ARDEC, Dover, NJ (1984).
105. Zajac, W. W., Manufacture of multinitrated caged molecules for explosives. US Pat. No. 5 105 031 (1992); Chem. Abstr., 1992, 117, 114729j.
106. Zajac, W. W., Manufacture of multinitrated caged molecules for explosives. US Pat. No. 5 105 031 (1992); Chem. Abstr., 1992, 117, 114729j.
107. 3-hexanitrotrishomocubane. In Proc. Naval Workshop on Energetic Crystalline Materials. Office of Naval Research, MD (1986).
108. Iyer, S., Damavarapu, R., Strauss, B., Bracuti, A., Alster, J. and Stec, D. III, New high energy density materials for propellant applications. J. Ballistics, 1992, 11, 72-79.
109. 3,11]dodecanes from glyoxal and benzylamines. J. Org. Chem., 1990, 55, 1459-1466.
110. 3,11]dodecane (HBIW). J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II, 1993, 923-929.
111. Wardle, R. B., Hinshaw, J. C., Braithwaite, P., Johnstone, G., Jones, R., Poush, K., Lyon, V. A. and Collignon, S., Development of the caged nitramine hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane. In Proc. International Symposium on Energetic Materials Technology. American Defence Preparedness Association (1994).
112. Boileau, J., Emeury, J. M. L. and Kehren, J. P., Tetranitroglycoluril for explosives. US Patent No. 4 487 938 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 1985, 83, 30483r.
113. Boileau, J., Emeury, J. M. L. and Kehren, J. P., Tetranitroglycoluril for explosives. US Patent No. 4 487 938 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 1985, 83, 30483r.
114. Oyumi, Y. and Brill, T. B., Thermal decomposition. XXVIII: Predictions and results for nitramines of bis-imidazolidinedione: DINGU, TINGU and TDCD. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1988, 13, 69-73.
115. Hong, G. and Zhu, C., Synthesis and properties of tetranitropropanediurea. In Proc. 17th Int. Pyrotech. Seminar (combined with the 2nd Beijing Int. Symp. on Pyrotechnics and Explosives). Beijing Inst. Tech. Press, Beijing, pp. 193-195 (1991).
116. Boileau, J., Piteau, M. and Jacob, G., Synthèse de la 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1990, 15, 38-40.
117. Levins, D. A., Cichra, D. A. and Adolph, H. G., Nitrolysis of dialkyl tert-butylamines. J. Org. Chem., 1982, 47, 2472-2476.
118. Levins, D. A., Jose, S., Bedford, C. D. and Coon, C. L., Synthesis of 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC). US Patent No. 4 346 222 (1982); Chem. Abstr., 1983, 98, 18971a.
119. Levins, D. A., Jose, S., Bedford, C. D. and Coon, C. L., Synthesis of 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC). US Patent No. 4 346 222 (1982); Chem. Abstr., 1983, 98, 18971a.
120. 6 deuterium labelled analogue. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1995, 20, 1-4.
121. Licht, H. H. and Ritter, H., Neue Sprengstoffe: Ihre Leistung in Theorie und Experiment. In Proc. 21st ICT Int. Annual Conf. Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie, Karlsruhe, paper 9 (1990).
122. Zeng, M. and Lang, H., A study of synthesis and thermal stabilities of 2,4,6-trinitropyridine and its derivatives. In Proc. 1st Symp. on Pyrotechnics and Explosives. Beijing, China Academic Publishers (1987).
123. Licht, H. H. and Ritter, H., 2,4,6-Trinitropyridine and related compounds; synthesis and characterization. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1988, 13, 25-29.
124. Ritter, H. and Licht, H. H., Synthesis and characterisation of methylnitramino-substituted pyridines and triazines. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1993, 18, 81-88.
125. De Fusco, A. A. and Neilson, A. T., Diaminotetranitronaphthalene for use as a high energy high density explosive. U.S. Patent No. 4 531 013 (1985); Chem. Abstr., 1986, 104, 21512z.
126. De Fusco, A. A. and Neilson, A. T., Diaminotetranitronaphthalene for use as a high energy high density explosive. U.S. Patent No. 4 531 013 (1985); Chem. Abstr., 1986, 104, 21512z.
