Synthesis, characterization and applications of thiophene-based functional polymers

Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford)

Volumn 23, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 1167-1231

  Chan, Hardy Sze On ^a   Ng, Siu Choon ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APPLICATIONS; CARBON; CHARACTERIZATION; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; ENERGY GAP; LANGMUIR BLODGETT FILMS; LUMINESCENCE; PHOTOCHROMISM; PLASTIC FILMS; POLYMERIZATION; SOLUBILITY; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

FUNCTIONAL POLYMER; LOW BANDGAP MATERIAL; POLYTHIOPENE;

ORGANIC POLYMERS;

EID: 0032305397     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6700(97)00032-4     Document Type: Article

References (296)

1. Chiang, C. K., Park, Y. W., Heeger, A. J., Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. J. and MarDiarmid, A. G., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1977, 39, 1098.
2. Diaz, A. F., Kanazavva, K. K. and Gardini, G. P., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1979, 635.
3. Diaz, A. F., Chem. Scr., 1981, 17, 142.
4. Tourillon, G. and Garnier, F., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1982, 135, 173.
5. Bargon, J., Mohamand, S. and Waltman, R. J., IBM J. Res. Develop., 1983, 27, 330.
6. Delamer, M., Lacaze, P. C., Dumousseau, J. Y. and Dubois, J. E., Electrochim. Acta, 1982, 27, 61.
7. Diaz, A. F. and Logan, J. A., Electroanal. Chem., 1980, 111, 111.
8. McDiarmid, A. G., Chiang, J. C., Halpern, M., Huang, H. S., Su, S. L., Somasiri, N. L. D., Wu, W. and Yaniger, S. I., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1985, 121, 173.
9. Genies, E. M., Tsintavis, C. and Syed, A. A., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1985, 121, 181.
10. Sato, M., Tanaka, S. and Kaeriyama, K., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1986, 873.
11. Jen, K. Y., Miller, G. G. and Elsenbaumer, R. L., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1986, 1346.
12. Wei, Y., Focke, W. W., Wnek, G. E., Ray, A. and MacDiarmid, A. G., J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 495.
13. Leclerc, M., Guay, J. and Dao, L. H., Macromolecules, 1982, 22, 649.
14. Borroughes, J. H., Bradley, D. D. C., Brown, A. R., Marks, R. N., MacKay, K., Friend, R. H., Burn, P. L. and Holmes, A. B., Nature, 1990, 347, 539.
15. Ohmori, Y., Uchida, M., Muro, K. and Yoshino, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1991, 30, L1938.
16. Kawai, T., Kuwabara, T., Wang, S. and Yoshino, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1990, 29, 602.
17. Bobacka, J., Ivaska, A. and Grzeszczuk, M., Synth. Met., 1991, 44, 9.
18. Kobayashi, T., in Relax. Polym., ed. T. Kobayashi, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993, pp. 1-79.
19. Kim, S. R., Choi, S. A., Kim, J. D., Kim, K. J., Lee, C. and Rhee, S. B., Synth. Met., 1995, 71, 2027.
20. Chan, H. S. O., Ng, S. C. and Seow, S. H., Synth. Met., 1994, 66, 177.
21. Chan, H. S. O., Toh, C. S. and Gan, L. M., J. Mater. Chem., 1995, 5, 631.
22. Sukumar, M. D. M., Safikur, R. and Santanu, K., Bull. Electrochem., 1992, 8, 556.
23. Roth, S., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 3623.
24. Kanatzidis, M. G., C&EN, 1990, 36 December 3.
25. Roth, S. and Filzmoser, M., Adv. Mater., 1990, 2, 356.
26. Waltman, R. J. and Bargon, J., Can. J. Chem., 1986, 64, 76.
27. Diaz, A. F. and Lacroix, J. C., New J. Chem., 1988, 12, 171.
28. Adamcova, Z. and Dempirova, L., Prog. Org. Coat., 1989, 16, 259.
29. Chandler, G. K. and Pletcher, D., Spec. Period. Rep. Electrochem., 1985, 10, 117.
30. Heinze, J., Current Chemistry, Vol. 152, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990, p. 1.
31. Baker, G. L., in Electronic and Photonic Applications of Polymers, ed. M. J. Bowden, S. R. Turnewr. ACS Advances in Chemistry series 210, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1988, p. 271.
32. Patel, A. O., Heeger, A. J. and Wudl, F., Chem. Rev., 1988, 88, 183.
33. Tourillon, G., in Handbook of Conducting Polymers, ed. T. A. Skotheim. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986, p. 294.