127. Hu, R., Lu, X. and Fang, Y., Thermal behaviour of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaaza-tricyclo[7.3.0.0.]dodecane-5,11- dione. J. Energ. Mater., 1993, 11, 219-241.
128. Coburn, M. D., Harris, B. W., Lee, K. Y., Stinecipher, M. M. and Hayden, H. H., Explosives synthesis at Los Alamos. Ind. Engng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1986, 25, 68-72.
129. Millar, R. W., Paul, N. C., Richards, D. H., Bunyan, P., Golding, P. and Rowley, J. A., Tris-X, a new high energy polynitramine explosive: synthesis using dinitrogen pentoxide technology, characterization, and thermal stability and hazard assessment. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1993, 18, 55-61.
130. Archibald, T. G., Gilardi, R., Baum, K. and George, C., Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine. J. Org. Chem., 1990, 55, 2920-2924.
131. Iyer, S., Velicky, R., Sandus, O. and Alster, J., Research toward more powerful explosives. Technical Report No. ARAED-TR-89010, ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal (1989).
132. Doali, J. O., Fifer, R. A., Kruezynski, D. I. and Nelson, B. J., The Mobile Combustion Diagnostic Fixture and its application to the study of propellant combustion. Part I: Investigation of the low pressure combustion of LOVA XM-39 propellant. Technical Report No. BRL-MR-378/5, US Ballistic Research Laboratory, MD (1989).
133. Coburn, M. D., Picrylamino substituted heterocycles. II: Furazans. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1968, 5, 83-87.
134. 6-tripicrylmelamine, an explosive. US Patent No. 3 414 570 (1968); Chem. Abstr., 1969, 70, 47505d.
135. 6-tripicrylmelamine, an explosive. US Patent No. 3 414 570 (1968); Chem. Abstr., 1969, 70, 47505d.
136. Fanta, P. E., The Ullmann synthesis of biaryls. Chem. Rev., 1946, 38, 139-196.
137. Fanta, P. E., The synthesis of biaryls, 1945-1963. Chem. Rev., 1964, 64, 613-632.
138. Redecker, K. H. and Hagel, R., Polynitropolyphenylenes: a high temperature resistant, non-crystalline explosive. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1987, 12, 196-201.
139. Berger, B., Haas, B. and Reinhard, G., Einfluss des Bindergehaltes auf das Reaktionsverhalten Pyrotechnischer Mischungen. In Proc. 26th Int. Arm. Conf. ICT. Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie, Karlsruhe, paper 2 (1995).
140. Herman, H. L., Nitropolymers. In Encyclopedia of Explosives, Vol. 8, ed. S. M. Kaye. ARDEC, Dover, NJ, pp. N138-N157 (1978).
141. Marans, N. S. and Zelinski, R. P., Nitroalkyl esters of acrylic, crotonic and methacrylic acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1950, 72, 2125-2129.
142. Ville, J., Sur quelques dérivés du nitroforme. Mém. Poudres, 1960, 42, 21-27.
143. Frankel, M. B. and Flanagan, J. E., Azido polymer with terminal hydroxyl groups. Belgian Patent No. 89 858 (1979).
144. Frankel, M. D. and Flanagan, J. E., Azido polymer with terminal hydroxy groups. US Patent No. 4 268 450 (1980); Chem. Abstr., 1980, 93, 47806c.
145. Frankel, M. D. and Flanagan, J. E., Azido polymer with terminal hydroxy groups. US Patent No. 4 268 450 (1980); Chem. Abstr., 1980, 93, 47806c.
146. Wagner, R. I., Wilson, E. R., Grant, L. R. and Flanagan, J. E., GAP polymer binder for propellants and its preparation. U.S. Patent No. 4 937 361 (1981).
147. Ahad, E., Branched hydroxy terminated azido aliphatic polyethers. US Patent No. 4 882 395 (1989); Chem. Abstr., 1990, 112, 159265t.
148. Ahad, E., Branched hydroxy terminated azido aliphatic polyethers. US Patent No. 4 882 395 (1989); Chem. Abstr., 1990, 112, 159265t.
149. Ahad, E., Process for the preparation of alkyl azide substituted hydroxy terminated polyethers. U.S. Patent No. 4 891 438 (1990); Chem. Abstr., 1988, 109, 17114Ou.
150. Ahad, E., Process for the preparation of alkyl azide substituted hydroxy terminated polyethers. U.S. Patent No. 4 891 438 (1990); Chem. Abstr., 1988, 109, 17114Ou.
151. Mama, H. P., Solid rocket propellants: the European scene. Int. Def. Rev., 1990, 21, 291-295.
152. Frankel, M. B., Grant, L. R. and Flanagan, J. E., Historical development of GAP. J. Propulsion Power, 1992, 8, 560-563.
153. Kubota, N., Sonobe, T., Yamamoto, A. and Shimizu, J., Burning rate characteristics of GAP propellants. J. Propulsion Power, 1990, 6, 686-689.
154. Nazare, A. N., Asthana, S. N. and Singh, H., GAP - an energetic component of advanced solid rocket propellants - a review. J. Energ. Mater., 1992, 10, 43-63.
155. Schedlbauer, F., LOVA gun propellants with GAP binder. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1992, 17, 164-171.
156. Dhar, S. S., Asthana, S. N., Singh, S. and Nata, G. N., Thermal decomposition of GAP and GAP based double-base propellants. Combust. Explos. Shock Waves, 1993, 29, 276-280.
157. Schoyer, H. E. R. and Schnorhk, A. J., A new solid propellant: good possibilities. European Space Agency's Preparing for the Future, 1992, 2, 3-5.
158. Millar, R. W., Colclough, M. E., Golding, P., Honey, P. J., Paul, N. C., Sanderson, A. J. and Stewart, M. J., New synthesis routes for energetic materials using dinitrogen pentoxide. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 1992, A339, 305-319.
159. Debenham, D., Leeming, W. B. H. and Marshall, E. J., New energetic formulations containing nitropolyethers. In Proc. Joint Int. Symp. on Compatibility of Plastics, Arlington, VA. American Defence Preparedness Association (1991).
160. Olsen, R. E., Fisch, D. W. and Hamel, E. E., Nitrations by nitronium tetrafluoroborate. In Advanced Propellant Chemistry (Advanced Chemistry Series No. 54), ed. R. E. Gould. American Chemistry Society, Washington, D.C., Ch. 6 (1966).
161. Colclough, M. E., Desai, H., Millar, R. W., Paul, N. C., Stewart, M. J. and Golding, P., Energetic polymers in composite propellants and explosives. Polym. Adv. Technol., 1994, 5, 554-560.
162. Colclough, M. E., Paul, N. C., Desai, H. and Shepherd, N., DRA approaches to new energetic binders. J. Ballistics, 1995, 12, 169-176.
163. Zuchowska, D., Polybutadiene modified by epoxidation. 1: Effect of polybutadiene microstructure on the reactivity of double bonds. Polymer, 1980, 21, 514-520.
164. Zuchowska, D., Polybutadiene modified by epoxidation: 2. The effect of epoxy groups on the crosslinking process with dicumyl peroxide. Polymer, 1981, 22, 1073-1075.
165. Colclough, M. E. and Paul, N. C., Nitrated hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene: synthesis and properties. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser., 1996, 623, 97-103.
166. Cumming, A. S., Characteristics of novel United Kingdom energetic materials. In Proc. Int. Symp. on Energetic Materials Technology. American Defence Preparedness Association, pp. 68-74 (1995).
167. Desai, H. J., Cunliffe, A. V., Lewis, T., Millar, R. W., Paul, N. C., Stewart, M. J. and Amass, A. J., Synthesis and properties of high molecular weight poly(GLYN). Polymer, in press.
168. Cheun, Y-G., Cho, J. R. and Kim, J. S., An improved synthetic method of poly(NIMMO) and PGN prepolymers. In Proc. Int. Symp. on Energetic Materials Technology. American Defence Preparedness Association, pp. 61-67 (1995).
169. Leeming, W. B. H., Marshall, E. J., Bull, H., Rodgers, M. J. and Paul, N. C., An investigation into poly(GLYN) cure stability. In Proc. 27th Int. Ann. Conf. ICT. Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie, Karlsruhe, paper 99 (1996).