34. Roncali, J., Chem. Rev., 1992, 92, 711.
35. Jenekhe, S. A., Nature, 1986, 322, 345.
36. Jenekhe, S. A., Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2663.
37. Chen, W.-C. and Jenekhe, S. A., Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 454.
38. Chen, W.-C. and Jenekhe, S. A., Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 465.
39. Gorman, C. B. and Grubbs, R. H., in Conjugated Polymers, ed. J. L. Bredas and R. Silbey. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1991.
40. Wu, W. and Kivelson, S., Synth. Met., 1989, 28, D575.
41. Dos Santos, D. A., Quattrocchi, C., Friend, R. H. and Bredas, J. L., J. Chem Phys., 1994, 100, 3301.
42. Williams, G. R. J., J. Molec. Electron., 1990, 6, 99.
43. Eckhardt, H., Shacklette, L. W., Jen, K. Y. and Elsenbaumer, R. L., J. Chem. Phys., 1989, 91, 1303.
44. Rühe, J., Berlin, A. and Wegner, G., Macromol. Chem. Phys., 1995, 196, 225.
45. Blohm, M. L., Pickett, J. E. and Van Dort, P. C., US Patent No. 5,111,327, 1992.
46. Heywang Jonas, G., Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 116.
47. Wang, C., Schindler, J. L., Kannewurf, C. R. and Kanatzidis, M. G., Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 58.
48. Kossmehl, G., Martel, M. and Menecke, G., Makromol. Chem., 1970, 131, 15.
49. Kossmehl, G., Hartel, M. and Menecke, G., Makromol. Chem., 1970, 131, 37.
50. Iwatsuki, S., Kubo, M. and Ito, Y., Chem. Lett., 1993, 1085.
51. Van Dort, P. C., Pickett, J. E. and Blohm, M. L., Synth. Met., 1991, 42, 2305.
52. Blohm, M. L., Pickett, J. E. and Van Dort, P. C., Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 2704.
53. Jen, K. Y., Eckhardt, H., Jow, T. R., Shacklette, L. W. and Elsenbaumer, R. L., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1988, 215.
54. Galarini, R., Musco, A., Pontellini, R., Bolognesi, A., Catellani, M., Destri, S., Mascherpa, M. and Zhuo, G. J., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 364.
55. Bolognesi, A., Catellani, M., Porzio, W., Speroni, F., Galarini, R., Musco, A. and Pontellini, R., Polymer, 1993, 34, 4150.
56. Catellani, M., Luzzati, S. and Speroni, F., Synth. Met., 1993, 55, 1189.
57. Zitti, G. and Schiavon, G., Synth. Met., 1994, 63, 53.
58. Bragadin, M., Ceson, P., Berlin, A. and Sannicolo, F., Makromol. Chem., 1987, 188, 1425.
59. Murase, I., Ohnishi, T., Noguchi, T. and Hirooka, M., Polym. Commun., 1987, 28, 229.
60. Jen, K. Y., Maxfield, M., Shacklette, L. W. and Elsenbaumer, R. L., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 309.
61. Jen, K. Y., Jow, T. R., Eckhardt, H. and Elsenbaumer, R. L., Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1987, 56, 49.
62. Yamada, S., Tokito, S., Tsutsui, T. and Saito, S., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1448.
63. Cheng, H. and Elsenbaumer, R. L., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 1451.
64. Peeters, L., Eevers, W., Van Der Borght, M., Jacobs, S. and Geise, H. J., Polymer, 1993, 34, 4589.
65. Roncali, J., Thobie-Gautier, C., Elandaloussi, E. H. and Frere, P., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 2249.
66. Chimenti, F., D'Ilario, L., Ettorre, A., Muraglia, E., Ortaggi, G. and Sleiter, G., J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1992, 11, 1532.
67. D'Ilario, L., Ettorre, A., Muraglia, E., Ortaggi, G. and Sleiter, G., J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1993, 12, 336.
68. D'Ilario, L., Ettorre, A., Ortaggi, G. and Sleiter, G., J. Mater. Sci., 1995, 30, 4273.
69. Kobayashi, M., Colaneri, N., Boysel, M., Wudl, F. and Heeger, A. J., J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 82, 5717.
70. Bredas, J. L., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1985, 118, 5843.
71. Bredas, J. L., Heeger, A. J. and Wudl, F., J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 85, 4673.
72. Lee, Y. S., Kertesz, M. and Elsenbaumer, R. L., Chem. Mater., 1990, 2, 526.
73. Pranata, J., Grubbs, R. H. and Dougherty, D. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 3430.
74. Nayak, K. and Marynick, D. S., Macromolecules, 1990, 23, 2237.
75. Chandrasekhar, P., Masulaitis, A. M. and Gumps, R. W., Synth. Met., 1990, 36, 303.
76. Pomerantz, M., Chaloner-Gill, B., Harding, L. O., Tseng, J. J. and Pomerantz, W. J., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1992, 1672.
77. Pomerantz, M., Chaloner-Gill, B., Harding, L. O., Tseng, J. J. and Pomerantz, W. J., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 960.
78. Swann, M. S., Brooke, G. and Bloor, D., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 281.
79. King, G. and Higgins, S. J., J. Mater. Chem., 1995, 5, 447.
80. Tanaka, S. and Yamashita, Y., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 1251.
81. Tanaka, S. and Yamashita, Y., Synth. Met., 1995, 69, 599.
82. Karikomi, M., Kitamura, C., Tanaka, S. and Yamashita, Y., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6791.
83. Musmanni, S. and Ferraris, J. P., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 172.
84. Lorcy, D. and Cava, M. P., Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 562.
85. Lakshmikantham, M. V., Lorcy, D., Scordilis-Kelley, C., Wu, X.-L., Parakka, J. P., Metzger, R. M. and Cava, M. P., Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 562.
86. Kertasz, M. and Lee, Y. S., J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 2690.
87. Braunling, H., Blochl, G. and Becker, R., Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 487.
88. Braunling, H., Blochl, G. and Becker, R., Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 1539.
89. Mangold, H. K.-M., Rohrig, U., Schmid, U. and Hanack, M., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 1193.
90. Patil, A. O. and Wudl, F., Macromolecules, 1988, 21, 242.
91. Kitano, M., Yoshida, M., Iyoda, T. and Shimidzu, T., Polym. Bull., 1995, 35, 25.
92. Ferraris, J. P., Henderson, C., Torres, D. and Meeker, D., Synth. Met., 1995, 72, 147.
93. Lambert, T. L. and Ferraris, J. P., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 752.
94. Lambert, T. L. and Ferraris, J. P., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1268.
95. Lemaire, M., Roncali, J., Garnier, F., Garreau, R. and Hannecart, E., French Patent No. 86.04744, 4 April, 1986.
96. Osterholm, J. E., Laakso, J., Nyholm, P., Isotalo, H., Stubb, H., Inganas, O. and Salaneck, W. R., Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C435.
97. Inoue, N. B., Velazquez, B. F. and Inoue, M., Synth. Met., 1988, 24, 223.
98. Toshima, N. and Hara, S., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1995, 20, 155.
99. Elsenbaumer, R. L., Jen, K.-Y. and Oboodi, R., Synth. Met., 1986, 15, 169.
100. Yamamoto, T., Morita, A., Miyazaki, Y., Maruyama, T., Wakayama, H., Zhou, Z.-H., Nakamura, Y., Kanbara, T., Sasaki, S. and Kubota, K., Macromolecules, 1992, 25, 1214.
101. Miyazaki, Y. and Yamamoto, T., Synth. Met., 1994, 64, 69.
102. Leclerc, M., Diaz, F. M. and Wagner, G., Macromol. Chem., 1989, 190, 3105.
103. Maior, R. M. S., Hinkelmann, K., Eckert, H. and Wudl, F., Macromolecules, 1990, 23, 1268.
104. Zagorska, M. and Krische, B., Polymer, 1990, 31, 1379.
105. Krische, B., Zagorska, M. and Hellberg, J., Synth. Met., 1993, 58, 295.
106. Faid, K., Cloutier, R. and Leclerc, M., Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 2501.
107. Faid, K., Cloutier, R. and Leclerc, M., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 1272.
108. Wei, Y., Chan, C.-C., Tian, J., Jang, G.-W. and Hsueh, K. F., Chem. Mater., 1991, 3, 888.
109. McCullough, R. D., Lowe, R. D., Jayaraman, M. and Anderson, D. L., J. Org. Chem., 1993, 58, 904.
110. McCullough, R. D. and Williams, S. P. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 11608.
111. McCullough, R. D., William, S. P., Tristram-Nagle, S., Jayaraman, M., Ewbank, P. C. and Miller, L., Synth. Met., 1995, 69, 279.