170. Desai, H. J., Cunliffe, A. V., Hamid, J., Honey, P. J., Stewart, M. J. and Amass, A. J., Synthesis and characterization of (α,ω-hydroxy and nitrato telechelic oligomers of 3,3-(nitratomethyl) methyl oxetane (NIMMO) and glycidyl nitrate (GLYN). Polymer, 1996, 37, 3461-3469.
171. Desai, H. J., Cunliffe, A. V., Lewis, T., Millar, R. W., Paul, N. C., Stewart, M. J. and Amass, A. J., Synthesis of narrow molecular weight (α,ω-hydroxy telechelic poly-(glycidyl nitrate) and estimation of theoretical heat of explosion. Polymer, 1996, 37, 3461-3476.
172. Juhasz, A. A. and Rocchio, J. J., Combustion properties of LOVA propellants. In Proc. 13th Int. Arm. Conf. ICT. Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie, Karlsruhe, pp. 545-561 (1982).
173. Wise, S. and Law, H., The low-vulnerability ammunition programme. Army Res. Develop. Acquisition Mag., 22-23 (Sept.-Oct. 1983).
174. Wise, S. and Rocchio, J. J., A development process for low vulnerability propellants. In Proc. 13th Int. Ann. Conf. ICT. Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie, Karlsruhe, pp. 539-544 (1982).
175. Mezger, M., Strauss, B., Moy, S., Prezelski, J. and Lu, P., The development of insensitive explosives. In Proc. Joint Int. Symp. on Compatibility of Plastics and other Materials with Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics and Processing of Explosives, Propellants and Ingredients. American Defence Preparedness Association, pp. 2-8 (1988).
176. Norris, W. P. and Chafin, A., Synthesis and thermal rearrangement of 5-chloro-4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan. Heterocycles, 1984, 22, 271-274.
177. Norris, W. P., 7-Amino-4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan: an insensitive high explosive. Report No. NWC TP-6522, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CA (1984).
178. Rothstein, L. R. and Petersen, R., Predicting high explosive detonation velocities from their composition and structure. Propell. Explos., 1979, 4, 56-60.
179. Hobin, T. P., Some aminodinitro derivatives of benzofurazan and benzofurazan oxide. Tetrahedron, 1968, 24, 6145-6148.
180. Bugaut, F., Bernard, S. and Chirat, R., Theoretical prediction of high explosives efficiency: application to NTO. In Proc. 9th Symp. (Int.) on Detonation. Office of the Chief of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, pp. 489-497 (1989).
181. Becuwe, A. and Delclos, A., Use of oxynitrotriazole to prepare an insensitive high explosive. In Proc. 9th (Int.) Symp. on Detonation. Office of the Chief of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, pp. 1008-1013 (1989).
182. Lee, K-Y., Chapman, L. B. and Coburn, M. D., 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one: a less sensitive explosive. J. Energ. Mater., 1987, 5, 27-33.
183. Becuwe, A. and Delclos, A., Low-sensitivity explosive compounds for low vulnerability warheads. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1993, 18, 1-10.
184. Collignon, S. L., Preparation of spheroidal 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one. US Patent Appl. US 213037 (1989); Chem. Abstr., 1989, 110, 234222r.
185. Collignon, S. L., Preparation of spheroidal 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one. US Patent Appl. US 213037 (1989); Chem. Abstr., 1989, 110, 234222r.
186. Gimenez, P., Chabin, P., Mala, J. and Spyckerelle, C., An extensive experimental study of pressed NTO. In Proc. 10th (Int.) Symp. on Detonation, ed. J. M. Short and D. G. Tasker. Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, pp. 493-497 (1995).
187. Ostmark, H., The chemistry of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) thermal decomposition. Thermochim. Acta, 1993, 213, 165-175.
188. Beard, B. C., Early decomposition chemistry of NTO. In Proc. 10th (Int.) Symp. on Detonation, ed. J. M. Short and D. G. Tasker. Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, pp. 204-207 (1995).
189. Rothgery, E. F., Audette, D. E., Wedlich, R. C. and Csejka, D. A., The study of the thermal decomposition of NTO by DSC, TGA-MS, and ARC. Thermochim. Acta, 1991, 185, 235-243.
190. Ciller, J. A., Serna, F. and Quintana, J. R., Thermal characterisation of mixtures of nitrotriazolone with HMX and RDX. J. Energ. Mater., 1992, 10, 251-265.