112. Chen, T.-A. and Rieke, R. D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 10087.
113. Chen, T.-A. and Rieke, R. D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 11608.
114. Chen, T.-A. and Rieke, R. D., Synth. Met., 1993, 60, 175.
115. Chen, T.-A., O'Brien, R. A. and Rieke, R. D., Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 3462.
116. Chen, T.-A., Wu, X. and Rieke, R. D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 233.
117. Zagorska, M., Firlej, M. and Bernier, P., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., 1992, 30, 1716.
118. Lapkowski, M., Zagorska, M., Kulszewicz-Bayer, I., Koziel, K. and Pron, A., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1991, 310, 57.
119. Hasik, M., Laska, J. E., Pron, A., Kulszewicz-Bayer, I., Koziel, K. and Lapkowski, M., J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 1992, 30, 1741.
120. Pron, A., Lapowski, M., Zagorska, M., Glowczyk, J. and Lefrant, S., Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4644.
121. Wang, C., Benz, M. E., LeGoff, E., Schindler, J. L., Kannewulf, C. R. and Kanatzidis, M. G., Polym. Prepr., 1993, 34, 422.
122. Wang, C., Benz, M. E., LeGoff, E., Schindler, J. L., Allbritton-Thomas, J., Kannewulf, C. R. and Kanatzidis, M. G., Chem. Mater., 1994, 6, 401.
123. Gallazzi, M. C., Castellani, L., Marin, R. A. and Zerbi, G., J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 1993, 31, 3339.
124. Zotti, G., Gallazzi, M. C., Zerbi, G. and Meille, S. V., Synth. Met., 1995, 73, 217.
125. Taylor, R., in The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Vol. 44, part II, ed. S. Gronowitz, John Wiley, New york, 1986, p. 1.
126. Al-Jumah, K. and Fernandez, J. E., Macromolecules, 1987, 20, 1177.
127. Braunling, H. and Jira, R., Synth. Met., 1987, 20, 375.
128. Jira, R. and Braunling, H., Synth. Met., 1987, 17, 691.
129. Wehrle, B., Limbach, H.-H. and Braunling, H., Synth. Met., 1991, 39, 319.
130. Braunling, H., Becker, R. and Blochl, G., Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 1539.
131. Hanack, M. and Dewald, G., Synth. Met., 1989, 39, 409.
132. Hanack, M., Hieber, G., Dewald, G. and Ritter, H., Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 507.
133. Geiger, F., Stoldt, M., Schweizer, H., Bauerle, P. and Umbach, E., Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 922.
134. Inganäs, O., Gustaffsson, G. and Svensson, C., Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 1095.
135. Tomozawa, H., Braun, D., Phillips, S. and Heeger, A. J., Synth. Met., 1987, 22, 63.
136. Ohmori, Y., Takahashi, H., Muro, K., Uchida, M., Kawai, T. and Yoshino, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1991, 30, L610.
137. Punkka, E. and Rubner, M. F., Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 1509.
138. Abdou, M. S. A., Xie, Z. W., Leng, A. M. and Holdcroft, S., Synth. Met., 1992, 52, 159.
139. Yoshino, K., Kuwaraba, T., manda, Y., Nakajma, S. and Kawai, T., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1990, 29, L1716.
140. Lowe, J. and Holdcroft, S., Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 4608.
141. Huang, W. S., Polymer, 1994, 35, 4057.
142. Brédas, J. L., Street, G. B., Themans, B. and Andre, J. M., J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 1323.
143. Brédas, J. L., Silbey, R., Bourdreaux, D. S. and Chance, R. R., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 6555.
144. Inganäs, O., TRIP, 1994, 2, 189.
145. Inganäs, O., Salaneck, W. R., Österholm, J. E. and Laakso, J., Synth. Met., 1988, 22, 395.
146. Themans, B., Salaneck, W. R. and Brédas, J. L., Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C359.
147. Iwasaki, K., Fujimoto, H. and Matsuzaki, S., Synth. Met., 1994, 63, 101.
148. Tashiro, K., Ono, K., Minagawa, Y., Kobayashi, M., Kawai, T. and Yoshino, K., J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 1991, 29, 1223.
149. Chen, S. A. and Ni, J. M., Macromolecules, 1992, 25, 6081.
150. Yoshino, K., Nakajima, S., Gu, H. B. and Sugimoto, R., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1987, 26, L2064.
151. Inganäs, O., Gustafsson, G. and Salaneck, W. R., Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C377.
152. Yoshino, K., Monta, S., Uchida, M., Muro, K., Kawai, T. and Ohmori, Y., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 28.
153. Tashiro, K., Minagawa, Y., Kobayashi, M., Morita, S., Kawai, T. and Yoshino, K., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 321.
154. Rughooputh, S. D. D. V., Hotta, S., Heeger, A. J. and Wudl, F., J. Polymer Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. , 1987, 25, 1071.
155. Yoshino, K., Nakao, K., Onada, M. and Sugimoto, R., Solid State Commun., 1989, 70, 609.
156. Yoshino, K., Nakajima, S., Onoda, M. and Sugimoto, R., Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C349.
157. Hyodo, K., Electrochim. Acta, 1994, 39, 265.
158. Mastragostino, M., Arbizzani, C., Ferloni, I. and Marinangeli, A., Solid State Ionics, 1992, 53-56, 471.
159. Van De Leur, R. H. M., De Ruiter, B. and Breen, J., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 4956.
160. Ahlskog, M., Paloheimoand, J. and Stubb, H., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 3830.
161. Faid, K. and Leclerc, M., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 962.
162. Salaneck, W. R., Inganäs, O., Themans, B., Nilsson, J. O., Sjogren, B., Österholm, J. E., Brédas, J. L. and Svensson, S., J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 4613.
163. Winokur, M. J., Spiegel, D., Kim, Y., Hotta, S. and Heeger, A. J., Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C419.
164. Yoshino, K., Love, P., Ortoda, M. and Sugimoto, R., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1988, 27, L2388.
165. Yoshino, K., Manda, Y., Sawada, K., Onoda, M. and Sugimoto, R., Solid State Commun., 1989, 69, 143.
166. Leclerc, M. and Bergeron, J. Y., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 287.
167. Roux, C., Bergeron, J. Y. and Leclerc, M., Makromol. Chem., 1993, 194, 869.
168. Roux, C. and Leclerc, M., Chem. Mater., 1994, 6, 620.
169. Yoshino, K., Nakajima, S., Park, D. H. and Sugimoto, R., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1988, 27, L716.
170. Yoshino, K., Park, D. H., K Park, B., Onoda, M. and Sugimoto, R., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1988, 27, L1612.
171. Watanabe, I. and Shimidzu, T., Thin Solid Films, 1991, 205, 270.
172. Kawai, T., Nakazono, M. and Yoshino, K., Synth. Met., 1995, 69, 379.
173. Cloutier, R. and Leclerc, M., J. Chem. Soc. Chem Commun., 1991, 1194.
174. Daoust, G. and Leclerc, M., Macromolecules, 1991, 24, 455.
175. Leclerc, M. and Daoust, G., Synth. Met., 1991, 41-43, 529.
176. Roux, C. and Leclerc, M., Macromolecules, 1992, 25, 2141.
177. Bolognesi, A., Porzio, W. and Provasoli, F., Makromol. Chem., 1993, 194, 817.
178. Salaneck, W. R., Inganäs, O., Nilsson, J. O., Österholm, J. E., Thémans, B. and Brdas, J. L., Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C451.
179. Lee, C., Kim, K. J. and Khee, S. B., Synth. Met., 1955, 69, 295.
180. Fell, H. J., Samuelsen, E. J., Mardalen, J., Bakken, E. and Carlsen, P. H. J., Synth. Met., 1995, 69, 301.
181. Leclerc, M. and Daoust, G., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1990, 273.
182. Yoshino, K., Nakajima, S., Park, D. H. and Sugimoto, R., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1988, 27, L454.
183. Yoshino, K., Yin, X. H., Morita, S., Kawai, T. and Zakhidov, A. A., Solid State Commun., 1993, 85, 85.
184. Yoshino, K., Yin, X. H., Monta, S. and Zakhidov, A. A., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1993, 32, L140.
185. Yoshino, K., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1993, 227, 191.
186. Yoshino, K., Kaneto, K. and Inuishi, Y., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1983, 2, L157.
187. Nakazono, M., Kawai, T. and Yoshino, K., Chem. Mater., 1992, 6, 864.
188. Yoshino, K., Park, D. H., Park, B. K., Fujii, M. and Sugimoto, R., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1988, 27, L1410.
189. Kawai, T., Nakazono, M., Sugimoto, R. and Yoshino, K., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 1992, 61, 3400.
190. McCullough, R. D., Tristram-Nagle, S., Williams, S. P., Lowe, R. D. and Jayaraman, M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 4910.