191. Xie, Y., Hu, R.-Z., Wang, X.-Y. and Fu, X.-Y., Thermal behaviour of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) and its salts. In Proc. 17th International Pyrotech. Seminar (combined with the 2nd Beijing Int. Symp. on Pyrotechnics and Explosives), Vol. 1. Beijing Inst. Tech. Press, Beijing, pp. 509-514 (1991).
192. Zhang, T., Hu, R. and Li, F., Structural characterization and thermal decomposition mechanisms of alkaline earth metal (Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) salts of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one. Thermochim. Acta, 1994, 244, 185-194.
193. Manning, T., Strauss, B., Mezger, M. and Jamison, C., Processing evaluation of new insensitive explosives. J. Ballistics, 1992, 11, 45-52.
194. Boìleau, J., Carail, M., Wimmer, E., Gallo, R. and Pierrot, M., Dérives nitrés acétylés du glycolurile. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1985, 10, 118-120.
195. Li, J., The LOVA composite explosives containing DINGU. In Proc. 17th Int. Pyrotech. Seminar (combined with 2nd Beijing Int. Symp. on Pyrotechnics and Explosives). Beijing Inst. Tech. Press, Beijing, pp. 322-332 (1991).
196. Lee, K. Y., Storm, C. B., Hiskey, M. A. and Coburn, M. D., An improved synthesis of 5-amino-3-nitro-IH-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA): a useful intermediate for the preparation of insensitive high explosives. J. Energ. Mater., 1991, 9, 415-428.
197. Simpson, R. L., Pagoria, P. F., Mitchell, A. R. and Coon, C. L., Synthesis, properties and performance of the high explosive ANTA. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1994, 19, 174-179.
198. Laval, F., Wartenberg, C. and Morignat, M. L., 5-Nitro-4,6-bis-[(5-nitro-IH-1,2,4-triazolyl)amino] pyrimidine. Process for its preparation and explosive material containing it. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 320370 (1989); FR Appl. 87/ 17059 (1987); Chem. Abstr., 1989, 111, 194786q.
199. Laval, F., Wartenberg, C. and Morignat, M. L., 5-Nitro-4,6-bis-[(5-nitro-IH-1,2,4-triazolyl)amino] pyrimidine. Process for its preparation and explosive material containing it. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 320370 (1989); FR Appl. 87/ 17059 (1987); Chem. Abstr., 1989, 111, 194786q.
200. Willer, R. L., Trans-1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetra azadecalin. U.S. Patent No. 4 443 602 (1984); Chem. Abstr., 1984, 101, 72759f.
201. Willer, R. L., Trans-1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetra azadecalin. U.S. Patent No. 4 443 602 (1984); Chem. Abstr., 1984, 101, 72759f.
202. Wartenberg, C., Charrue, P. and Laval, F., Conception, synthéses et characterisation d'un nouvel explosif insensible et energetique: le DANTNP. Propell. Explos. Pyrotech., 1995, 20, 23-26.
203. Licht, H. H., Performance of castable IHE formulations. Chem. Abstr., 1989, 111, 236138n.
204. Becuwe, A. and Delclos, A., L'oxynitrotriazole et son utilisation en tant qu'explosif insensible. In Proc. 18th Int. Arm. Conf. ICT. Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Techologie, Karlsruhe, paper 27 (1987).
205. Deville, M. H., Note sur la production de l'acide nitrique anhydre. C.r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1849, 28, 257-260.
206. Haines, L. B. and Adkins, H., The reaction of certain organic compounds with nitrogen pentoxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1925, 47, 1419-1426.
207. Addison, C. C. and Logan, N., in Developments in Inorganic Nitrogen Chemistry, ed. C. B. Colburn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Ch. 2 (1973).
208. 3. J. Electrochem. Soc., 1983, 130, 108-112.
209. Harris, A. D., Trebellas, J. C. and Jonassen, H. B., Vanadium (V) oxide nitrate and chromium (VI) oxide nitrate. Inorg. Synth., 1967, 9, 83-88.
210. Colclough, M. E., Golding, P. and Paul, N., Nitrated hydroxy terminated polybutadiene (NHTPB): a new energetic binder. In Proc. 14th Int. Pyrotech. Semin. Henry Ling Press, Dorset, UK, pp. 105-111 (1989).