191. Laguren-Davidson, L., Pham, C. V., Zimmer, H. and Mark, B. Jr., J. Electrochem. Soc., 1988, 135, 1406.
192. Souto, M., Major, K., Hinkelmann, H., Eckert, H. and Wudl, F., Macromolecules, 1990, 23, 1268.
193. Barbarella, G., Bongini, A. and Zambianchi, M., Macromolecules, 1994, 27, 3039.
194. Binh, N. T., Gailberger, M. and Bassler, H., Synth. Met., 1992, 47, 77.
195. Wang, Y. and Rubner, M. F., Synth. Met., 1990, 39, 153.
196. Bauerle, P., Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 102.
197. Yassar, A., Dalabouglisse, D., Hmyene, M., Nessak, B., Horowitz, G. and Garnier, F., Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 490.
198. Kim, K. C. and Heeger, A. J., J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 82, 522.
199. Sandstedt, C. A., Rieke, R. D. and Eckhardt, C. J., Chem. Mater., 1995, 7, 1057.
200. Aimes, J. P., in Conjugated Polymers: Novel Science and Technology, ed. J. L. Brédas and R. Silbey. Kluwar, 1991, p.229.
201. Heffner, G. W. and Pearson, D. S., Macromolecules, 1991, 24, 6295.
202. Gustafsson, G. et al., in Conjugated Polymers: Novel Science and Technology, ed. J. L. Brédas and R. Silbey. Kluwar, 1991, p. 315.
203. Garnier, F., Tourillon, G., Gazard, M. and Dubois, J. C., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1983, 148, 299.
204. Dury, M. A. and Seymour, R. J., J. Physique Coloque, 1983, C3, 595.
205. Tourillon, G. and Garnier, F., J. Electroanal. Chem., 1982, 135, 173.
206. Kaneto, K., Yoshino, K. and Inuishi, Y., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1982, 21, L567.
207. Kaneto, K., Yoshino, K. and Inuishi, Y., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1983, 22, L412.
208. Mastragostino, M., Marinangeli, A. M., Corradini, A. and Giacobbe, S., Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C501.
209. Mastragostino, M., Arbizzani, C., Bongini, A., Barbarella, G. and Zambianchi, M., Electrochim. Acta, 1993, 38, 135.
210. Arbizzani, C., Barbarella, G., Bongini, A., Mastragostino, M. and Zambianchi, M., Synth. Met., 1992, 52, 329.
211. Arbizzani, C., Bongini, A., Mastragostino, M., Zanelli, A., Barbarella, G. and Zambianchi, M., Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 571.
212. Zerbi, G., Chierichetti, B. and Inganäs, O., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 4646.
213. Zerbi, G., Castellani, L., Chierichetti, B., Gallazi, G. and Inganäs, O., Chem. Phys. Lett., 1990, 172, 143.
214. Zerbi, G., Chierichetti, B. and Inganäs, O., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 4637.
215. Brédas, J. L., Street, G. B., Themans, B. and Andre, J. M., J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 1323.
216. Barta, P., Dannetun, P., Stafstrom, S., Zagorska, M. and Prom, A., J. Chem. Phys., 1994, 100, 1731.
217. Soos, Z. G. and Schweizer, K. E., Chem. Phys. Lett., 1987, 139, 196.
218. dos Santos, D. A., Galvao, D. S., Laks, B. and dos Santos, M. C., Synth. Met., 1992, 51, 203.
219. Lee, C. H., Yu, G., Moses, D., Pakbaz, K., Zhang, C., Sariciftci, N. S., Heeger, A. J. and Wudl, F., Phys. Rev. B, 1993, 48, 15452.
220. Lopez Navarrete, J. T., Tian, B. and Zerbi, G., Synth. Met., 1990, 38, 299.
221. Chen, S. A. and Liao, S. S., Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 2870.
222. Taylor, M. A., Odell, J. A., Batchelder, D. N. and Campbell, A. J., Polymer, 1990, 31, 1116.
223. Kamlet, M. J., Abboud, J. L. M. and Taft, R. W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 6027.
224. Schweizer, K. S., J. Chem. Phys., 1986, 85, 1156.
225. Cui, C. X. and Kertesz, M., Phys. Rev. B, 1989, 40, 9661.
226. Brédas, J. L. and Heeger, A. J., Macromolecules, 1990, 23, 1100.
227. Pei, Q. and Inganäs, O., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 3724.
228. Kawai, T., Nakazono, M. and Yoshino, K., J. Mater. Chem., 1992, 2, 903.
229. Gustafsson, G., Inganäs, O. and Nilsson, J. O., Synth. Met., 1988, 26, 297.
230. Gustafsson, G., Inganäs, O. and Nilsson, J. O., Synth. Met., 1988, 28, 427.
231. Pei, Q. and Inganäs, O., Synth. Met., 1992, 46, 353.
232. Andersson, M., Pei, Q., Hjertberg, T., Inganäs, O., Wennerström, O. and Österholm, J. E., Synth. Met., 1993, 55, 1227.