211. 5 chemistry. In Proc. 21st. Int. Ann. Conf. ICT. Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie, Karlsruhe, paper 3 (1990).
212. Rossi, M. J., Bottaro, J. C. and MeMillen, D. F., The thermal decomposition of the new energetic material, ammonium dinitramide in relation to nitramide and ammonium nitrate. J. Chem. Kinetics, 1993, 25, 549-570.
213. Brill, T. B., Brush, P. J. and Patil, D. G., Thermal decomposition of energetic materials. 58: Chemistry of ammonium nitrate and ammonium dinitramide near the burning surface temperature. Combust. Flame, 1993, 92, 178-186.
214. 2. J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 6842-6848.
215. Bottaro, J. C., Schmitt, R. J., Penwell, P. E. and Ross, D. S., Dinitramide salts and method of making same. US Patent Appl. PCT/US91/04268 (1991); Int. Publ. no. WO91/19669; Chem. Abstr., 1992, 116, 217513t.
216. Bottaro, J. C., Schmitt, R. J., Penwell, P. E. and Ross, D. S., Dinitramide salts and method of making same. US Patent Appl. PCT/US91/04268 (1991); Int. Publ. no. WO91/19669; Chem. Abstr., 1992, 116, 217513t.
217. Bottaro, J. C., Schmitt, R. J., Penwell, P. E. and Ross, D. S., Method of forming dinitramide salts. US Pat. Appl. PCT/US91/04277 (1991); Int. Pub. No. W091/19670; Chem. Abstr., 1992, 116, 217512s.
218. Bottaro, J. C., Schmitt, R. J., Penwell, P. E. and Ross, D. S., Method of forming dinitramide salts. US Pat. Appl. PCT/US91/04277 (1991); Int. Pub. No. W091/19670; Chem. Abstr., 1992, 116, 217512s.
219. Bottaro, J. C. Recent advances in explosives and solid propellants. Chem. Indust., 249-252 (1 April 1996).
220. Schmidt, E. W., Hydrazine and its Derivatives: Preparation, Properties and Applications. Wiley, New York (1984).
221. Zee, F. W. M., Mul, J. M. and Hordijk, A. C., Method of preparing hydrazine nitroform. Int. Patent Application No. PCT/NL-93/00230, The Netherlands (1993).
222. Hordijk, A. C., Mul, J. M., Meulenbrugge, J. J., Korting, P. A. O. G., van Lit, P. J., Schnorhk, A. J. and Schöyer, H. F. R., Properties of hydrazine nitroformate: a new oxidiser for high performance solid propellants. In Proc. 25th. Int. Ann. Conf. ICT. Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie, Karlsruhe, paper 69 (1994).
223. Mul, J. M., Korting, P. A. O. G. and Schöyer, H. F. R., A search for new storable high-performance propellants. ESA Journal, 1990, 14, 253-270.
224. Mul, J. M., Gadiot, G. M. H. J. L., Meulenbrugge, J. J., Korting, P. A. O. G., Schnorhk, A. J. and Schöyer, H. F. R., New solid propellants based on energetic binders and hydrazinium nitroformate. Acta Astronautica, 1993, 29, 771-779.
225. Schöyer, H. F. R., Schnorhk, A. J., Korting, P. A. O. G., van Lit, P. J., Mul, J. M., Gadiot, G. M. H. J. L. and Meulenbrugge, J. J., High performance propellants based on HNF. J. Propulsion Power, 1995, 11, 856-869.
226. Schöyer, H. F. R., ESA's new solid propellant based on hydrarinium nitroformate. ESA's Preparing for the Future, 1996, 6, 6-7.
227. Williams, G. K. and Brill, T. B., Thermal decomposition of energetic materials. 67: Hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) rates and pathways under combustionlike conditions. Combust. Flame, 1995, 102, 418-426.
228. Johnson, N. C., Gotzmer, C. and Gill, R. C., Melt cast elastomeric PBXs: processing and properties overview. J. Hazard. Mater., 1984, 9, 41-45.
229. Pennie, A. M. The preparation of a crystalline high explosive of controlled particle size by precipitation with water from acetone solution. Canad. J. Chem. Engng, 78-81 (April 1958)..