233. Herbard, A. F., Rosseinsky, M. J., Haddon, R. C., Murphy, D. W., Glarum, S. H., Palstra, T. T. M., Ramirez, A. P. and Kortan, A. R., Nature, 1991, 350, 600.
234. Tanigaki, K., Ebbesen, T. W., Saito, S., Mizuki, J., Tasi, J. S., Kubo, Y. and Kuroshima, S., Nature, 1991, 352, 222.
235. Zakhidov, A. A., Ugawa, A., Imaeda, K., Yakushi, K., Inokuchi, H., Kikuchi, K., Suzuki, S., Ikemoto, I. and Achiba, Y., Solid State Commun., 1991, 79, 939.
236. Allemand, P. M., Khemani, K. C., Koch, A., Wudl, F., Holczer, K., Donovan, S., Gruner, G. and Thompson, J. D., Science, 1991, 253, 301.
237. Uchida, M., Ohmori, Y. and Yoshino, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1991, 30, L2104.
238. Morita, S., Zakhidov, A. A. and Yoshino, K., Solid State Commun., 1992, 82, 249.
239. Kato, T., Kodama, T., Oyama, M., Okazaki, S., Shida, T., Nakagawa, T., Matsui, Y., Suzuki, S., Shiromaru, H., Yamauchi, K. and Achiba, Y., Chem. Phys. Lett., 1991, 186, 35.
240. Morita, S., Zakhidov, A. A., Kawai, T., Araki, H. and Yoshino, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1992, 31, L890.
241. Yoshino, K., Morita, S., Kawai, T., Araki, H., Yin, X. H. and Zakhidov, A., Synth. Met., 1993, 55-57, 2991.
242. Kivelson, S. A. and Emerry, J., Synth. Met., 1994, 65, 249.
243. Kortan, A. R., Kopylov, N. and Glarum, S., Nature, 1992, 355, 529.
244. Araki, H., Yamazaki, N., Zakhidor, A. A. and Yoshino, K., Physica, 1994, C233, 242.
245. Araki, H., Zakhidov, A. A., Saiki, E., Yamasaki, N., Yakushi, K. and Yopshino, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1995, 34, L1041.
246. Carter, F. L., Molecular Electronic Devices, Parts I and II. Dekker, New York, 1982 and 1987.
247. Roth, S., Synth. Met., 1987, 21, 55.
248. Punkka, E., Rubner, M. F., Hettinger, J. D., Brooks, J. S. and Hannahs, S. T., Phys. Rev. B, 1991, 43, 9076.
249. Punkka, E. and Rubner, M. F., Thin Solid Films, 1992, 213, 117.
250. Punkka, E., J. Electron. Mater. , 1992, 21, 1057.
251. Bosshard, C., Kupfer, M., Gunter, P., Pasquier, C., Zahir, S. and Seifert, M., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1990, 56, 1204.
252. Grate, J. W., Rose-Pehrsson, S. and Barger, W. R., Langmuir, 1988, 4, 1293.
253. Wantanabe, I., Hong, K. and Rubner, M. F., Langmuir, 1990, 6, 1164.
254. Rikukawa, M. and Rubner, M. F., Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser., 1992, 493, 64.
255. Rikukawa, M. and Rubner, M. F., Synth. Met., 1992, 47, 203.
256. Rikukawa, M., Wang, Y. and Rubner, M. F., Thin Solid Films, 1994, 239, 144.
257. Schmelzer, M., Roth, S., Büerle, P. and Li, R., Thin Solid Films, 1993, 229, 255.
258. Schmelzer, M., Burghard, M., Büerle, P. and Roth, S., Thin Solid Films, 1994, 243, 620.
259. Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Wu, J. and Zhu, D., Solid State Commun., 1995, 95, 695.
260. Bradley, D. D. C., Brown, A. R., Burn, P. L., Borroughes, J. H., Friend, R. H., Greenham, N. C., Gymer, R. W., Holmes, A. B., Kraft, A. M. and Marks, R. N., Spec. Publ. R. Soc. Chem., 1993, 125 (Photochemistry and Polymer Systems), 120.
261. Tannas Jr, L. (ed.), Flat Panel Displays and CRTs. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York, 1955.
262. Castellano, J. A., Handbook of Display Technology, Academic Press, San Diego, 1992.
263. Nohara, M., Hasegawa, M., Hosohawa, C., Tokailin, H. and Kusomoto, T., Chem. Lett., 1990, 189.
264. Tang, C. W. and VanSlyke, S. A., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1987, 51, 913.
265. Tang, C. W., VanSlyke, S. A. and Chen, C. H., J. Appl. Phys., 1989, 65, 3610.
266. Adachi, C., Tsutsui, T. and Saito, S., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1990, 57, 531.
267. Adachi, C., Tokito, S., Tsutsui, T. and Saito, S., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1988, 27, 713.
268. Adachi, C., Tsutsui, T. and Saito, S., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1990, 56, 799.
269. Braun, D. and Heeger, A. J., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1991, 58, 1982.
270. Burns, P. L., Kraft, A., Baigent, D. R., Bradley, D. D. C., Friend, R. H., Gymer, R. W., Holmes, A. B. and Jackson, R. W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 10117.
271. Nishino, H., Yu, G., Heeger, A. J., Chen, T. A. and Rieke, R. D., Synth. Met., 1995, 68, 243.
272. Brown, A. R., Borroughes, J. H., Greenham, N., Friend, R. H., Bradley, D. D. C., Burn, P. L., Kraft, A. and Holmes, A. B., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1992, 61, 2793.
273. Greenham, N. C., Moratti, S. C., Bradley, D. D. C., Friend, R. H. and Holmes, A. B., Nature, 1993, 365, 628.
274. Ohmori, Y., Morishima, C., Uchida, M. and Yoshino, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1992, 31, L568.
275. Carr, W. N., IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1965, ED-12, 531.
276. Xu, B. and Holdcroft, S., Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 4457.
277. Mao, H. and Holdcroft, S., Macromolecules, 1992, 25, 554.
278. Mao, H., Xu, B. and Holdcroft, S., Macromolecules, 1993, 26, 1163.
279. McCullough, R. D. and Lowe, R. D., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1992, 70.
280. Kang, T. J., Kim, J. Y., Kim, K. J., Lee, C. and Rhee, S. B., Synth. Met., 1995, 69, 377.
281. Bolognesi, A., Botta, C., Geng, Z., Flores, C. and Denti, L., Synth. Met., 1995, 71, 2191.
282. Fichou, D., Horowitz, G., Nishikitani, Y. and Garnier, F., Synth. Met., 1989, 28, C723.
283. Dannetun, P., Boman, M., Stafstrom, S., Salaneck, W. R., Lazzaroni, R., Fredriksson, C., Brédas, J. L., Zamboni, R. and Taliani, C., J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 99, 664.
284. Neureiter, H., Gebauer, W., Vaterlein, C., Sokolowski, M., Bauerle, P. and Umbach, E., Synth. Met., 1994, 67, 173.
285. Parker, I. D., J. Appl. Phys., 1994, 75, 1656.
286. Grem, G., Leditzky, G., Ullrich, B. and Leising, G., Adv. Mater., 1992, 4, 36.
287. Tachelet, W., Jacobs, S., Ndayikenguruhiye, H. and Geise, H. J., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1994, 64, 2364.
288. Yu, G., Nishino, H., Heeger, A. J., Chen, T. A. and Rieke, R. D., Synth. Met., 1995, 72, 249.
289. Aratani, S., Zhang, C., Pakbaz, K., Hoger, S., Wudl, F. and Heeher, A. J., J. Electroanal. Mater., 1993, 22, 745.
290. Inganäs, O., Berggren, M., Andersson, M. R., Gustafsson, G., Hjertberg, T., Wennerstïm, O., Dyreklev, P. and Granstïm, M., Synth. Met., 1995, 71, 2121.
291. Andersson, M. R., Berggren, M., Inganäs, O., Gustafsson, G., Gustafsson-Carlberg, J. C., Selse, D., Hjertberg, T. and Wennerstrïm, O., Macromolecules, 1995, 28, 7525-7529.
292. Yoshida, M., Kawahara, H., Fujii, A., Ohmori, Y. and Yoshino, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1995, 34, L1237.
293. Berggren, M., Gustafsson, G., Inganäs, O., Andersson, M. R., Wennersstrïm, O. and Hjertberg, T., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1994, 65, 1498.
294. Berggren, M., Gustafsson, G., Inganäs, O., Andersson, M. R., Hjertberg, T. and Wennerstïm, O., J. Appl. Phys., 1994, 76, 7530.
295. Berggren, M., Granstïm, M., Inganäs, O. and Andersson, M., Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 900.
296. Li, X. C., Cacialli, F., Giles, M., Friend, R. H., Holmes, A. B., Moratti, S. C. and Yong, T. M., Adv. Mater., 1995, 7, 898